List of movements of the human body
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 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
Human anatomy |
The list below describes such skeletal movements as normally are possible in particular joints of the human body. Other animals have different degrees of movement at their respective joints; this is because of differences in positions of muscles and because structures peculiar to the bodies of humans and other species block motions unsuited to their anatomies.
Arm and shoulder
Shoulder
| Movement | Muscles | Origin | Insertion |
|---|---|---|---|
Flexion (150°–170°) |
Anterior fibers of deltoid | Clavicle | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
|
pectoralis major
|
Clavicle | Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
| |
| Long head of biceps brachii
|
Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula | Tuberosity of radius, Deep fascia of forearm | |
| Short head of biceps brachii
|
Coracoid process of scapula | ||
| Coracobrachialis | Coracoid process | Medial aspect of shaft of humerus | |
Extension (40°) |
Posterior fibers of deltoid | Spine of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | inferior angle of scapula
|
Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lateral border of scapula
|
Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
Abduction (160°–180°) |
Middle fibers of deltoid | Acromion process of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
| Supraspinatus | Supraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | |
Adduction (30°–40°) |
Sternal part of pectoralis major
|
Sternum, upper six costal cartilages
|
Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula | Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lower third of lateral border of scapula
|
Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres minor | Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | |
Lateral rotation (in abduction: 95°; in adduction: 70°) |
Infraspinatus | Infraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus |
| Teres minor | Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula | Greater tubercle of humerus | |
| Posterior fibers of deltoid | Spine of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus | |
Medial rotation (in abduction: 40°–50°; in adduction: 70°) |
Subscapularis | Subscapular fossa
|
Lesser tubercle of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula | Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lower third of lateral border of scapula | Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Anterior fibers of deltoid | Clavicle | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
The major muscles involved in retraction include the
Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
| Scapula and clavicula | Abduction (Protraction) | Adduction (Retraction) |
| Depression | Elevation | |
| Rotation Upward (Superior Rotation) | Rotation Downward (Inferior Rotation) |
Elbow
| Joint | From | To | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Humeroulnar joint | trochlear notch of the ulna | trochlea of humerus | Is a simple hinge-joint , and allows of movements of flexion and extension only.
|
| Humeroradial joint | head of the radius |
capitulum of the humerus | Is a ball-and-socket joint. |
Superior radioulnar joint |
head of the radius |
radial notch of the ulna | In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes supination .
|
Wrist and fingers
Midcarpals
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Adduction (Ulna Deviation) | Abduction (Radial Deviation) |
Movements of the fingers
Metacarpophalangeal
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
Interphalangeal
|
Flexion | Extension |
Movements of the thumb
Carpometacarpal (thumb )
|
Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
| Opposition | ||
Metacarpophalangeal (thumb)
|
Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
Interphalangeal (thumb)
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
Neck
Antlantoaxial )
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
Spine
Cervical spine
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation | ||
Thoracic spine
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation | ||
Lumbar spine
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
Lower limb
| Hip (acetabulofemoral joint) | Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
| Transverse Adduction | Transverse Abduction | |
| Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) | Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) |
Knees
| Knee | Flexion | Extension |
| Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) | Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) |
| Ankle | Plantar Flexion | Dorsi Flexion |
Feet
Intertarsal - (foot)
|
Inversion | Eversion |
| Plantarflexion |
Metatarsophalangeal (toes)
|
Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Abduction | Adduction |
Interphalangeal (toes)
|
Flexion | Extension |
The muscles
extensor hallucis longus invert.[6]: 123 Inversion occurs at the subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint.[7]
Eversion of the foot occurs at the subtalar joint. The muscles involved in this include fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve. Some sources also state that the fibularis tertius everts.[6]: 108
-
peroneus brevis(centre left), the primary muscles involved in eversion -
Tibialis anterior and posterior (centre top), the primary muscles involved in inversion
Dorsiflexion of the foot: The muscles involved include those of the
peroneus tertius. The range of motion for dorsiflexion indicated in the literature varies from 12.2[8] to 18[9] degrees.[10] Foot drop
is a condition, that occurs when dorsiflexion is difficult for an individual who is walking.
Plantarflexion of the foot: Primary muscles for plantar flexion are situated in the
sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantarflexion; these nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. [citation needed
]
pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscle. Brachioradialis puts the forearm into a midpronated/supinated position from either full pronation or supination. For the foot, pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.
Pronation of the foot is a compound movement that combines
knock-kneed" if one has overly pronated feet. It flattens the arch as the foot strikes the ground in order to absorb shock when the heel hits the ground, and to assist in balance during mid-stance. If habits develop, this action can lead to foot pain as well as knee pain, shin splints, achilles tendinitis, posterior tibial tendinitis, piriformis syndrome, and plantar fasciitis.[citation needed
].
References
- ^ Snell, Richard S. Clinical Anatomy by Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 427–428.
- Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
- ^ Scapula & Clavicle Articulations
- Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
- ^ Animation at exrx.net
- ^ ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.
- ^ "Gross Anatomy: Functional Anatomy Of The Ankle And Foot". Archived from the original on 2009-08-23. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
- ^ Boone, Donna C.; Azen, Stanley P. (July 1979). "Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 61-A: 756–759. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965). Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording. Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
- .
- ISBN 0-683-04576-8.
- ISBN 0-07-452852-1.
- ^ "Foot in the bottom of the foot – RealHealthyNet". Realhealthynet.com. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved August 30, 2013.