Léon Gambetta-class cruiser

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Léon Gambetta
Class overview
NameLéon Gambetta-class cruiser
Operators French Navy
Preceded byGloire class
Succeeded byJules Michelet
Built1901–1907
In commission1905–1928
Completed3
Lost1
Scrapped2
General characteristics
TypeArmored cruiser
Displacement12,550 t (12,352 long tons)
Length148.35–149.07 m (486 ft 9 in – 489 ft 1 in) (
o/a
)
Beam21.4 m (70 ft 3 in)
Draft8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
Installed power
Propulsion3 shafts; 3 triple-expansion steam engines
Speed22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
Range7,500 nmi (13,900 km; 8,600 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement734; 779 as a flagship
Armament
Armor

The Léon Gambetta class consisted of three

Mediterranean Squadron
(Escadre de la Méditerranée) where Jules Ferry also served as a flagship. Léon Gambetta joined them there in 1910 and the sisters remained there for most of their careers.

During World War I, the cruisers escorted convoys as well as the capital ships of the French fleet. The ships participated in the blockade of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic Sea until 1917. Léon Gambetta was sunk by an Austro-Hungarian submarine in April 1915 with heavy loss of life. In mid-1917, Jules Ferry became a transport and Victor Hugo was reduced to reserve. She was joined by her sister in mid-1918.

They were reactivated in 1921 to serve with the Atlantic Flying Division (Division volante de l'Atlantique). In 1922–1925, the sisters alternated service in the Far East, but were again placed in reserve upon their return. Jules Ferry was sold for scrap in 1928 and Victor Hugo followed two years later.

Background

The French humiliation during the Fashoda Incident of 1898, where the British forced them to withdraw from the Sudan, coupled with the earlier war scare with the British over the navigable portion of the Niger River, forced the French to realize that they were grossly unprepared for war with Britain as they could neither defend their colonies nor break through any British blockade of Metropolitan France. To their credit, the factions in the government and the navy were mostly able stop squabbling amongst themselves to reconsider their naval strategy and the types of ships that they would build.[1]

They realized that the advocates of the Jeune École (Young School) had built enough torpedo craft that the British could no longer maintain their long-time strategy of a close blockade of French ports without risking the loss of their capital ships, which would allow the battleships favored by the traditionalists to sortie and defeat the blockading squadron. Countering this with a distant blockade strategy would require the British to keep their capital ships at home to react to any attempt by the French to break out en masse. The distant blockade strategy required smaller ships to monitor the ports and notify the battlefleet of any attempt to break out. The armored cruisers favored by the Jeune École for the commerce-raiding role could easily defeat those light forces.[2] The value placed by the new strategy (French: marine de pauvre, lit. 'poor man's navy') on the armored cruiser was reflected in the Naval Law (Statut Naval) of 1900 with a requirement for a new generation of five ships, of which the first three became the Léon Gambetta class.[3]

Design and description

Brassey's Naval Annual
1923

The Gambettas were designed as enlarged and more powerful versions of the

draft of 8.18 meters (26 ft 10 in); the third and last ship (Victor Hugo) was slightly longer at 149.07 meters (489 ft 1 in). The sisters were designed to displace 12,550 metric tons (12,352 long tons) at normal load. Their crew normally numbered 26 officers and 708 enlisted men, or 30 officers and 749 men when serving as a flagship.[4]

The ships were powered by a trio of four-cylinder

Belleville boilers. The ships were designed for a speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) and exceeded that figure during their sea trials, reaching 22.3–23 knots (41.3–42.6 km/h; 25.7–26.5 mph) from 28,344–29,029 metric horsepower (20,847–21,351 kW). They carried a maximum of 2,100 long tons (2,100 t) of coal and could steam for 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Electrical power was supplied by four 1200-ampere dynamos.[5]

Armament

The main battery of the Léon Gambetta class consisted of four 40-caliber 194-millimeter Modèle 1893–1896 guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure.[6] The guns fired 75–90.3-kilogram (165–199 lb) shells at muzzle velocities ranging from 770 to 800 meters per second (2,500 to 2,600 ft/s). This gave them a range of about 11,500 meters (12,600 yd) at the turrets' maximum elevation of +15 degrees. Each gun was provided with 100 rounds which it could fire at a rate of two rounds per minute.[7]

The cruisers'

Canon de 47 mm modèle 1902 instead.[10]

Léon Gambetta was equipped with five 450-millimeter (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. One pair was submerged and the other was above water, both firing on the broadside, and the last tube was above water in the stern. The ship carried sixteen torpedoes for them. Her sisters were not fitted with the above-water tubes and they only carried six torpedoes for their underwater tubes. The first two ships were provided with facilities to handle ten naval mines, while Victor Hugo could handle twenty mines.[11]

Protection

The Léon Gambetta-class ships were protected by 3,011 metric tons (2,963 long tons) of armour. It consisted of a

bow and 80 millimeters (3.1 in) at the stern. Its plates were 2.05 meters (6 ft 9 in) tall and tapered to a thickness of 50–70 millimeters (2.0–2.8 in) at their lower edge. Above this was a strake of 130-millimeter (5.1 in) armour that reduced to thicknesses of 80 millimeters at the bow and 70 millimeters at the stern. The plates tapered to 70–120 millimeters (2.8–4.7 in) at their upper edges, with the thinner plates being towards the ends of the ship. Above this was a strake of 40-millimeter (1.6 in) armor that extended from the bow to the end of the forward casemate.[12]

Both of the armored decks consisted of three layers of

mild steel plates, of which only the topmost layer was hardened. The upper deck was at the level of the top of the upper strake of armor and its plates were each 11 millimeters (0.43 in) thick. The horizontal portion of the lower armored deck used 15-millimeter (0.59 in) plates; the armor on the sloping part of the deck where it met the lower edge of the waterline armor belt ranged in thickness from 40–65 millimeters (1.6–2.6 in). The aft end of the armored citadel was closed off by a transverse bulkhead that had a total thickness of 100 millimeters (3.9 in).[13]

The main-gun turrets were protected by 138 millimeters (5.4 in) of armor, backed by two layers of 13-millimeter (0.51 in) mild steel plates, on their front and sides; their roofs consisted of three layers of 17-millimeter (0.67 in) mild steel plates, of which only the topmost layer was hardened. The armor plates protecting the secondary turrets were 102 millimeters (4 in) thick and were backed by two layers of 9-millimeter (0.35 in) mild steel. Their roofs had a total thickness of 39 millimeters (1.5 in), arranged in the same manner as the main-gun turrets. The outer wall of the casemates consisted of 102 millimeters of armor and the inner wall was 64 millimeters (2.5 in) of armor backed by two layers of 8-millimeter (0.31 in) plates. The forward end of the forward casemates formed part of a transverse bulkhead that had a total thickness of 120 millimeters (4.7 in). For the first time in a French ship, the barbettes for all of the turrets were in the form of an inverted truncated cone with a total thickness of 164 millimeters for the main-gun turrets and 120 millimeters for the secondary turrets. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 174 millimeters (6.9 in) of armor and its rear by 110 millimeters (4.3 in). It had a roof that had a total thickness of 40 millimeters.[14]

Ships

The ships were named after notable

Arsenal de Lorient in 1902 greatly delayed the start of her construction.[15]

Construction data
Name Builder[16]
Laid down[16]
Launched[16]
 Commissioned[16] Fate[17]
Léon Gambetta
Arsenal de Rochefort
 15 January 1901 26 October 1902 21 July 1905 Sunk by SM U-5, 27 April 1915
Jules Ferry
Arsenal de Cherbourg
 19 August 1901 23 August 1903 1 June 1907 Sold for scrap, 1928
Victor Hugo
Arsenal de Lorient
 2 March 1903 30 March 1904 16 April 1907 Sold for scrap, 26 November 1930

Service history

Léon Gambetta was assigned to the Northern Squadron upon commissioning and became the flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron (1re Division de croiseur) while Jules Ferry became the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet's Light Squadron (Escadre légère) upon completion and was joined by Victor Hugo. Unlike her sisters, the latter ship never served as a flagship. She visited the United States in 1907 to participate in the Jamestown Exposition; the following year Léon Gambetta participated in the Quebec Tercentenary in Canada. After a reorganization of the French Navy and unit redesignations in late 1909, the ship was transferred to the Mediterranean in early 1910 and joined her sisters in the 2nd Light Division (2e Division légère (DL)) by 4 April 1911. Victor Hugo was reduced to reserve shortly afterwards and missed participating in the fleet review by Armand Fallières, President of France, and the Navy Minister, Théophile Delcassé, off Toulon on 4 September with her sisters.[18]

After the Agadir Crisis of 1911, the French and British governments agreed in 1912 that the Royal Navy would defend the northern French coast and the French would concentrate her fleet in the Mediterranean and defend British interests there. The French designated the consolidated fleet the 1st Naval Army (1re Armée Navale) and grouped its two DLs into the 1st Light Squadron.[19]

World War I

When

Austro-Hungarian Empire on the 12th. The following day, Vice Admiral Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère, commander of the Allied forces in the Central Mediterranean, was ordered to begin offensive operations against the Austro-Hungarian fleet in the Adriatic. He split his forces into two groups to break the Austro-Hungarian blockade of the port of Antivari, Montenegro, and to engage any ships operating out of nearby Cattaro. The armored cruisers would follow the Albanian coast and the battleships the Italian coast before cutting across the Adriatic to rendezvous at Antivari on the morning of the 16th. The latter group sank the protected cruiser SMS Zenta that morning in the Battle of Antivari before the armored cruisers could get there.[20]

At the end of the month, the French began intermittently escorting single

dreadnought battleship Jean Bart on 21 December brought an end to the sorties into the Adriatic by the battlefleet; henceforth the supply ships were escorted by the armored cruisers or smaller ships. The French also responded by moving their patrol line further south to a line north of the Greek island of Corfu.[21]

French Tunisia, and British Malta; the division was responsible for patrolling the area between southern Italy and the Greek island of Crete.[22]

At the end of 1915, the French and British decided that the

Salonica front until it was completed on 15 June. Shortages of coal and trained manpower hampered most training for the rest of the year and became even worse in 1917. As tensions rose between the Allies and the neutral Greek government in early 1917, Victor Hugo played a small role in pressuring the Greeks to join the Allies in June. On 12 August, the 2nd DL was disbanded with Jules Ferry assigned to transport duties until July 1918 when she joined Victor Hugo in reserve.[23]

The sisters were reactivated in 1921 and assigned to the Atlantic Flying Division (Division volante de l'Atlantique). Victor Hugo was transferred to the Far Eastern Division (Division navale de l'Extrême Orient) in 1922 and returned to reserve after her return the following year. She was replaced by Jules Ferry which joined her sister in reserve when she returned in 1925. The sisters were stricken from the

Navy List in 1927–1928; Jules Ferry was sold for scrap in 1928 and was followed by Victor Hugo two years later.[24]

References

  1. ^ Ropp, pp. 306–307, 324–325
  2. ^ Ropp, pp. 329–330, 332, 334
  3. ^ Jordan & Caresse, p. 136
  4. ^ Jordan & Caresse, p. 143
  5. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 143, 157–158
  6. ^ a b Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 306
  7. ^ Friedman, p. 218; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 104, 145, 148
  8. ^ Friedman, p. 223; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 143, 145, 148
  9. ^ Silverstone, p. 80
  10. ^ Jordan & Caresse, p. 148
  11. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 145, 150–151
  12. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 151, 154–155
  13. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 154–155
  14. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 154–156
  15. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 140–141, 160; Ropp, pp. 167–168, 257
  16. ^ a b c d Jordan & Caresse, p. 140
  17. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 252, 259
  18. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 160, 210–211, 215
  19. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 210, 214
  20. ^ Freivogel, pp. 96, 101; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 218, 222, 227
  21. ^ Freivogel, pp. 98–100, 117–122; Halpern, p. 4; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 230–231
  22. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 232–233
  23. ^ Freivogel, p. 219; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 238–240, 243–245
  24. ^ Jordan & Caresse, pp. 253–254, 259

Bibliography

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