Linaria vulgaris
Linaria vulgaris | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Linaria |
Species: | L. vulgaris
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Binomial name | |
Linaria vulgaris | |
Linaria vulgaris, the common toadflax,[1][2] yellow toadflax or butter-and-eggs,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Europe, Siberia and Central Asia.[4] It has also been introduced and is now common in North America.[3]
Growth
It is a
Ecology
The plant is widespread on ruderal spots, along roads, in dunes, and on disturbed and cultivated land.[2]
Because the flower is largely closed by its underlip, pollination requires strong insects such as bees and bumblebees (Bombus species).[2]
Linaria vulgaris is a food plant for a large number of insects such as the
It may be mildly toxic to livestock.[6]
Fossil record
Seeds of the common toadflax, were identified from the
Cultivation and uses
While most commonly found as a wildflower, toadflax is sometimes cultivated for cut flowers, which are long-lasting in the vase. Like snapdragons (Antirrhinum), they are often grown in children's gardens for the "snapping" flowers which can be made to "talk" by squeezing them at the base of the corolla.[8]
The plant requires ample drainage, but is otherwise adaptable to a variety of conditions. It has escaped from cultivation in North America where it is common on roadsides and in poor soils, where it has now naturalized in many U.S. states and Canadian provinces.[9]
Despite its reputation as a weed, like the
Other names
Linaria acutiloba Fisch. ex Rchb. is a synonym.[12] Because this plant grows as a weed, it has acquired a large number of local colloquial names, including brideweed, bridewort, butter and eggs (but see Lotus corniculatus), butter haycocks, bread and butter, bunny haycocks, bunny mouths, calf's snout, Continental weed, dead men's bones, devil's flax, devil's flower, doggies, dragon bushes, eggs and bacon (but see Lotus corniculatus), eggs and butter, false flax, flaxweed, fluellen (but see Kickxia), gallweed, gallwort, impudent lawyer, Jacob's ladder (but see Polemonium), lion's mouth, monkey flower (but see Mimulus), North American ramsted, rabbit flower, rancid, ransted, snapdragon (but see Antirrhinum), wild flax, wild snapdragon, wild tobacco (but see Nicotiana), yellow rod, yellow toadflax.[8]
References
- ^ Natural History Museum: Linaria vulgaris
- ^ ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ OCLC 54691765.
- ^ "Linaria vulgaris". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
- PMID 25754608.
- ISBN 0-486-20504-5.
- ISBN 0-521-20254-X.
- ^ ISBN 1-85619-377-2.
- ISBN 0-486-22642-5.
- ISBN 0-395-98814-4.
- PMID 23723679.
- ^ "Linaria vulgaris". Flora Europaea.
External links
- Species Profile - Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for yellow toadflax.