Louis Pouzin
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Louis Pouzin | |
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Officer of the Legion of Honor (2018)  |
Louis Pouzin (born 20 April 1931) is a French computer scientist. He designed a pioneering
packet communications network, CYCLADES that was the first to implement the end-to-end principle, which became fundamental to the design of the Internet
.
This network was the first actual implementation of the pure
TCP/IP, the protocol suite used by the Internet
.
Biography
Louis Pouzin was born in
École Polytechnique
from 1950 to 1952.
Having participated in the design of the
MIT, Pouzin wrote a program for it called RUNCOM around 1963–64. RUNCOM permitted the execution of commands contained within a folder and can be considered the ancestor of the command-line interface and shell scripts. Pouzin was the one who coined the term shell for a command language interpreter separate from the kernel in 1964 or 1965.[1] Pouzin's concepts were later implemented in Multics by Glenda Schroeder at MIT.[2] Schroeder developed the first Multics shell with the assistance of an unnamed man from General Electric. Schroeder's Multics shell was the predecessor to the Unix shell
, which is still in use today.
Working with Glenda Schroeder and Pat Crisman, he also described an early
e-mail system called "MAIL" to allow users on the CTSS to send notifications to others about backups of files.[3][4] Each user's messages would be added to a local file called "MAIL BOX", which would have a “private” mode so that only the owner could read or delete messages.[5] The proposed uses of the proto-email system were for communication from CTSS to notify users that files had been backed up, discussion between authors of CTSS commands, and communication from command authors to the CTSS manual editor.[5] The service only made it possible to leave messages for the other users on the same computer. The idea to allow users to send messages between computers was developed later by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.[6]
From 1967 to 1969 Pouzin developed one operating system for
CDC 6400 as hardware. This system was created for weather forecast and statistics and was used for 15 years.[7]
Pouzin directed the pioneering
IRIA.[8] Building on Donald Davies’s simulation of datagram networks and the American ARPANET, Pouzin built the CIGALE packet switching network to research internetworking concepts.[9] CYCLADES used a layered protocol architecture, as did the Internet later.[10][11][12]
He co-founded the International Network Working Group at a computer networking conference he organised in Paris in June 1972 and was instrumental in developing the groups' ideas.[13][14][15][16] He was acknowledged by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking protocols, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".[17]
In 2002 Pouzin, along with Jean-Louis Grangé, Jean-Pierre Henninot and Jean-François Morfin, participated in the creation of
UNO to participate at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).[18]
In November 2011, he founded Savoir-Faire, an alternative root company, with Chantal Lebrument and Quentin Perrigueur.[19][20]
In 2012 he developed a service called Open-Root, which is dedicated to sell top-level domains (TLD) in all scripts outside of ICANN. This way people can develop second-level domains for free.[21]
Awards
- 1997 – Pouzin received the ACM SIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".[22]
- 2003 – Louis Pouzin was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government on March 19, 2003.[23]
- 2012 – Pouzin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[24]
- 2013 – Pouzin was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.[25]
- 2016 – Pouzin received the Global IT Award.[26]
- 2018 – Pouzin is promoted Officer of the Legion of Honor[23]
See also
- Internet in France
- Internet pioneers
- Protocol Wars
- Rémi Després
References
- Economist Group, December 13, 2013,
Mr Pouzin created a program called RUNCOM that helped users automate tedious and repetitive commands. That program, which he described as a "shell" around the computer's whirring innards, gave inspiration—and a name—to an entire class of software tools, called command-line shells, that still lurk below the surface of modern operating systems.
- ^ "The Origin of the Shell", Multicians, accessed 31 March 2012.
- ^ Pat Crisman; Glenda Schroeder; Louis Pouzin. "Programming Staff Note 39, 'Proposed Minimum System Documentation'" (PDF).
- ^ "The History of Electronic Mail". www.multicians.org. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ S2CID 201795798.
- ISBN 978-3-319-39626-2.
- ^ Grangé, J. L. (2012). Oral history interview with Jean-Louis Grangé by Andrew L. Russell.
- ^ "Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle". Wired. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Comment j’ai inventé le Datagramme
- ISBN 978-0-262-51115-5.
- ^ Pelkey, James. "6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.
- ISBN 9781135455514.
- ^ Pelkey, James. "8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.
- ISBN 978-0-684-87216-2.
- ^ Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). "OSI: The Internet That Wasn't". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 50, no. 8.
- S2CID 206443072.
- ISSN 1558-0857.
The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
- ^ http://www.eurolinc.eu/
- ^ Lebrument, Chantal; Louis, Pouzin (January 13, 2012). "Les Nouvelles Root de L'Internet". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Savoir-faire biographies - http://old.open-root.eu/decouvrir-open-root/biographies/
- ^ http://open-root.eu/
- ^ "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners", ACM SIGCOMM web site
- ^ a b "Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination".
- ^ 2012 Inductees, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed April 24, 2012.
- ^ "2013 Winners Announced" Archived 2017-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.
- ^ "Louis Pouzin" Global IT Award.
Further reading
- "The internet's fifth man". Economist. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
- Russell, Andrew L.; Schafer, Valérie (2014). "In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s". Technology and Culture. 55 (4): 880–907. S2CID 143582561.
- Soyez Fabien, Lebrument Chantal (2020). The Inventions of Louis Pouzin - One of the Fathers of the Internet. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-34836-6.
External links
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