List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
This is a list of
autonomous territories. The Kurds are a people without their own ethnic state residing in eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, northwestern Syria and some parts of Armenia. (For more information see Origin of the Kurds.)[1][2]
Early entities
- Sadakiyans (770–827)
- Daysam (938–955)[3]
- Hadhabanis (906–1080)
- Aishanids (912–961)[4]
- Shaddadids (951–1199)[5]
- Rawwadids (955–1071)
- Hasanwayhids (959–1014)[6]
- Marwanids (983–1096)[5]
- Annazids (990/91[7][8]–1117)[7]
- Shabankara (11th century–12th century)[9][10]
- Diyarbakir)[11]
- Hazaraspids (1115–1425)
- Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)[12]
- Principality of Bitlis (1187–1847)
- Vassaldom of Ardalan (14th century[13]–1865 or 1868[14][15])
- Emirate of Çemişgezek (13th century–1663)[19]
- Mukriyan (14th century–19th century)[20]
- Zarrinnaal Dynasty (1448–1925)
- Emirate of Pazooka (1499–1587)[21]
- Principality of Suleyman[22] (15th century–1838)
- Emirate of Soran (before 1514[23]–1836[24])
- Emirate of Miks (?–1846)[25]
Remnants of the Ayyubid Dynasty (13th century–19th century)
Various Kurdish political entities blossomed in the period after the disestablishment of the Ayyubid dynasty in 1260. Some of these rulers claimed descent from the Ayyubids.
- Principality of Donboli (1210–1799)[26]
- Emirate of Bingöl (1231–1864)[27]
- Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232[27]–1524[27])
- Emirate of Kilis[28]
- Emirate of Şirvan (?–1840s)[29]
- Emirate of Hakkâri (?–1845)[30]
- Principality of Zirqan (1335–1835)
- )
- Emirate of Bohtan (?–1833)[32]
- Principality of Mahmudi (1406–1839)[33]
- Principality of Pinyaşi (1548–1823)[34]
Buffer zones between the Ottomans and Persia (13th century–19th century)
For various reasons, Kurdish entities existed as
Persia
throughout history. These include:
- Khoy Khanate (1210–1799)
- Emirate of Palu (1495–1845)[35]
- Emirate of Bradost (1510–1609)[36]
- Baban (16th century–1850)[37]
- Tabriz Khanate (1757–1799)[38]
- Hasan Khan dynasty in Pish-e Kuh (1795–1820)[39]
- Sarab Khanate (18th century)[38]
Other dynasties of Kurdish ancestry
- Zand dynasty (1750–1794) – The dynasty is of Kurdish Lak origin.[40][41]
- Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) – The dynasty was partly of Kurdish origin.[42][43][44]
20th-21st century entities
- Kurdish State (1918–1919)
- Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924 and 1925)
- Kurdistansky Uyezd(1923–1929) and Kurdistan Okrug (1930)
- Republic of Ararat (1927–1931)
- Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
- Republic of Laçin (1992)[45]
- Islamic Emirate of Byara (2001–2003)
-
Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920) -
Kingdom of Kurdistan (1923) -
Republic of Mahabad, (1945–1946) -
Islamic Emirate of Byara (black) at their peak, controlling the entire Halabja Governorate
Current entities
- Kurdistan Region (autonomous region in Iraq, 1970–present)
- Syrian Civil War by the PYD) (2012–present)
-
Iraqi Kurdistan in 1975 -
Iraqi Kurdistan in 1998 -
Iraqi Kurdistan in 2012 -
Modern Iraqi Kurdistan -
Gallery
-
Rawadid Dynasty
See also
- Kurdish emirates
- Kurdistan Eyalet
- House of Kayus
- Corduene
- A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall
Bibliography
- Aboona, Hirmis (2008), Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 9781604975833
- Baluken, Yusuf (2017), Çend Dokument ji Serdema Mîrektiya Melkîşî (in Kurdish), vol. 7, Jimar
- Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.
Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)
- Matthee, Rudi (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18.
The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)
- Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica.
As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids (...)
- Savory, Roger (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII. Fasc. 1. p. 8.
This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams.
- Başçı, Veysel (2019), "Dunbulî Beyliği Tarihi ve Tarihi Kronikleri [XIII-XVIII. YY.]", Kadim Akademi SBD (in Turkish), 3 (2): 63–114, retrieved 28 May 2020
- Behn, W. (1988), "BĀBĀN", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. III, 3
- Büchner, V. F. (2012), "S̲h̲abānkāra", ISBN 9789004082656
- Dehqan, Mustafa; Genç, Vural (2019), "The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609", Oriente Moderno, 99 (3): 306–320, S2CID 213564665, retrieved 30 January 2021
- Ebraheem, Sharameen (2013), The Impact of Architectural Identity on Nation Branding: The Case Study of Iraqi Kurdistan. (PDF), Manchester Metropolitan University's Research Repository
- Eppel, Michael (2018), "The Kurdish emirates", Routledge Handbook on the Kurds, Routledge Handbooks Online, pp. 35–47, S2CID 186808301, retrieved 1 May 2020
- Flynn, Thomas O. (2017), The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870, ISBN 9789004313545
- Ghalib, Sabah Abdullah (2011), The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1850 (PDF), University of Exeter, retrieved 1 May 2020
- Gunter, Michael M. (2010), Historical Dictionary of the Kurds, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810875074
- Hakan, Sinan (2002), Müküs Kürt Mirleri Tarihi ve Han Mahmud (in Turkish), Pêrî Yayınları, ISBN 9789758245581
- Houtsma, M. Th. (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Brill Publishers
- Kaplan, Yaşar (2015), Pınyanış Hükümeti/Government of Pinyanish (in Turkish), Hakkari University
- Maisel, Sebastian (2018), The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-4408-4257-3
- Meinecke, Michael (1996), Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, NYU Press, ISBN 9780814754924
- Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich (1949), Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI-начале XIX вв (in Russian), Saint Petersburg State University
- Soyudoğan, Muhsin (2015), Tribal Bandistry in Ottoman Ayntab (1690-1730), Bilkent University
- Spuler, B. (2012), "Faḍlawayh", ISBN 9789004161214
- Top, Mehmet (1998), "Hoşaptaki Mahmudi Beylerine Ait Mimari Eserler", Academia SBD (in Turkish), 3 (2)
- Verheij, Jelle (30 March 2018), ""The year of the firman:" The 1895 massacres in Hizan and Şirvan (Bitlis vilayet)", Études arméniennes contemporaines (10): 125–159, ISSN 2269-5281, retrieved 24 May 2020
- Ünal, Mehmet Ali (1999), XVI. yüzyılda Çemişgezek sancağı (in Turkish)
- Peacock, Andrew (2017). "RAWWADIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica.
RAWWADIDS [...] a family of Arab descent [...] Their Kurdicized descendants ruled over Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia in the second half of the 10th and much of the 11th century.
References
- JSTOR 4309997– via JSTOR.
- ^ James, Boris (September 2006). "Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources". Institut Kurde. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Bosworth (1994). "Daysam". Iranica Online.
- ^ Tor, D.G. (2017). The Abbasid and Carolingian Empires: Studies in Civilizational Formation. Brill Academic Pub. pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b Amir Hassanpour, Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985, Mellen Research University Press, 1992, p. 50.
- ^ Gunter (2010), p. 117.
- ^ Iranica Online. II.
- ISSN 1875-9831.
- ^ Büchner 2012.
- ^ Spuler 2012.
- ISBN 978-605-66520-1-1.
- ^ R. S. Humphreys, Ayyubids, "Encyclopaedia Iranica", (August 18, 2011),[1]
- ^ Oberling, P. "BANĪ ARDALĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ David Mcdowall (1996). The Kurds (PDF). Minority Rights Group International Report. p. 20. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Najat Abdulla-Ali (2006). Empire, frontière et tribu Le Kurdistan et le conflit de frontière turco-persan (1843-1932) (in French). p. 159.
- ISBN 978-5-02-017569-3, It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of Babir
- ISBN 978-0-521-05735-6, According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.
- ISBN 978-0-227-67931-9, under the Christianized Kurdish dynasty of Zak'arids they tried to re-establish nazarar system...
- ^ Ünal (1999), pp. 262–263.
- Encyclopedia Iranica. IV.
- ISBN 978-605-66520-1-1.
- ^ Houtsma (1993), p. 1144-1445.
- ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 50.
- ^ Ebraheem (2013), p. 235.
- ^ Hakan (2002).
- ^ Başçı (2019), p. 63.
- ^ a b c Maisel (2018), p. 131.
- ^ Soyudoğan (2015).
- ^ Verheij (2018).
- ^ Flynn (2017), p. 663.
- ^ Aboona (2008), p. 175.
- ^ a b Eppel (2018), p. 42.
- ^ Top (1998), p. 6-9.
- ^ Kaplan (2015), p. 4.
- ^ Nusret Aydın, Diyarbakır and Mirdasiler History, 2011, p. 304-305
- ^ Dehqan & Genç (2019).
- ^ Behn (1988).
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica.
- S2CID 159957313.
- ^ Perry, John. "ZAND DYNASTY". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad Karim Khan b. Ināq Khan (...) of the Bagala branch of the Zand, a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of Lors (perhaps originally Kurds; see Minorsky, p. 616) (...)
- ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0, p. 64.
- ^ Matthee 2005, p. 17; Matthee 2008.
- ^ Amoretti & Matthee 2009.
- ^ Savory 2008, p. 8.
- ISBN 978-1-136-83854-5.
In 1992 the area of Laçin was occupied by Armeian forces; a "Kurdish Republic of Laçin" was subsequently declared by local Kurds, but this remained a rather short-lived - not to say stillborn - adventure