Limacina helicina
Limacina helicina | |
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A live individual of Limacina helicina | |
A live individual of Limacina helicina | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
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Genus: | |
Species: | L. helicina
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Binomial name | |
Limacina helicina | |
Synonyms[6] | |
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Limacina helicina is a
Limacina helicina is a
The first written record of this species was by
Limacina helicina is the type species of the genus Limacina.[14]
In contrast to the traditional view, it was shown in 2010 that the distribution of this species is not bipolar; Arctic and Antarctic individuals belong to two genetically distinct species: Limacina helicina in the Arctic, and
Subspecies
- Limacina helicina helicina (Phipps, 1774)[16]
- Limacina helicina acuta Van Der Spoel, 1967[17]
- Limacina helicina ochotensis Shkoldina, 1999[16]
- Limacina helicina pacifica Dall, 1871[18]
Limacina helicina has been recognised as a species complex comprising two sub-species and at least five forms.[15] In addition, the taxonomic category “forma” has been applied to designate at least three morphotypes of Limacina helicina helicina (acuta, helicina and pacifica) and two morphotypes of Limacina helicina antarctica (antarctica and rangi).[15] It is also known as Limacina helicina rangii (d'Orbigny, 1835).[16] These forms typically have different geographical ranges, but it remains unclear as to whether forms represent morphological responses to different environmental conditions or are indeed taxonomically distinct, and if the latter, their level of taxonomic separation.[15]
However, at the species level the geographical distribution is considered to be bipolar, as it occurs in both the Arctic and
Distribution
The
The distribution of Limacina helicina is
- Northern Atlantic Ocean between 50–60 °N,[21] Norwegian Sea,[21] Faroe Islands,[21] Spitsbergen,[10][21] North of Iceland[21]
- Greenland:[16] Denmark Strait[21] and Davis Strait[21]
- Canada: Anticosti Island, Laurentian Channel, Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Strait of Belle Isle.[16]
- USA: area between Cape Hatteras (North Carolina, USA) and Newfoundland island;[21] from the Gulf of Alaska[22] to Friday Harbor, Washington state[23]
- Russia: Kurile Islands, Commander Islands
- Japan: off Kasumi, Hyōgo
Description
Limacina helicina has wing-like
In this species, the color of the soft parts is dark purple or violet, with paler pellucid (translucent) parapodia.[24]
The
The width of the shell is 5–10 mm[10] or up to 13 mm.[13] The height of the shell is up to 6 mm (when maximum width was 8 mm).[21]
Adult specimens in the genus Limacina have usually lost the operculum.[21]
The radula consist of 10 rows.[24] Each row consist of one central tooth and two lateral teeth.[24] The Digestive system also includes an esophagus, gizzard sac and gut.[13]
Ecology
Habitat
Pteropods are strict
Vertical distribution is affected by the size and also by other factors.[28] Limacina helicina of the size from 0.2 to 0.4 mm lives mainly in depths from 0 m to 50 m.[28] Larger pteropods lives from 0 m to 150 m.[28] For example, Gilmer & Harbison (1991)[13] have found larger specimen of Limacina helicina to occur mainly in depths 5–25 m with abundance up to 2.5 adults in m3.[13] They do not occur much in upper 4 m probably because of turbulence.[13]
Already
Species of the clade
Researchers found 24-53% individuals of Limacina helicina with shells damaged by dissolution off the U.S. West Coast in 2011.[30]
Feeding habits
They produce large mucus webs to filter-feed on phytoplankton but also small zooplankton.
Limacina helicina plays a significant ecological role as a phytoplankton grazer.[15] Limacina helicina is an obligate ciliary feeder.[28] Gilmer & Harbison (1991)[13] hypothesized that Limacina helicina are "web trappers", who are also chemically attracting their motile prey.[13]
Major parts of the food of Limacina helicina include
Gilmer & Harbison (1991)
Life cycle
Limacina helicina is a
The size of the veliger larvae is about 0.15 mm.[26] When animals reached 0.7 mm in size, gonads have been detected in them.[28] Fully mature individuals are 0.8 mm in size.[28]
The life cycle of Limacina helicina lasts about 1 year[8] or 1.5–2 years.[28]
Predators
Limacina helicina plays an important role in the marine
The pteropod Clione limacina feeds almost entirely on the genus Limacina: on Limacina helicina and on Limacina retroversa.[34][35][36] Also the pteropod Paedoclione doliiformis feeds on those two species only, but solely on juveniles with shells smaller than 1 mm.[34]
Locomotion
Limacina helicina possesses a pair of flexible, wing-like appendages called parapodia which it beats in a complex 3D stroke pattern which resembles the
See also
- What appears to be "Limacina helicina" occurring in Antarctica is in fact a separate species, Limacina antarctica. All pre-2010 works refer to this Antarctic taxon as Limacina helicina.
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference [11][15] and public domain text from the reference [25]
- ^ a b c d Phipps C. J. (1774). A Voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's Command 1773. J. Nourse, London, viii + 253 pp. Page 195.
- ^ (in Latin) Fabricius O. (1780). Fauna Groenlandica systematice sistens animalis Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata. Hafniae et Lipsiae. J. G. Rothe pp. XVI + 452 + 1 pl. Page 386-388.
- ^ (in French) Lamarck J.-B. (1819). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris. Volume 6. page 291.
- ^ (in French) de Blainville H. M. D. (1824). In: Cuvier F. (ed.). (1804-1845). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens êtres de la nature. Levrault, Strasbourg & Paris, and Le Normant, Paris, 32: page 284.
- ^ a b (in German) Meisenheimer J. (1906). Die Pteropoden der deutschen Sud-polar Expedition 1901-1903. In: Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. 9 (Zool.), 1(2): 92-152, pl. 5-7. page 96-98. Plate 5, figure 1 a-b, 3.
- ^ "Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774)". CLEMAM, accessed 29 January 2011.
- ^ Bouchet P. & Gofas S. (2011). Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140223 on 2011-02-07
- ^ S2CID 55386624.
- ^ S2CID 24975779.
- ^ hdl:10453/14721.
- ^ PMID 20613868.
- ^ (in German) Martens F. (1675). Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise Beschreibung gethan im Jahr 1671. Schultzen, Hamburg. page 110
- ^ .
- ^ Janssen A. W. (2007). "Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines)". Scripta Geologica 137 http://www.scriptageologica.nl/07/nr135/a02 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PMID 20360985.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140223 on 2011-01-29
- ^ Spoel S. van der (1967). "Euthecosomata, a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda)". J. Noorduyn and Zn, Gorinchem, 375 pp.
- Dall W. H. (1871). "Descriptions of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of North America and the north Pacific Ocean, with notes on others already described". American Journal of Conchology 7(2): 93-160, plates 13-16. Pages 138-139.
- PMID 14615199.
- ).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Spoel S. van der (1972). "Pteropoda Thecosomata". Zooplankton, Conseil International Pour L’Exploration de la Mer, sheet 140-142.
- ^ a b c d e Wing B. (not dated). "Auke Bay Laboratory (ABL). Ocean Carrying Capacity Program. Unusual Observations of Fish and Invertebrates From the Gulf of Alaska, 2004-05". accessed 29 January 2011.
- ^ Hermans C. O. & Satterlie R. A. (1992). "Fast-Strike Feeding Behaviour in a Pteropod Mollusk, Clione limacina Phipps". The Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, 182: 1-7.
- ^ Sars G. O. (1878). Bidrag til kundskaben om norges arktiske fauna. I. Mollusca regonis arcticae Norwegiae. Oversigt over de i norges arktiske region forekommende bløddyr. Christiania, Brøgger. pages 328-329, Plate 29, figure 1. Plate 16, figure 17.
- ^ a b c d Tryon G. W. (1873). American marine conchology: or, Descriptions of the shells of the Atlantic coast of the United States from Maine to Florida. Philadelphia. page 121-122. plate 14, figure 253.
- ^ a b c d Hopcroft R. (created 31 January 2009). "Sea Butterfly: Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774)". Arctic Ocean biodiversity, accessed 30 January 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Limacina helicina helicina helicina". Marine Species Identification Portal, accessed 8 February 2011.
- ^ S2CID 84668586.
- PMID 32257214.
- PMID 24789895.
- ^ S2CID 84378241.
- ^ (in Danish) Boas J. E. V. (1888). "Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til Pteropodernes. Morfologi og Systematik samt til Kundskaben om deres geografiski Udbredelse". Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter. København, serie 6, number 4: 1-231. Page 33, 40-43. Plate 5, figure 69-70.
- )
- ^ a b c Lalli C. M. & Gilmer R. W. (1989). Pelagic Snails. The biology of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. page 185, 188.
- S2CID 54050600.
- ^ Kallevik, I.H.F. (2013). Alternative prey choice in the pteropod Clione limacina (Gastropoda) studied by DNA-based methods. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Biology Field of study - Arctic Marine Ecology and Resource Biology. Bio-3950 (60 ECT). The University Center in Svalbard.
- ^ Weisberger, Mindy (19 February 2016). "Swim Like a Butterfly? Sea Snail 'Flies' Through Water". Scientific American. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ^ PMID 26889002.)
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Further reading
- Arshavskiĭ, I.; Orlovskiĭ, G. N.; Panchin, I. (1985). "Generation of locomotor rhythms in Limacina helicina". Neirofiziologiia = Neurophysiology (in Russian). 17 (3): 397–400. PMID 2991789.
- Falk-Petersen, S.; Sargent, J. R.; Kwasniewski, S.; Gulliksen, B. #X. 0. F. ;R.; Millar, R. M. (2001). "Lipids and fatty acids in Clione limacina and Limacina helicina in Svalbard waters and the Arctic Ocean: Trophic implications". Polar Biology. 24 (3): 163–170. S2CID 1665923.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - Lalli, C. M.; Wells, F. E. (2009). "Reproduction in the genus Limacina (Opisthobranchia: Thecosomata)". Journal of Zoology. 186: 95–108. .
External links
- distribution map at Marine Species Identification Portal