List of caliphal governors of Medina
In early
During the era of the
Rashidun governors
Known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib, Medina (
With the departure of Ali from Medina, administration of the city was delegated to a number of representatives appointed by him. These representatives remained in control of Medina until 660, when an army dispatched by the
Name | Years | Nature of Termination |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sahl ibn Hunaif
|
From 657 | Dismissed | Governor for Ali[3] |
Tamman ibn Abbas | Dismissed | Governor for Ali[4] | |
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari | To 660 | Fled | Governor for Ali[5] |
Umayyad governors
Following the ascendency of the Umayyads in 661, Medina's loss of its political significance became permanent. The Umayyad caliphs, who were firmly based in the region of Syria, had few incentives to relocate to the Hijaz, and they generally made their residence in the area of Damascus. Although Medina continued to retain its religious importance as one of the Holy Cities of Islam, it became something of a political backwater under the Umayyads and its old elites, the Ansar, were reduced to acting as a "pious opposition" to the new regime.[6]
As the Umayyads had no interest in returning the capital to Medina, they instead dispatched governors to administer the city on their behalf. Governors were normally selected by the caliph and remained in office until they died or were dismissed in favor of a replacement candidate. In addition to Medina itself, they were sometimes (though not always) given jurisdiction over
Governors assigned to Medina during this period played no role in the
Umayyad control of Medina came to an end during the period of the Third Fitna; the city was lost temporarily to Ibadi rebels in 747, and was then lost permanently with the overthrow of the dynasty by the Abbasid Revolution in 750.[10]
Name | Years | Nature of Termination |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Marwan ibn al-Hakam | 662–669 | Dismissed | Subsequently became caliph in 684. Appointed by the caliph Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan[11]
|
Sa'id ibn al-As | 669–674 | Dismissed | Cousin of Mu'awiya, who appointed him[12] |
Marwan ibn al-Hakam | 674–677/8 | Dismissed | Re-appointed by Mu'awiya[13] |
Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan | 677/8–680 | Dismissed | Nephew of Mu'awiya, who appointed him[14] |
Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As | 680–681 | Dismissed | Son of Sa'id ibn al-As. Appointed by the caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya[15] |
Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan | 681–682 | Dismissed | Re-appointed, this time by Yazid ibn Mu'awiya[16] |
Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan | 682–683 | Expelled | Cousin of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, who appointed him[17] |
None | 683 | n/a | Revolt of the Ansar, Qurayshis and non-Qurayshi Muhajirun in Medina[18] |
Name | Years | Nature of Termination |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Ubayda ibn al-Zubayr | 684-685 | Dismissed | Brother of Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, who appointed him.[19] Jabir ibn al-Aswad ibn Awf and Abbas ibn Sahl ibn Sa'd al-Ansari are also mentioned as governors during this period[20] |
Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr | 685-686 | Moved to Iraq | Brother of Ibn al-Zubayr, who appointed him[21] |
Jabir ibn al-Aswad ibn Awf | 687-690 | Dismissed | (Re-)Appointed by Ibn al-Zubayr[22] |
Talha ibn Abdallah ibn Awf | 690-691 | Fled | Appointed by Ibn al-Zubayr[23] |
Name | Years | Nature of Termination |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Tariq ibn Amr | 691/2-693 | Dismissed | Re-established Umayyad control over Medina; confirmed as governor by the caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan[24] |
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf | 693-694 | Dismissed | Appointed by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan[25] |
Yahya ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As | 694-695 | Resigned | Uncle of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who appointed him[26] |
Aban ibn Uthman | 695-702 | Dismissed | Son of Uthman ibn Affan. Appointed by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan[27] |
Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi | 702-706 | Dismissed | Father-in-law of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who appointed him[28] |
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
|
706-712 | Dismissed | Subsequently became caliph in 717. Appointed by the caliph al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik[29] |
Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri | 712-715 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik[30] |
Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm | 715-720 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik[31] |
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri | 720-723 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik[32] |
Abd al-Wahid ibn Abdallah al-Nasri | 723-724 | Dismissed | Appointed by Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik[33] |
Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi | 724-732 | Dismissed | Son of Hisham ibn Isma'il. Appointed by the caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik[34] |
Khalid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn al-Harith ibn al-Hakam | 732-736/7 | Dismissed | Appointed by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik[35] |
Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi | 736/7-743 | Dismissed | Brother of Ibrahim ibn Hisham. Appointed by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik[36] |
Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi | 743-744 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph al-Walid ibn Yazid[37] |
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amr ibn Uthman | 744 | Dismissed | Great-grandson of Uthman ibn Affan. Appointed by the caliph Yazid ibn al-Walid[38] |
Abd al-Aziz ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz | 744-747 | Dismissed | Appointed by Yazid ibn al-Walid[39] |
Abd al-Wahid ibn Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
|
747 | Fled | Appointed by the caliph Marwan ibn Muhammad[40] |
None | 747-748 | n/a | Ibadi occupation of Medina[41] |
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | 748 | [42] | |
Al-Walid ibn Urwah al-Sa'di | 748-750 | Dismissed | Appointed by his uncle Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Atiyyah[43] |
Yusuf ibn Urwah al-Sa'di | 750 | Last governor for the Umayyads. Appointed by Marwan ibn Muhammad[44] |
Abbasid governors
The administrative situation of Medina was initially little changed by the coming of the Abbasids, who were generally centered in the region of Iraq. Governors of Medina continued to be appointed by the caliph and were selected to lead several of the annual pilgrimages. Like their predecessors, the Abbasid caliphs frequently chose members of their own dynasty for the governorship, but they also often appointed individuals from other families who were related to the Abbasids in some capacity.[45]
In the first decades of Abbasid rule Medina was occasionally the scene of
Two major sources for the identities of governors of Medina, the annalists
With the collapse of the Abbasids' political power in the early tenth century, the
Name | Years | Nature of Termination |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Dawud ibn Ali | 750 | Died in office | Uncle of the caliph al-Saffah, who appointed him[51]
|
Ziyad ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Madan al-Harithi
|
750-758 | Dismissed | Uncle of al-Saffah, who appointed him[52] |
Muhammad ibn Khalid ibn Abd Allah al-Qasri | 758-760/1 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph al-Mansur[53] |
Riyah ibn Uthman al-Murri | 760/1-762 | Imprisoned | Son of Uthman ibn Hayyan. Appointed by al-Mansur[54] |
None | 762 | n/a | Alid occupation of Medina[55] |
Kathir ibn al-Husayn al-Abdi | 762-763 | Dismissed | Appointed by Isa ibn Musa[56] |
Abdallah ibn al-Rabi al-Harithi | 763 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Mansur[57] |
Ja'far ibn Sulayman ibn Ali | 763-766/7 | Dismissed | First cousin of al-Mansur, who appointed him[58] |
al-Hasan ibn Zayd ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib | 766/7-772 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Mansur[59] |
Abd al-Samad ibn Ali | 772-776 | Dismissed | Uncle of al-Mansur, who appointed him[60] |
Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Kathiri | 776 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph al-Mahdi[61] |
Ubaydallah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Safwan al-Jumahi | 776-777 | Died in office | Appointed by al-Mahdi[62] |
Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Kathiri | 777 | Dismissed | Re-appointed by al-Mahdi[63] |
Zufar ibn Asim al-Hilali | 777-780 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Mahdi[64] |
Ja'far ibn Sulayman ibn Ali | 780-783 | Dismissed | Re-appointed, this time by al-Mahdi[65] |
Ibrahim ibn Yahya ibn Muhammad | 783-784 | Died in office | First cousin of al-Mahdi, who appointed him[66] |
Ishaq ibn Isa ibn Ali | 784-785 | Resigned | First cousin once removed of al-Mahdi, who appointed him[67] |
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Abdallah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab | 785-786 | Dismissed | Appointed by the caliph al-Hadi[68] |
Ishaq ibn Sulayman ibn Ali | From 786 | First cousin twice removed of the caliph Harun al-Rashid, who appointed him[69] | |
Abd al-Malik ibn Salih ibn Ali | First cousin twice removed of Harun al-Rashid, who appointed him[70] | ||
Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Raba'i | From 789 | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[71] | |
Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa | Second cousin of Harun al-Rashid, who appointed him[72] | ||
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[73] | ||
Ali ibn Isa ibn Musa | Second cousin of Harun al-Rashid, who appointed him[74] | ||
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[75] | ||
Abdallah ibn Mus'ab al-Zubayri | 796/7 | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[76] | |
Bakkar ibn Abdallah al-Zubayri | 797 | 808/9 | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[77] |
Abu al-Bakhtari Wahb ibn Wahb | 808-809 | Appointed by Harun al-Rashid[78] | |
Isma'il ibn al-Abbas ibn Muhammad | 810 | Appointed by the caliph al-Amin[79] | |
Dawud ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi | 811-815 | Fled | Second cousin once removed of al-Amin, who appointed him. Later switched his allegiance to the rival caliph al-Ma'mun[80] |
None | 815 | n/a | Occupation of Medina on behalf of the pro-Alid rebel Abu al-Saraya al-Sari ibn Mansur[81]
|
Harun ibn al-Musayyab | From 815 | Dispatched by the general Ali b. Abi Sa'id[82] | |
Ubaydallah ibn al-Abbas ibn Ubaydallah ibn al-Abbas | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[83] | ||
Ubaydallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ubaydallah ibn al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib | From 820 | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[84] | |
Quthm ibn Ja'far ibn Sulayman ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas | From 823 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[85] |
Muhammad ibn Fulan ibn al-Husayn ibn Zayd | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[86] | |
Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Sulayman ibn Ali | From 828 | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[87] | |
Muhammad ibn Salih ibn al-Abbas | From 843 | Appointed by the caliph al-Wathiq[88] | |
Salih ibn Ali ibn Isa | To 861 | [89] | |
Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Isma'il | From 861 | [90] | |
Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ja'fari | To 879 | Died in office | [91] |
Musa ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ja'fari | 879 | Killed | Brother of Ishaq ibn Muhammad[92] |
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn al-Hasan ibn Zayd | 879 | Dismissed | Initially a Zaydi rebel; subsequently legitimized by the central government[93] |
Muhammad ibn Abi al-Saj | From 879 | Dismissed | [94] |
Al-Fadl ibn al-Abbas al-Abbasi | fl. 883 | [95] | |
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ta'i | From 885 | [96] | |
Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Hashimi | fl. 890 | [97] |
See also
- List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
- List of caliphal governors of Arminiyah
- List of caliphal governors of Egypt
- List of caliphal governors of Ifriqiyah
- List of Umayyad governors of Iraq
- List of caliphal governors of Sind
Notes
- ^ EI2, s.v. "Al-Madina"); Kennedy 2016, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 17: pp. 140, 206; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 201.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 17: p. 140; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 201.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 201. Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 17: p. 140 mentions Tamman but presents a different arrangement for the governors of this period.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 17: p. 206; EI2, s.v. "Abu Ayyub al-Ansari"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 201.
- ^ EI2, s.v. "Al-Madina"); Blankinship 1994, pp. 73–74; McMillan 2011, pp. 48 ff.; Hawting 1972, passim.
- ^ Munt 2014, pp. 153–55; Blankinship 1994, p. 74; McMillan 2011, pp. 56 ff., 60–61, 89 ff., 110 ff., 139 ff., 162–164.
- ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 74, notes that Western Arabia in general had no active military fronts at this time.
- ^ EI2, s. v.v. "Al-Madina," "Al-Harra," "Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr"); Munt 2014, p. 156; McMillan 2011, pp. 63 ff., 81–83.
- ^ EI2, s.v. "Al-Madina"); McMillan 2011, pp. 155–158.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 18: pp. 20, 70, 75, 87, 90, 92-95; McMillan 2011, pp. 46, 56–60; EI2, s.v. "Marwan I b. al-Hakam"). Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 204 says that he was appointed in 661.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 18: pp. 94-95, 103, 164-65, 171-75; McMillan 2011, pp. 46–47, 56–60; EI2, s.v. "Sa'id b. al-As"). Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 204 says that he was appointed in 668.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 18: pp. 172-75, 179, 182, 187, 191-92; McMillan 2011, pp. 47, 56–60; EI2, s.v. "Marwan I b. al-Hakam"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 222, 224.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 18: pp. 191-92, 198, 207; v. 19: pp. 2, 10; McMillan 2011, pp. 47, 56–60; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 224, 229.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 19: pp. 10, 90, 176, 188 ff.; McMillan 2011, pp. 63, 65–67; EI2, s.v. "Amr b. Sa'id al-Ashdak"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 229, 233.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 19: pp. 188 ff., 197; McMillan 2011, pp. 63–65, 67; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 233, 235.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 19: pp. 197, 201 ff.; EI2, s.v. "Al-Harra"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 236; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 297 ff..
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 19: pp. 201 ff.; EI2, s.v. "Al-Harra"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 236 ff.; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 297 ff..
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 20: pp. 48, 123, 175-76.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 20: pp. 162-63.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 20: pp. 175-76; v. 21: pp. 66-67.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 21: pp. 153, 194.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 21: p. 194.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 21: pp. 194, 212, 232 (where he claims that Tariq was only appointed in 692 and served as governor for five months); v. 22: p. 1; McMillan 2011, p. 90; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 293. Hawting 1972, p. 43, citing al-Baladhuri's Ansab al-Ashraf, states that a certain Tha'laba was the first governor of Medina in the post-Zubayrid period.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 22: pp. 1, 11-12; McMillan 2011, pp. 78, 83–84, 90–91; EI2, s.v. "Al-Hadjdjadj b. Yusuf"). Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 293, claims that al-Hajjaj was appointed in the previous year.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 22: pp. 12, 22, 92; McMillan 2011, p. 85; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 293.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 22: pp. 92, 186, 195; v. 23: pp. 13, 33, 71; McMillan 2011, pp. 78–79, 90–91; EI2, s.v. "Aban b. Uthman"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 293.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 33, 71, 76, 114, 131-33; McMillan 2011, pp. 79, 92–93, 95, 102–03; EI2, s.v. "Makhzum"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 293, 311; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 335.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 131-33, 139, 145, 148, 156, 183, 201-03; McMillan 2011, pp. 95–96, 103–04; EI2, s.v. "Umar (II) b. Abd al-Aziz"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 311; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 339; Al-Baladhuri 1916, p. 20.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 202-03, 206 ff., 214, 217; v. 24: pp. 3-4; McMillan 2011, pp. 105, 110–11; EI2, s.v. "Murra"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 311, 317; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 353.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 24: pp. 4, 29, 38, 60, 75, 88, 105-07; McMillan 2011, pp. 97, 111–12, 115, 118, 120; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 317, 323, 332; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 353.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 24: pp. 105-07, 126, 165, 167, 180-82; McMillan 2011, pp. 116, 120; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 332; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 375.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 24: pp. 180-82, 191; v. 25: pp. 7-8; McMillan 2011, pp. 116, 120–21, 139; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 332; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 375. Both al-Tabari and al-Ya'qubi refer to his nisbah as "al-Nadri."
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 25: pp. 8, 23, 28, 32, 44, 63, 68, 94, 96-97; McMillan 2011, pp. 127–28, 139; EI2, s.v. "Makhzum"). Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 357 has Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi as governor instead.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 25: pp. 97-99, 128-29; McMillan 2011, pp. 128–29, 139–40; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 357.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 25: pp. 122, 128-30, 166, 194; v. 26: pp. 5, 7, 8, 35, 55, 65, 69, 119 generally lists Muhammad as governor during this period, but claims Ibrahim was governor around the same time as the revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740. Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 357 claims that Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Hisham was in charge of Medina during this time. Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 397 notes that Hisham ibn Isma'il was governor in 743. See also McMillan 2011, pp. 129–30, 140; EI2, s.v. "Makhzum").
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 26: pp. 119, 238; McMillan 2011, pp. 143, 147–48, 150–51; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 366; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 397.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 26: p. 238; McMillan 2011, pp. 144, 151; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 370.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 26: p. 244; v. 27: pp. 27, 52; McMillan 2011, pp. 144, 151, 152, 154–55; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 370, 406.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: pp. 90-92, 113; McMillan 2011, pp. 144, 155–56; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 406; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 405–06.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: pp. 112 ff.; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 391 ff., 406; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 406.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: p. 123; McMillan 2011, p. 144.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: pp. 120, 132-33, 195; McMillan 2011, pp. 145, 157–58; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 406–07.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: p. 195; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 407, 413.
- ^ Munt 2014, p. 155; McMillan 2011, pp. 158–60.
- ^ EI2, s. v.v. "Al-Madina," "Muhammad b. Abd Allah," "Al-Husayn b. Ali"); Lassner 1979, pp. 41 ff.; Munt 2014, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Munt 2014, p. 154.
- ^ Munt 2014, p. 151; EI2, s.v. "Al-Madina"); Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 146.
- ^ Mortel 1991, p. 64; Ibn Khallikan 1868, p. 219.
- ^ Mortel 1991, pp. 66–74; Mortel 1994, pp. 97–116.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: pp. 195-96; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 413.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 27: pp. 196-97, 204, 208; v. 28: pp. 6, 46, 53, 58, 61, 74-75; Crone 1980, p. 149; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 413, 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 28: pp. 74-75, 81; Crone 1980, p. 103; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 28: pp. 81 ff., 141, 151; EI2, s.v. "Murra"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 28: pp. 142 ff.; EI2, s.v. "Muhammad b. Abd Allah al-Nafs al-Zakiyya"); Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 28: pp. 231-32; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 28: pp. 231 ff., 292; v. 29: p. 13; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 430.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 13, 39, 49; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 430–31.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 49-50, 61, 66, 68, 74. Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 431, 435, only includes him in his list of Medinan qadis and ignores him in his governors list.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 74, 80, 168, 171; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 431, 440; Al-Baladhuri 1916, p. 25.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 171; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 440.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 171, 180, 193. Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 440 claims that he was dismissed.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 193. Not listed by Khalifah ibn Khayyat.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 193, 213; Crone 1980, p. 166. Not listed by Khalifah ibn Khayyat.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 216, 219, 223; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 440; Al-Baladhuri 1916, pp. 21, 76.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: pp. 235, 238; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 440.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 238; v. 30: p. 15. Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 440 calls him Ishaq ibn Yahya.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: pp. 15, 39, 97.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: pp. 97, 100.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304; Munt 2014, p. 117 n. 103.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304; Zaman 1997, p. 57.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 30: p. 304; Munt 2014, p. 117 n. 103.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 31: p. 211.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 31: pp. 91, 120, 124-129; v. 32: pp. 19 ff..
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 19, 22.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 27, 35.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 475.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 98, 107, 129; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 471–72, 475.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 475–76.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 476.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 476.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 16, 18.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 223.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 223; v. 35: p. 108.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 6.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 6.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 6.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: pp. 2, 6.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 90.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 147.
- ^ Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 37: p. 161.
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