Lancaster House Agreement
Lord Carrington, Sir Ian Gilmour, Bishop Abel Muzorewa, Dr Silas Mundawarara, Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe | |
Parties | United Kingdom
ZANU–PF |
---|---|
Language | English |
The Lancaster House Agreement refers to an agreement signed on 21 December 1979 in
Negotiations
Following the Meeting of Commonwealth Heads of Government held in Lusaka from 1–7 August 1979,[5][6] the British government invited Muzorewa and the leaders of the Patriotic Front to participate in a Constitutional Conference at Lancaster House.[7][8] The purpose of the Conference was to discuss and reach agreement on the terms of an post-independence constitution, to agree on the holding of elections under British authority, and to enable Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to lawful and internationally recognised independence, with the parties settling their differences by political means.[9][10] The conference formally began on 10 September 1979.[11]
During the negotiations, the British delegation was headed by
The
The delegation which represented
In the course of its proceedings the conference reached agreement on a post-independence constitution, arrangements for the post-independence period, and a
In November 1979, U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance recommended that President Jimmy Carter not lift sanctions on Rhodesia, arguing that doing so would "jeopardize the negotiations" and undermine U.S. ability to urge "flexibility on...external parties and...Front Line states."[47] The next month, Stephen Solarz argued that lifting sanctions before the end of the conference could be "cited as a reason for its collapse".[48]
The Lancaster House Agreement was signed on 21 December 1979.
Outcome
Under the terms of the Agreement, Zimbabwe Rhodesia temporarily reverted to its former status as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, thereby ending the rebellion caused by Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence.[55] Lord Soames was appointed Governor with full executive and legislative powers. The Agreement would lead to the dissolution of the unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, created months earlier by the Internal Settlement.[56][57]
In terms of the ceasefire,
The content of Lancaster House Agreement covered the new constitution, pre-independence arrangements, and the terms of ceasefire.[63] The Agreement is named after Lancaster House in London, where the conference on independence from 10 September to 15 December 1979 was held. The agreement was not, however, signed until 21 December.[20]
Later developments
In February 1980, the
It was said that the "crucial land question" was excluded from the conference's deliberations, with the "key financial backing for land restitution" promised by the
In 1997,
See also
References
- ^ Magaisa, Alex (12 April 2016). "BSR: Zimbabwe and Lancaster House's faulty foundations". Big Saturday Read. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (16 January 2002). "The trail from Lancaster House". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Independence of Zimbabwe (PDF) (Report). National Archives of Australia. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Muronzi, Chris (10 September 2022). "Remembering Queen Elizabeth II in Zimbabwe". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 55–59, 112, 116.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 196.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 52–53.
- ^ "Zimbabwe Independence Preparations". Hansard 1803-2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023. HL Deb 14 April 1980 vol 408 cc70-107
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 526.
- ^ a b Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 321.
- ISBN 9171065512.
- ^ "Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda refuses to take part in UK". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- Government Printing Office, 2016), Document 243.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 53, 115.
- ^ Government Printing Office, 2016), Document 252.
- ISBN 9781443815994.
- ^ "Hostility fears as Lancaster House talks begin". The Herald. 10 September 1979. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b Hubbard, Paul (10 December 2019). "The Lancaster House Conference, 1979: A review and analysis, 40 years on (Part 1)". CITE. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ United Kingdom Government. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Morgan, Gerald (9 October 2016). "Sir Nicholas Fenn obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Robert Mugabe granted national hero status and official mourning". BBC News. 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Novak 2009, pp. 159, 165–166.
- ^ a b Smith, Richard (21 May 2019). "Lancaster House: Inside the House that made history". Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 66–67.
- ^ ISBN 9781612001760.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 177.
- ^ "Harare Confirms Death of VP Msika, Liberation Hero & ZANU-PF Moderate". Voice of America. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023.
- ^ Ndlovu, Ray (10 June 2011). "'Hero' Edgar Tekere haunts Zanu-PF". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Edson Zvobgo". Institute of Commonwealth Studies. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Novak 2009, pp. 158.
- ^ "Walter Kamba". Institute of Commonwealth Studies. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Nkomo, John (21 July 1995). "John Nkomo". The Nordic Africa Institute (Interview). Interviewed by Tor Sellström. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Rice, Ian (21 November 2007). "Ian Smith, ex-PM of Rhodesia, dies at 88". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Novak 2009, pp. 157.
- ^ "Flash Back ... Signing of Zimbabwe's Lancaster House Agreement". Voice of America. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Paramount Chief Khayisa Ndiweni dies". Nehanda Radio. 5 August 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Rowan Cronje on the Lancaster House Conference". British Universities Film and Video Council. 1979. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
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- ^ Novak 2009, pp. 157, 162.
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- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 60–61, 67, -71.
- ^ "Zimbabwe's Lancaster Constitution No Longer An Option". The Zimbabwean. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Peters, Beverly L. (15 November 2016). "Explainer: a tour of Robert Mugabe's early and later legacies". Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "The New Zimbabwe". Canadian Parliamentary Review. 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Hawkins, Tony (25 August 1987). "Zimbabwe whites lose special political status. End of reserved seats in Parliament brings one-party state closer". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
- Government Printing Office, 2016), Document 244.
- Government Printing Office, 2016), Document 249.
- ISBN 1850435790.
- ^ "A modern timeline". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "Bishop Abel Muzorewa". The Telegraph. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Preston, "Ending Civil War," 251.
- JSTOR 40202673. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Nyhamar, Tore (1997). "Transitions to Democratic Constitutions in Ethnic Conflicts: A Game-Theoretic Analysis". Peace and Conflict Studies. 4 (2). Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2023. ALT URL
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 75.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 62.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 73.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 74.
- ^ Brailsford 2016, pp. 78–79, 103–104.
- ^ "Zimbabwe (09/05)". United States Department of State. September 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 179.
- Government Printing Office, 2016), Document 246.
- ISBN 9789047403388.
- ISBN 9783319600055.
- ^ "Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)". United States Participation in the United Nations: Report by the President to the Congress for the Year 1980. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State Bureau of International Organization Affairs. 1981. pp. 307–309.
- ISBN 9781009281669.
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- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Onslow & van Wy 2013, pp. 216.
- ^ a b Dzirutwe, MacDonald (6 September 2019). "Mugabe's farm seizures: racial justice or catastrophic power grab?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- Council of Foreign Relations. Archived from the originalon 25 January 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- Jerusalem Post. Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b "VI. Role of the International Community". Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Shoko, Janet (20 February 2023). "Zimbabwe war veterans demand compensation". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "Press Release: IMF Approves Stand-By Credit for Zimbabwe" (Press release). International Monetary Fund. 1 June 1998. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Sources
- Brailsford, Jack (2016). British government policy and diplomacy in Southern Rhodesia, 1979-1980 (PDF) (Masters). University of York. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- Novak, Andrew (2009). "Face-Saving Maneuvers and Strong Third-Party Mediation: The Lancaster House Conference on Zimbabwe-Rhodesia". International Negotiation. 14: 149–174.
- Onslow, Sue; van Wy, Anna-Mart, eds. (2013). Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: ISBN 978-1-938027-06-2.
Further reading
- Matthews, Robert O. "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: prerequisites of a settlement." International Journal 45.2 (1990): 292–333.
- Preston, Matthew. "Stalemate and the termination of civil war: Rhodesia reassessed." Journal of Peace Research 41#1 (2004): 65–83.
- Soames, Lord. "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." International Affairs 56#3 (1980): 405–419. online
- Tendi, Blessing-Miles. "Soldiers contra diplomats: Britain’s role in the Zimbabwe/Rhodesia ceasefire (1979–1980) reconsidered." Small Wars & Insurgencies 26.6 (2015): 937–956.
- Waddy, Nicholas (2014). "The Strange Death of'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979". South African Historical Journal. 66 (2): 227–248. S2CID 159650816. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- Yorke, Edmund. "'A Family Affair': the Lancaster House Agreement." in Diplomacy at the Highest Level (Palgrave Macmillan, 1996) pp. 200–219.