Lobaria pulmonaria

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Lobaria pulmonaria[1][2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Peltigeraceae
Genus: Lobaria
Species:
L. pulmonaria
Binomial name
Lobaria pulmonaria
(L.) Hoffm. (1796)

Lobaria pulmonaria is a large

lowland areas. The species has a history of use in herbal medicines
, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.

Description

Detail of thallus. Soredia and isidia may be seen on the ridges and margins in full magnification.

It is a

isidia are present on the thallus surface. Minute (0.5–1.5 mm in diameter) cephalodia—pockets of cyanobacteria—are often present on the lower surface of the thallus; these spots are conspicuously darker than the green surface of the thallus.[5]
Like other foliose lichens, the thallus is only loosely attached to the surface on which it grows.

Photobionts

The thallus contains internal structures known as

blue-green algae (from the genus Nostoc) on the thallus surface are enveloped during mycobiont growth.[6] Structurally, cephalodia consist of dense aggregates of Nostoc cells surrounded by thin-walled hyphae—this delimits them from the rest of the thallus which contains a loose structure of thick-walled hyphae.[7] Blue-green cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen, providing a nutrient for the lichen. The other photobiont of L. pulmonaria is the green alga Dictyochloropsis reticulata.[8]

Reproduction

Lobaria pulmonaria has the ability to form both

propagules[9] at an age of about 25 years.[10] In sexual reproduction, the species produces small reddish-brown discs known as apothecia containing asci, from which spores are forcibly released into the air (like ballistospores). Based on studies of ascospore germination, it has been suggested that L. pulmonaria spores use some mechanism to inhibit germination—the inhibition is lifted when the spores are grown in a synthetic growth medium containing an adsorbent like bovine serum albumin or α-cyclodextrin.[11]

Dispersal by vegetative propagules (via soredia or isidia) has been determined as the predominant mode of reproduction in L. pulmonaria.[12][13] In this method, the protruding propagules become dry and brittle during the regular wet/dry cycles of the lichen, and can easily crumble off the thallus. These fragments may develop into new thalli, either at the same locale or at a new site after dispersal by wind or rain.[14] A number of steps are required for the development of the vegetative propagules, including the degeneration of the thallus cortex, replication of green algal cells, and entanglement of fungal hyphae with the green algal cells.[14] These steps lead to an increase in internal pressure which eventually breaks through the cortex. Continued growth leads to these granules being pushed upwards and out of the thallus surface.[15]

Distribution and habitat

In Schwäbisch-Fränkische Waldberge, Germany

It has a wide distribution in

broad-leaved trees such as oak, beech and maple but will also grow on rocks. In the laboratory, L. pulmonaria has been grown on nylon microfilaments.[21]

Various environmental factors are thought to affect the distribution of L. pulmonaria, such as temperature, moisture (average humidity, rapidity and frequency of wet-dry cycles), sunlight exposure, and levels of air pollution.[22] Attempts to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of these factors to lichen growth is difficult because differences in the original environment from which the lichen thalli are collected will greatly affect heat and desiccation tolerances.[23]

Due to declining population, L. pulmonaria is considered to be rare or threatened in many parts of the world, especially in lowland areas of Europe.[24][25][26][27][28] The decline has been attributed to industrial forestry[19] and air pollution, particularly acid rain.[29] L. pulmonaria, like other lichens containing a blue-green algal component, are particularly susceptible to the effects of acid rain, because the subsequent decrease in pH reduces nitrogen fixation through inhibition of the algal nitrogenase enzyme.[29]

Chemical compounds

Lobaria pulmonaria is known to contain a variety of acids common to lichens, such as

solar irradiation,[35] and shade-adapted thalli are greenish-grey in the air-dry state, while sun-exposed thalli can be dark brown in color. This adaptation helps protect the photosymbiont D. reticulata, known to be relatively intolerant to high light levels.[36][37]

Also known to be present are various steroids, namely ergosterol, episterol, fecosterol, and lichesterol.[38][39]

Uses

Medicinal

Its shape somewhat resembles the tissue inside

eczema,[5] and it is used as a remedy for coughing up blood by the Hesquiaht in British Columbia, Canada.[41] An ethnophytotherapeutical survey of the high Molise region in central-southern Italy revealed that L. pulmonaria is used as an antiseptic, and is rubbed on wounds.[42]

A hot-water

gastrointestinal system of rats, possibly by reducing oxidative stress and reducing the inflammatory effects of neutrophils.[44] Furthermore, methanol extracts also have potent antioxidative activity and reducing power, probably due to the presence of phenolic compounds.[45]

Other uses

Lobaria pulmonaria has also been used to produce an orange dye for wool, in the tanning of leather, in the manufacture of perfumes and as an ingredient in brewing.[46][47]

References

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  9. JSTOR 3241326
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  10. ^ Scheidegger C, Walser JC. (1998). "Reintroduction and augmentation of populations of the endangered Lobaria pulmonaria: methods and concepts". In: Lobarion Lichens as Indicators of the Primeval Forests of the Eastern Carpathians (eds Kondratyuk S, Coppins B), pp. 33–52. Ukrainian Phytosociological Centre, Kiev.
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  15. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb00329.x
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  16. ^ "Wild places in South Snowdonia". National Trust. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  17. S2CID 84393492. Archived
    from the original on 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  18. ^ K. N. A. ALEXANDER, Historic parks and pasture-woodlands: The National Trust resource and its conservation, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 56, Issue suppl_1, December 1995, Pages 155–175.
  19. ^
    doi:10.1139/b04-074
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  20. JSTOR 3060899
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  21. JSTOR 3807559
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  24. S2CID 218890947
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  25. ^ Colbert, J.T. (2011). "Current Status of Lichen Diversity in Iowa". Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. 18: 16–23.
  26. ^ Wirth V, Schöller H, Scholz P, Ernst G, Feuerer T, Gnüchtel A, Hauck M, Jacobsen P, John V, et al. (1996). "Rote Liste der flechten (Lichenes) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland". Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. 28: 307–368.
  27. ^ Scheidegger C, Clerc P, Dietrich M, Frei M, Groner U, Keller C, Roth I, Stofer S, Vust M. (2002). "Rote Liste der gefährdeten Arten der Schweiz: Baum- und erdbewohnende Flechten". - Bern, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL; Birmensdorf, Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève CJBG. 124 S.
  28. ^ "Danish Lichen Checklist". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  29. ^
    doi:10.1016/0143-1471(86)90097-8
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  30. ^ a b "www.emea.europa.eu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
  31. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(94)90070-1
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  32. S2CID 24451731
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  33. S2CID 4132695
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  39. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89091-3
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  40. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-220082-0
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  41. ^ "Lobaria pulmonaria". Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
  42. PMID 18334029
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  43. PMID 13678242
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  44. S2CID 206425015
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  45. S2CID 12814426
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  46. ^ "Lungwort". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  47. S2CID 2123674
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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobaria_pulmonaria&oldid=1210911040"