Kirk
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Kirk is a Scottish and former Northern English word meaning 'church'. The term the Kirk is often used informally to refer specifically to the Church of Scotland, the Scottish national church which developed from the 16th-century Reformation. Many place names and personal names are derived from kirk.
Basic meaning and etymology
As a
Whereas church displays
Church of Scotland
As a
Free Kirk
Even more commonly, The Free Kirk is heard as an informal name for the
A pair of rhyming jibes remain from the time of the heated split of the Disruption in 1843 when about a third of the Auld Kirk of Scotland left to form the Free Kirk. The Free Kirkers who had sometimes given up homes as well as church buildings and started financially from scratch were taunted with the rhyme: “The Free Kirk, the wee Kirk, the Kirk without the steeple.” This rhyme linking the Free Kirk with the derogatory diminutive "wee" was offensive and a reply was devised in: The Auld Kirk, the cauld Kirk. The Kirk wi’out the people.[4]
High Kirk
High Kirk is the term sometimes used to describe a congregation of the Church of Scotland which uses a building which was a
- Dundee, where the High Kirk is not the historic Dundee Parish Church known as St Mary's, but St David's;[5]
- Paisley where there were former congregations and parishes surrounding three churches: the High Kirk (now formally Oakshaw Trinity Church, but still retaining the High Kirk name), the Middle Kirk and the Laigh Kirk, the Middle Kirk no longer existing as a religious institution and none of the three names referred to Paisley's historic Abbey;[6]
- Stevenston High Kirk in Ayrshire.
There is no connection between the term 'High Kirk' and the term '
Kirk Session
The first court of Presbyterian polity where the Elders of a particular congregation gather as a Session or meeting to govern the spiritual and temporal affairs of the church.
Kirking ceremonies
The verb to kirk, meaning 'to present in church', was probably first used for the annual church services of some Scottish town councils, known as the
Place names
Kirk is found mainly as an element in many placenames of
Scottish examples include Falkirk, Kirkwall and numerous Kirkhills and Kirktons. Examples in England are Ormskirk and Kirkby in Lancashire, and Kirkstall, Kirklees and Kirklevington in Yorkshire. Newkirk, Oklahoma state of the United States, is another example.
The element only found in place names of Anglo-Saxon origin but also in Anglo-Gaelic Southern Scottish names such as Kirkcudbright, a place around a Cudbright church. Here, the Gaelic element cil- (coming from a monk's cell) might have been expected to go with the Gaelic form of Cuthbert. The reason appears to be that kirk was borrowed into local Galwegian, it does not seem to have been a part of spoken Gaelic in the Highlands or Ireland.
When the element appears in placenames of the former British empire, a distinction can be made between those where the element is productive ( named after a church) or transferred – from a place in Britain. Kirkland, a city in the United States, is an exception, being named after the surname of an English settler, Peter Kirk.
The element kirk is also used in anglicisations of continental European place names, originally formed from one of the continental Germanic cognates. Dunkirk (French Flanders) is a rendering of Dutch West-Flemish dialect of Duunkerke or standard Dutch form of Duinkerke.
Personal names
Kirk is also in use as both a surname and a male forename. For lists of these, see Kirk (surname) and Kirk (given name), and also Kirkby (disambiguation). Parallels in other languages are far rarer than with placenames, but English Church and German Kirch can also be a surname.
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-7486-2317-4.
"There is a considerable amount of Scandinavian lexis in all Scots dialects. Because it is a secondary contact dialect in relation to the large-scale Scandinavian settlement in northern England in the early Middle Ages (Samuels 1989), a large part of this lexical material - words which appear typically 'Scots', such as brigg, 'bridge', and kirk, 'church' - is shared with the dialects of northern England, however." - ^ "Hundreds of churches will have to close, says Kirk". 19 May 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ Scotland, The Church of (22 February 2010). "Our structure". The Church of Scotland. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ Jones, Andrew Michael (2022). "Recovery and Mission at Home and Abroad". The Revival of Evangelicalism: Mission and Piety in the Victorian Church of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ "St. David's High Kirk Dundee". St. David's High Kirk Dundee. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ "Renfrewshire Community Website - Paisley Arts Centre". www.renfrewshire.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales - HRH attends the Kirking of the Scottish Parliament". Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
- ^ "Kirking of the Tartan". www.chebucto.ns.ca.
- ISBN 1-873644-50-7