Purple

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Purple
 
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Purple is a color similar in appearance to violet light. In the RYB color model historically used in the arts, purple is a secondary color created by combining red and blue pigments. In the CMYK color model used in modern printing, purple is made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment, or both. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purple is created by mixing red and blue light in order to create colors that appear similar to violet light.

Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because

Tyrian purple dye—made from the secretions of sea snails—was extremely expensive in antiquity.[1] Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the emperor and aristocracy.[2]

According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color most often associated with rarity, royalty, luxury, ambition, magic, mystery, piety and spirituality.[3][4] When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.[5]

Etymology and definitions

The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura),[6] the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.[7][8] The first recorded use of the word purple dates to the late 900s AD.[7]

In art, history, and fashion

In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple

Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC.[9]

Purple textiles, dating back to the early second millennium BCE, were found in Syria, making them the oldest known purple textiles in the world. These findings include textiles from a burial site in Chagar Bazar, dating back to the 18th-16th centuries BCE, as well as preserved textile samples discovered in gypsum at the Royal Palace of Qatna.[10][11][12]

As early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex.[13] Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.[13] The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple.[14]

The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting.[15]

Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the

King Solomon was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem.[18]

all wore Tyrian purple.

The Roman custom of wearing purple

Etruscans
; an Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep purple and embroidered toga.

In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age,

certain categories of priests,[22] and a few other categories of citizens.

The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the

Praetor Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi Apollinares.[23] During the Empire, the toga picta was worn by magistrates giving public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls
, as well as by the emperor on special occasions.

During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire, purple was more and more associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers.[24] Suetonius claims that the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes.[25] In the late empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death penalty.[26]

According to the

Jesus Christ, in the hours leading up to his crucifixion, was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura) by the Roman garrison to mock his claim to be 'King of the Jews'.[27]

The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer

Emperor Justinian in Ravenna. The chemical composition of the dye from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster, richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price.[28]

In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros.[29][30]

China

In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc, but

state of Qi (齊, 1046 BC–221 BC) because its ruler, Qin Shi Huang, developed a preference for it. As a result, the price of purple fabric was over five times that of plain fabric. His minister, Guan Zhong
(管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference.

China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color.[31]

An old hypothesis suggested links between the Chinese purple and blue and

Taoist alchemists may have developed Han purple from their knowledge of glassmaking.[32]

Lead is used by the pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han Purple.[35]

Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times, secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, in contrast to crimson, which was deemed a primary color and symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by the 6th century AD, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of colors occurred after that time.

  • An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and 1450 BC)
    An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and 1450 BC)
  • Painting of a man wearing an all-purple toga picta, from an Etruscan tomb (about 350 BC).
    Painting of a man wearing an all-purple toga picta, from an Etruscan tomb (about 350 BC).
  • Roman men wearing togae praetextae with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC).
    Roman men wearing togae praetextae with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC).
  • Different purple hues obtained from three types of sea snails
    Different purple hues obtained from three types of sea snails
  • Dye bath of Tyrian purple
    Dye bath of Tyrian purple
  • Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type of murex sea-snail and how it was made.
    Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type of murex sea-snail and how it was made.

Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe

Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the

Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple.[36]
Empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank.

In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color in Europe.[37]

  • 11th-century Byzantine robe, dyed Tyrian purple with murex dye. Creatures are griffins
    11th-century
    Byzantine robe, dyed Tyrian purple with murex dye. Creatures are griffins
  • A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white.
    A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white.

The Middle Ages and Renaissance

In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum,[38] since the dye from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made from kermes dye.[39][40]

While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were particularly worn by students of divinity.

Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the

Virgin Mary
were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes.

  • A 12th-century painting of Saint Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a bishop.
    A 12th-century painting of Saint Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a bishop.
  • In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes and bishops are wearing purple robes.
    In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes and bishops are wearing purple robes.
  • A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by Raphael (1483–1520)
    A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by Raphael (1483–1520)

18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine the Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed.

In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named

aniline dye, a purple shade called mauveine, shortened simply to mauve. It took its name from the mallow flower, which is the same color.[41] The new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion.[42]

Purple was popular with the

pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur Hughes
, who loved bright colors and romantic scenes.

20th and 21st centuries

At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt, who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets.

In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty;

psychedelic drug culture
of the 1960s.

In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the

Women's Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally succeeding with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became the color of the women's liberation movement.[43]

In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear a purple triangle.[44]

During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated with

psychedelics, and musicians like Jimi Hendrix with his 1967 song "Purple Haze", or the English rock band of Deep Purple which formed in 1968. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American musician Prince
.

The

Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape Town, South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon
with purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to the slogan The Purple Shall Govern.

The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders.[45]

  • Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).
    Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).
  • Serbian Orthodox bishop in mandyas (1923).
    Serbian Orthodox bishop in
    mandyas
    (1923).
  • George VI (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait.
    George VI (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait.
  • The coronation portrait of Elizabeth II and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1953) has three different shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown.
    The coronation portrait of
    Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
    (1953) has three different shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown.
  • Program from the Woman Suffrage Procession, a 1913 Women's Suffrage march.
    Program from the
    Women's Suffrage
    march.
  • A pennant from the Women's Suffrage movement in the state of Indiana.
    A pennant from the
    Women's Suffrage movement in the state of Indiana
    .
  • Symbol of the Feminist movement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.
    Symbol of the
    Feminist
    movement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.

In science and nature

Optics

The meanings of the color terms violet and purple varies even among native speakers of English, for example between United Kingdom and United States.[46] Optics research on purple and violet contains contributions of authors from different countries and different native languages, it is likely to be inconsistent in the use and meaning of the two colors. According to some speakers/authors of English, purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum.[47] It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton. According to some authors, purple does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According to some speakers of English, purple is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue.[48] According to other speakers of English, the same range of colors is called violet.[49]

In some textbooks of color theory, and depending on the geographical-cultural origin of the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves).[50] In that case, the spectral colors violet and indigo would not be shades of purple. For other speakers of English, these colors are shades of purple.

In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between crimson and violet.

color wheel, purple is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See shades of purple).[52]

In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.

In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).

Relationship with violet

CIE chromaticity diagram highlights the line of purples
at its base, running from the violet corner near the left to the red corner at the right.

Purple is closely associated with violet. In common usage, both refer to a variety of colors between blue and red in hue.[53][54][55] Historically, purple has tended to be used for redder hues and violet for bluer hues.[53][56][57] In optics, violet is a spectral color; it refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers,[58] whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light,[50][55] some of which humans perceive as similar to violet.

On a

CMYK
printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below.

On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.[59][60]

Pigments

During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with

woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.[64]

  • Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.[65]
  • Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
  • Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names.
  • Manganese pigments were used in the neolithic paintings in the Lascaux cave, France.
    Lascaux cave
    , France.
  • Hematite was often used as the red-purple color in the cave paintings of Neolithic artists.
    Hematite was often used as the red-purple color in the cave paintings of Neolithic artists.
  • A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California.
    A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California.
  • A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the French impressionists.
    A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the French
    impressionists
    .
  • Manganese violet is a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-19th century.
    Manganese violet is a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-19th century.
  • Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names.
    Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names.

Dyes

The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above).[47]

In western

Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.[64]

In the Middle Ages, those who worked with blue and black dyes belonged to separate guilds from those who worked with red and yellow dyes, and were often forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild.[66] Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red.[citation needed]

ammoniac, usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.[67]

From the Middle Ages onward, purple dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the

mulberry
. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with washing and exposure to sunlight.

A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the

logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum
, a purple color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.

In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a

orchil lichens that can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia
is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.

French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.

Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as

cerulean blue and cobalt green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists. In spite of its name, this pigment produces a purple rather than violet color [46]

Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic chemical dye,[68][69] discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.

Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color.

In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthesized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.

  • Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages.
    Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages.
  • This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common purple dye called Cudbear.
    This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common purple dye called Cudbear.
  • A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.
    A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.
  • A sample of fuchsine dye
    A sample of fuchsine dye

Animals

Anthocyanins

Certain grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers may appear purple due to the presence of natural pigments called

anthocyanins. These pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. They aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue, green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH
.

  • The purple colors of this cauliflower, grapes, fruits, vegetables and flowers comes from natural pigments called anthocyanins.
    The purple colors of this
    anthocyanins
    .
  • Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
    Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
  • Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these copper beech trees, and in purple autumn leaves.
    Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these copper beech trees, and in purple autumn leaves.
  • Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.
    Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.
  • Purple pansy
    A purple pansy.
  • "Blue" hydrangea is often actually purple.
    "Blue" hydrangea is often actually purple.

Plants and flowers

  • state grass
    of California.

Microbiology

  • In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.[71]

Astronomy

  • One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.[72]
  • The
    north celestial pole
    .

Geography

  • Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side of Nanjing. Its peaks are often found enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.
  • Purple Mountain
    in County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the shivered slate on its summit.
  • Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet (2,558 m)) is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park.
  • Purple Mountain, Alaska
  • Purple Mountain, Oregon
  • Purple Mountain, Washington
  • Purple Peak, Colorado

Purple mountains phenomenon

It has been observed that the greater the distance between a viewers eyes and mountains, the lighter and more blue or purple they will appear. This phenomenon, long recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial perspective or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky.

The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called

air scatters short-wavelength light more than longer wavelengths. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than the sun.[73]

At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.

The phenomenon is referenced in the song "America the Beautiful", where the lyrics refer to "purple mountains' majesty" among other features of the United States landscape. A Crayola crayon called Purple Mountain Majesty in reference to the lyric was first formulated in 1993.

Mythology

Julius Pollux, a Greek grammarian who lived in the second century AD, attributed the discovery of purple to the Phoenician god and guardian of the city of Tyre, Heracles.[74] According to his account, while walking along the shore with the nymph Tyrus, the god's dog bit into a murex shell, causing his mouth to turn purple. The nymph subsequently requested that Heracles create a garment for her of that same color, with Heracles obliging her demands giving birth to Tyrian purple.[74][41]

Associations and symbolism

Royalty

In

British Royal Family and other European royalty still use it as a ceremonial color on special occasions.[75] In Japan, purple is associated with the emperor and Japanese aristocracy.[2]

  • A purple postage stamp honored Queen Elizabeth II in 1958
    A purple postage stamp honored
    Queen Elizabeth II
    in 1958
  • Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 2010.
    Queen
    Margrethe II of Denmark
    in 2010.

Piety, faith, penitence, and theology

In the West, purple or violet is a color often associated with piety and religious faith.

Bishops were assigned the color amaranth
, being a pale and pinkish purple made then from a less-expensive mixture of indigo and cochineal.

In the

age of reason. Students and faculty of theology also wear purple academic dress for graduations and other university ceremonies.[citation needed
]

Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of

Protestant churches and bishops of the Anglican Communion
.

The color purple is also associated with royalty in Christianity, being one of the three traditional offices of

Jesus Christ
, i. e. king, although such a symbolism was assumed from the earlier Roman association or at least also employed by the ancient Romans.

Vanity, extravagance, individualism

In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven deadly sins, it represents pride. It is a color which is used to attract attention.[77]

The artificial, materialism and beauty

Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be synthesized.[78]

Ambiguity and ambivalence

Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal.[79]

Mourning

In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with mourning. In Victorian times, close relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning"), and then replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practised today.[80]

In culture and society

Cultures of Asian countries

  • The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected with the North Star,
    Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese astronomy. For that reason the Forbidden City in Beijing was also known as the Purple Forbidden City (zi Jin cheng). Purple often represents "the highest," holiest, and "most sacred values" in China.[76]
  • Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the Heian period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant (Anchusa officinalis), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.[81]
  • In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar.

Cultures of Europe

Ancient Rome

Purple represented the height of Roman virtue and cultural values.[76]

Medieval Europe

  • In
    medieval Europe, purple represented leadership and the king.[76]
    • In European alchemy during this time, "the 'precious purple tincture'" was a term for various substances alchemists hoped to create.[76] The term and goal of the alchemists evoked kingliness,[76] since the divine right of kings was also thought to aid the alchemists' future.

Engineering

The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools across Canada.[citation needed] Purple is also the color of the Engineering Corp in the British Military.[citation needed]

Idioms and expressions

  • Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly embellished writing. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage.
  • Born to the purple means someone who is born into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine Empire.
  • A purple patch is a period of exceptional success or good luck.[82] The origins are obscure, but it may refer to the symbol of success of the Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a purple patch on their costume as a symbol of rank.
  • Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced by psychedelic drugs, particularly LSD.[83]
  • Wearing purple is a military slang expression in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who is serving in a joint assignment with another service, such as an Army officer on assignment to the Navy. The officer is symbolically putting aside his or her traditional uniform color and exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint assignment, though in fact they continue to wear their own service's uniform.[84]
  • Purple squirrel is a term used by employment recruiters to describe a job candidate with precisely the right education, experience, and qualifications that perfectly fits a job's multifaceted requirements. The assumption is that the perfect candidate is as rare as a real-life purple squirrel.

Military

  • The
    military decoration
    awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service.

Politics

Rhyme

signature song and was nearly always played in concert. Prince encouraged his fans to wear purple to his concerts.[88][89]

"

violets
are purple
Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple"

Sexuality

Purple is sometimes associated with the

bisexual pride flag which combines pink – representing homosexuality – and blue – representing heterosexuality – to create the bisexual purple.[citation needed][93]
The purple hand is another symbol sometimes used by the LGBT community during parades and demonstrations.

Sports and games

Cadbury logo as displayed at Cadbury World in Bournville, England

Business

The British chocolate company Cadbury chose purple as it was Queen Victoria's favourite color.[95] The company trademarked the color purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995[96] and 2004.[97] However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[98]

King Alfonso IX of León (1180-1230) displayed in the 12th century Tumbo A manuscript in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia
.

In flags

  • Flag of Dominica, features a purple sisserou parrot.
    Flag of Dominica, features a purple sisserou parrot.
  • Flag of Nicaragua, although at this size the purple band of the rainbow is nearly indistinguishable.
    Flag of Nicaragua, although at this size the purple band of the rainbow is nearly indistinguishable.
  • Flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39), known in Spanish as la tricolor, still widely used by left-wing political organizations.
    Flag of the
    second Spanish republic
    (1931–39), known in Spanish as la tricolor, still widely used by left-wing political organizations.

See also

References

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  5. ^ Heller, Eva: Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques, pp. 179-184
  6. ^ πορφύρα Archived 2021-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  7. ^ a b "purple, adj. and n." OED Online. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  8. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com.
  9. ^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples, p. 144–146
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  14. ^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples, p. 135–138
  15. ^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples, p. 135
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  17. ^ "Biblia Sacra Vulgata". Bible Gateway (in Latin). Retrieved 2020-05-19.
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  19. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
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  20. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
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  21. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
  22. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
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  31. ^ Thieme, C. 2001. (translated by M. Will) Paint Layers and Pigments on the Terracotta Army: A Comparison with Other Cultures of Antiquity. In: W. Yongqi, Z. Tinghao, M. Petzet, E. Emmerling and C. Blänsdorf (eds.) The Polychromy of Antique Sculptures and the Terracotta Army of the First Chinese Emperor: Studies on Materials, Painting Techniques and Conservation. Monuments and Sites III. Paris: ICOMOS, 52–57.
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  83. . a confusing drug-induced state
  84. ^ "Jointness" (PDF). www.carlisle.army.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  85. ^ "Dress & the Suffragettes". Chertsey Museum. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
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  99. ^ "Legendary "Purple Banner of Castile" or "Commoner's Banner"". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

Further references

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