Purple
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Purple is a color similar in appearance to violet light. In the RYB color model historically used in the arts, purple is a secondary color created by combining red and blue pigments. In the CMYK color model used in modern printing, purple is made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment, or both. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purple is created by mixing red and blue light in order to create colors that appear similar to violet light.
Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because
According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color most often associated with rarity, royalty, luxury, ambition, magic, mystery, piety and spirituality.[3][4] When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.[5]
Etymology and definitions
The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura),[6] the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.[7][8] The first recorded use of the word purple dates to the late 900s AD.[7]
In art, history, and fashion
In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple
Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC.[9]
Purple textiles, dating back to the early second millennium BCE, were found in Syria, making them the oldest known purple textiles in the world. These findings include textiles from a burial site in Chagar Bazar, dating back to the 18th-16th centuries BCE, as well as preserved textile samples discovered in gypsum at the Royal Palace of Qatna.[10][11][12]
As early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex.[13] Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.[13] The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple.[14]
The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting.[15]
Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the
The Roman custom of wearing purple
In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age, certain categories of priests,[22] and a few other categories of citizens.
The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the
During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire, purple was more and more associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers.[24] Suetonius claims that the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes.[25] In the late empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death penalty.[26]
According to the
The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer
In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros.[29][30]
China
In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc, but
China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color.[31]
An old hypothesis suggested links between the Chinese purple and blue and
Lead is used by the pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han Purple.[35]
Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times, secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, in contrast to crimson, which was deemed a primary color and symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by the 6th century AD, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of colors occurred after that time.
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An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and 1450 BC)
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Painting of a man wearing an all-purple toga picta, from an Etruscan tomb (about 350 BC).
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Roman men wearing togae praetextae with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC).
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Different purple hues obtained from three types of sea snails
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Dye bath of Tyrian purple
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Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type of murex sea-snail and how it was made.
Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe
Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the
Empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank.In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color in Europe.[37]
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11th-century
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A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white.
The Middle Ages and Renaissance
In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum,[38] since the dye from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made from kermes dye.[39][40]
While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were particularly worn by students of divinity.
Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the
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A 12th-century painting of Saint Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a bishop.
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In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes and bishops are wearing purple robes.
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A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by Raphael (1483–1520)
18th and 19th centuries
In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine the Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed.
In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named
Purple was popular with the
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Queen Anne of Great Britain in golden dress and a purple velvet and ermine mantle (1705)
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KingGustav III of Sweden(1779)
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Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, by Fyodor Rokotov. (State Hermitage Museum).
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Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil with her children (1849)
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In England,pre-Raphaelite painters like Arthur Hughes were particularly enchanted by purple and violet. This is April Love(1856).
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Prince Gaston and their son, the Prince of Grão-Paráat purple dusk (1877)
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Order of Leopold founded in 1830.
20th and 21st centuries
At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt, who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets.
In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty;
In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the
In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear a purple triangle.[44]
During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated with
The
The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders.[45]
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Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).
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Serbian Orthodox bishop inmandyas(1923).
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George VI (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait.
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The coronation portrait ofPhilip, Duke of Edinburgh(1953) has three different shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown.
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Program from theWomen's Suffragemarch.
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A pennant from theWomen's Suffrage movement in the state of Indiana.
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Symbol of theFeministmovement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.
In science and nature
Optics
The meanings of the color terms violet and purple varies even among native speakers of English, for example between United Kingdom and United States.[46] Optics research on purple and violet contains contributions of authors from different countries and different native languages, it is likely to be inconsistent in the use and meaning of the two colors. According to some speakers/authors of English, purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum.[47] It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton. According to some authors, purple does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According to some speakers of English, purple is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue.[48] According to other speakers of English, the same range of colors is called violet.[49]
In some textbooks of color theory, and depending on the geographical-cultural origin of the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves).[50] In that case, the spectral colors violet and indigo would not be shades of purple. For other speakers of English, these colors are shades of purple.
In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between crimson and violet.
In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.
In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).
Relationship with violet
Purple is closely associated with violet. In common usage, both refer to a variety of colors between blue and red in hue.[53][54][55] Historically, purple has tended to be used for redder hues and violet for bluer hues.[53][56][57] In optics, violet is a spectral color; it refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers,[58] whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light,[50][55] some of which humans perceive as similar to violet.
On a
On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.[59][60]
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On a computer or television screen, purple colors are created by mixing red and blue light. This is called the RGB color model.
Pigments
- Hematite and manganese are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They were used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. One such pigment is caput mortuum, whose name is also used in reference to mummy brown. The latter is another pigment containing hematite and historically produced with the use of mummified corpses.[61] Some of its compositions produce a purple color and may be called "mummy violet".[62] Manganese was also used in Roman times to color glass purple.[63]
- Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color, it was very close to indigo, which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with
- Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.[65]
- Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
- Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names.
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Lascaux cave, France.
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A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California.
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A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the Frenchimpressionists.
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Manganese violet is a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-19th century.
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Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names.
Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above).[47]
In western
In the Middle Ages, those who worked with blue and black dyes belonged to separate guilds from those who worked with red and yellow dyes, and were often forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild.[66] Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red.[citation needed]
From the Middle Ages onward, purple dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic chemical dye,[68][69] discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthesized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.
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Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages.
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This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common purple dye called Cudbear.
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A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.
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A sample of fuchsine dye
Animals
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The male violet-backed starling sports a very bright, iridescent purple plumage.
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The purple frog is a species of amphibian found in India.
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Pseudanthias pascalus or purple queenfish.
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The purple sea urchin from Mexico.
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A purple heron in flight (South Africa).
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A purple finch (North America).
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TheLorius domicella, or purple-naped lory, from Indonesia.
Anthocyanins
Certain grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers may appear purple due to the presence of natural pigments called
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The purple colors of thisanthocyanins.
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Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
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Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these copper beech trees, and in purple autumn leaves.
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Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.
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A purple pansy.
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"Blue" hydrangea is often actually purple.
Plants and flowers
- state grassof California.
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Iris germanicaflowers
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lilacblossoms
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Medicago sativa, known as alfalfain the U.S. and lucerne in the U.K.
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The Aster alpinus, or alpine aster, is native to the European mountains, including the Alps, while a subspecies is found in Canada and the United States.
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Lavenderflowers.
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A purple rose.
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Wisteria is a pale purple color.
Microbiology
- Purple bacteria are bacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing energy through photosynthesis.[70]
- In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.[71]
Astronomy
- One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.[72]
- The north celestial pole.
Geography
- Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side of Nanjing. Its peaks are often found enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.
- Purple Mountainin County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the shivered slate on its summit.
- Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet (2,558 m)) is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park.
- Purple Mountain, Alaska
- Purple Mountain, Oregon
- Purple Mountain, Washington
- Purple Peak, Colorado
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Purple Mountainnear Killarney, Ireland.
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Purple Mountain, Nanjing.
Purple mountains phenomenon
It has been observed that the greater the distance between a viewers eyes and mountains, the lighter and more blue or purple they will appear. This phenomenon, long recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial perspective or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky.
The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called
At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.
The phenomenon is referenced in the song "America the Beautiful", where the lyrics refer to "purple mountains' majesty" among other features of the United States landscape. A Crayola crayon called Purple Mountain Majesty in reference to the lyric was first formulated in 1993.
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The more distant mountains are, the lighter and more blue they are. This is called atmospheric perspective or aerial perspective.
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Sunset atAuke Bay, Alaska. Thanks to Rayleigh scattering, the mountains appear purple.
Mythology
Julius Pollux, a Greek grammarian who lived in the second century AD, attributed the discovery of purple to the Phoenician god and guardian of the city of Tyre, Heracles.[74] According to his account, while walking along the shore with the nymph Tyrus, the god's dog bit into a murex shell, causing his mouth to turn purple. The nymph subsequently requested that Heracles create a garment for her of that same color, with Heracles obliging her demands giving birth to Tyrian purple.[74][41]
Associations and symbolism
Royalty
In
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A purple postage stamp honoredQueen Elizabeth IIin 1958
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QueenMargrethe II of Denmarkin 2010.
Piety, faith, penitence, and theology
In the West, purple or violet is a color often associated with piety and religious faith.
In the
Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of
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Katharine Jefferts Schori, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States
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Bishop Mercurius ofSaint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral, New York).
The color purple is also associated with royalty in Christianity, being one of the three traditional offices of
Vanity, extravagance, individualism
In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven deadly sins, it represents pride. It is a color which is used to attract attention.[77]
The artificial, materialism and beauty
Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be synthesized.[78]
Ambiguity and ambivalence
Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal.[79]
Mourning
In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with mourning. In Victorian times, close relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning"), and then replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practised today.[80]
In culture and society
Cultures of Asian countries
- The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected with the North Star, Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese astronomy. For that reason the Forbidden City in Beijing was also known as the Purple Forbidden City (zi Jin cheng). Purple often represents "the highest," holiest, and "most sacred values" in China.[76]
- In Taoism, purple is a transitional color and metaphysically between yin and yang.[76]
- Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the Heian period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant (Anchusa officinalis), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.[81]
- In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar.
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Han blue were synthetic colors made by artisans in China during the Han dynasty(206 BC to 220 AD) or even earlier.
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A Japanese woman in a kimono.
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Emperor Komyoof Japan. (1322–1380). Purple was the color of the aristocracy in Japan and China.
Cultures of Europe
Ancient Rome
Purple represented the height of Roman virtue and cultural values.[76]
Medieval Europe
- In
- In European alchemy during this time, "the 'precious purple tincture'" was a term for various substances alchemists hoped to create.[76] The term and goal of the alchemists evoked kingliness,[76] since the divine right of kings was also thought to aid the alchemists' future.
Engineering
The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools across Canada.[citation needed] Purple is also the color of the Engineering Corp in the British Military.[citation needed]
Idioms and expressions
- Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly embellished writing. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage.
- Born to the purple means someone who is born into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine Empire.
- A purple patch is a period of exceptional success or good luck.[82] The origins are obscure, but it may refer to the symbol of success of the Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a purple patch on their costume as a symbol of rank.
- Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced by psychedelic drugs, particularly LSD.[83]
- Wearing purple is a military slang expression in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who is serving in a joint assignment with another service, such as an Army officer on assignment to the Navy. The officer is symbolically putting aside his or her traditional uniform color and exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint assignment, though in fact they continue to wear their own service's uniform.[84]
- Purple squirrel is a term used by employment recruiters to describe a job candidate with precisely the right education, experience, and qualifications that perfectly fits a job's multifaceted requirements. The assumption is that the perfect candidate is as rare as a real-life purple squirrel.
Military
- The military decorationawarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service.
Politics
- In United States politics, a purple state (typically a swing state) is a state roughly balanced between Republicans (generally symbolized by red in the 21st century) and Democrats (symbolized by blue).
- In the Purple (Dutch: paars) means a coalition government consisting of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by the colors blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christian Democrats with one of the other two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two Purple cabinets, both led by Prime Minister Wim Kok.
- In the politics of Belgium, as with the Netherlands, a purple government includes liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition. Belgium was governed by Purple governments from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt.
- Purple is the primary color used by many European and American political parties, including Liberal People's Party in Norway, and the United States Pirate Party. The Left party in Germany, whose primary color is red, is traditionally portrayed in purple on election maps to distinguish it from the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[citation needed]
- In the United Kingdom, the color scheme for the suffragette movement in Britain and Ireland was designed with purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope.[85][86][87]
Rhyme
- In the English language, the word "purple" has only one perfect rhyme, curple. Others are obscure perfect rhymes, such as hirple.
- Robert Burns rhymes purple with curple in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott.
- Examples of imperfect rhymes or non-word rhymes with purple:
- In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
- In his hit song "Dang Me", Roger Miller sings these lines:
Sexuality
Purple is sometimes associated with the
Sports and games
- In Motorsport, purple is used to indicate the fastest times of the race.[94]
- The National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns and Sacramento Kings use purple as their primary color.
- In the Indian Premier League, purple is the primary color of the Kolkata Knight Riders.
- In Major League Baseball, purple is one of the primary colors for the Colorado Rockies.
- In the National Football League, the Minnesota Vikings and Baltimore Ravens use purple as main colors.
- The Australian Football League's Fremantle Football Club use purple as one of their primary colors.
- In use purple as one of their primary colors.
- The Melbourne Storm from Australia's National Rugby League use purple as one of their primary colors.
- Costa Rica's Primera División soccer team Deportivo Saprissa's main color is purple (actually a burgundy like shade), and their nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or "Purple Monster".
- In Wimbledon championshipsare deep green and purple (traditionally called mauve).
- In American college athletics, Louisiana State University, Kansas State University, Texas Christian University, the University of Central Arkansas, Northwestern University, the University of Washington, and East Carolina University all have purple as one of their main team colors.
- The University of Western Ontario in London, Canada, and Bishop's University in Sherbrooke, Canada, have purple as one of its main team colors.
- Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Pluswith a 10-point value.
- In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls.
Business
The British chocolate company Cadbury chose purple as it was Queen Victoria's favourite color.[95] The company trademarked the color purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995[96] and 2004.[97] However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[98]
In flags
- Purple or violet appear in the flags of only two modern sovereign nations, and are merely ancillary colors in both cases. The sisserou parrot, a national symbol, while the Flag of Nicaragua displays a rainbow in the center, as part of the coat of arms of Nicaragua.
- The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple, to represent the common people as opposed to the red of the Spanish monarchy, unlike other nations of Europe where purple represented royalty and red represented the common people.[99]
- In Japan, the prefecture of Tokyo's flag is purple, as is the flag of Ichikawa and other Japanese municipalities.
- Porpora, or purpure, a shade of purple, was added late to the list of colors of European heraldry. A purple lion was the symbol of the old Spanish Kingdom of León (910–1230), and it later appeared on the flag of Spain, when the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León merged.
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Flag of Dominica, features a purple sisserou parrot.
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Flag of Nicaragua, although at this size the purple band of the rainbow is nearly indistinguishable.
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Flag of thesecond Spanish republic(1931–39), known in Spanish as la tricolor, still widely used by left-wing political organizations.
See also
- Byzantium (color)
- Carmine (color)
- Cerise (color)
- Lavender (color)
- List of colors
- Orchid (color)
- Purple (cipher machine)
- Purple Francis
- Purple Mark
- Raspberry (color)
- Rose (color)
- Ruby (color)
- Shades of magenta
- Shades of purple
- Ultramarine
- Violet (color)
References
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
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a confusing drug-induced state
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Further references
- Ball, Philip (2001). Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour. Hazan (French translation). ISBN 978-2-7541-0503-3.
- Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur: Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
- Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des couleurs. Editions du Panama. ISBN 978-2-7578-0310-3.
- Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
- Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
- Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
- Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
- Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). La couleur expliquée aux artistes. Groupe Eyrolles. ISBN 978-2-212-13486-5.
- "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.