Keto acid
In
Krebs citric acid cycle and in glycolysis.[2]
Common types of keto acids include:
- Alpha-keto acids, alpha-ketoacids, or 2-oxoacids have the keto group adjacent to the carboxylic acid. They often arise by oxidative deamination of amino acids, and reciprocally, they are precursors to the same. Alpha-keto acids possesses extensive chemistry as acylation agents.[3] Furthermore, alpha-keto acids such as phenylpyruvic acid are endogenous sources for carbon monoxide (as a gasotransmitter) and pharmaceutical prodrug scaffold.[4] Important representatives:
- pyruvic acid, pervasive intermediate in metabolism.
- oxaloacetic acid, a component of the Krebs cycle.[5]
- coenzyme.[6] It is commonly used in transaminationreactions.
- Beta-keto acids, beta-ketoacids, or 3-oxoacids, such as acetoacetic acid, have the ketone group at the second carbon from the carboxylic acid. They generally form by the Claisen condensation. The presence of the keto group at the beta position allows them to easily undergo thermal decarboxylation.[7]
- Gamma-keto acids, Gamma-ketoacids, or 4-oxoacids have the ketone group at the third carbon from the carboxylic acid. Levulinic acid is an example.
Keto acids appear in a wide variety of anabolic pathways in metabolism. For instance, in plants (specifically, in
fool's parsley), 5-oxo-octanoic acid is converted in enzymatic and non-enzymatic steps into the cyclic class of coniine alkaloids.[8]
When ingested
Triglycerides are converted to glucose. Ketogenic amino acids can be deaminated to produce alpha keto acids and ketone bodies
.
Alpha keto acids are used primarily as energy for liver cells and in fatty acid synthesis, also in the liver.
See also
- Ulosonic acids
- Pseudoacid
References
- ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
- S2CID 119535331.
- S2CID 224824871.
- .
- PMID 12773146.
- ISBN 978-0-12-800720-4, retrieved 2022-06-01
- ISSN 0577-6171.
External links
- Keto+Acids at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
