Lubusz Land

Lubusz remained under the rule of the

margraves of Brandenburg in 1249, wielding the secular reign.

March of Brandenburg and Kingdom of Bohemia

Historical affiliations of the Lubusz Land
Duchy of Poland 960s–1025
Kingdom of Poland 1025–1138
Provincial duchies of Poland during the fragmentation period (1138–1249): Duchy of Silesia 1138–1173 Duchy of Wrocław 1173–1177 Duchy of Głogów 1177–1181 Duchy of Wrocław 1181–1203 Duchy of Greater Poland 1203–1211 Duchy of Wrocław 1211–1218 Duchy of Greater Poland 1218–1230 Duchy of Wrocław 1230–1241 Duchy of Lubusz 1241–1242 Duchy of Wrocław 1242–1248 Duchy of Legnica 1248–1249
Margraviate of Brandenburg ca. 1250–1319
Contested by Piasts, Griffins, Ascanians and Wittelsbachs 1319–1326
Margraviate of Brandenburg 1326–1356
Electorate of Brandenburg 1356–1373
Electorate of Brandenburg 1373–1415
Electorate of Brandenburg 1415–1618
Brandenburg-Prussia 1618–1701
Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1871
German Reich, Kingdom of Prussia 1871–1918
German Reich, Free State of Prussia 1919–1933
German Reich, Free State of Prussia 1933–1945
Soviet occupation zone 1945-1949  German Democratic Republic 1949–1990		Polish People's Republic 1945–1989
Federal Republic of Germany 1990–present		Republic of Poland 1989–present

As to secular rule Lubusz Land was finally separated from Silesia, according to canon law however, the Lubusz diocese, comprising most of Lubusz Land, remained subordinate to the Gniezno metropolis. Meanwhile, the Brandenburg margraves forwarded the incorporation of Lubusz Land into their New March, created and expanded further to the northeast after the acquisition of the Santok castellany in 1296 on the forest areas between the Duchy of Pomerania and Greater Poland.

The Lebus bishops tried to maintain their affiliation with Poland and in 1276 therefore moved their residence east of the Oder river to Górzyca (Göritz upon Oder), an episcopal fief. When in 1319 the Brandenburg House of Ascania became extinct, the Lubusz Land became the subject of rivalry between the Piasts (duchies of Jawor and Głogów), Griffins (Duchy of Pomerania) and the Ascanians (Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg).^[3] In 1319, the region was captured by Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania, in 1320 a large portion passed to Duke Henry I of Jawor, who tried to reclaim the Lubusz Land as region lost by his grandfather Bolesław II the Horned, later that year the western part was conquered by Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, and the eastern outskirts with Torzym were controlled by Duke Henry IV the Faithful of Głogów by 1322.^[4] In 1322–1323, there were heavy fights between Pomerania and Saxe-Wittenberg in the northern part of the region, around Kostrzyn nad Odrą.^[5]

After the

of Poland also took the chance, allied with Bishop Stephen II and campaigned the Lubusz Land. In return the head of secular government in Lubusz, governor Erich of Wulkow, loyal to the new Brandenburg margrave Louis V, raided and captured the episcopal possessions in 1325, burning down the Górzyca cathedral. Bishop Stephen fled to Poland.

In 1354 Bishop Henry Bentsch reconciled with Margrave

broke out, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war against Poland. The bulk of the Lubusz Land remained part of the Bohemian (Czech) lands until 1415.

Bishopric of Lebus

In 1424 the Lebus bishopric became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, finally leaving the Gniezno ecclesiastical province. In 1518 Bishop Dietrich von Bülow bought the secular lordship of

, his vassal city of Beeskow refused to obey.

From 1555 the bishopric was secularised and became a

became Elector of Brandenburg, all official links with Poland had long been cut.

Prussia and Germany

But new links to Poland developed, because since 1618 the prince-electors of Brandenburg ruled the Duchy of Prussia, then a Polish vassal state, in personal union. In 1657 Prussia gained sovereignty, so in 1701 the electors could upgrade their simultaneously held Prussian dukedom to the Kingdom of Prussia, dropping the title of elector of the Holy Roman Empire at its dissolution in 1806. In 1815 the kingdom joined the German Confederation, in 1866 the North German Confederation, which enlarged in 1871 to united Germany.

By the 17th century most of the population, consisting of autochthon Poles and German settlers, had mingled and assimilated to German language.

One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the region.^[12]

The

.

In Poland and Germany

The portion of Lubusz Land east of the Oder River became again part of Poland by the 1945 Potsdam Conference, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s, whereas the western portion with the historical capital Lebus remained under

Soviet occupation and became a part of communist East Germany

in 1949.

Polish and Soviet authorities expelled most of the German population from the Polish annexed part of Lubusz Land in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Refugees who had fled before the Soviet forces were prevented from returning to their homes. The area was then resettled with Poles expelled from Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and migrants from central Poland. The largest cities and capitals of the Polish Lubusz Voivodeship today are Zielona Góra and Gorzów Wielkopolski, which however were not part of the historical Lubusz Land (cf. map above), but were parts of Lower Silesia and Greater Poland (the Santok castellany) respectively. Today, the largest town of Lubusz Land is Frankfurt (Oder), located in the German part of the region. On the Polish side the largest town is Kostrzyn nad Odrą. The region's historic capital, Lebus, is one of the smallest towns.

In the Polish part of the Lubusz Land, in Słubice, the Wikipedia Monument, world's first monument dedicated to the Wikipedia community, was unveiled in 2014.^[20]

Towns

Towns on the west side of the Oder, in Germany: Beeskow Buckow Eisenhüttenstadt Frankfurt (Oder) Fürstenwalde Lebus Müllrose Müncheberg Seelow

Towns on the east side of the Oder, in Poland: Cybinka Dębno Kostrzyn nad Odrą Ośno Lubuskie Rzepin Słubice Sulęcin Torzym Witnica

See also

• Lubusz Voivodeship
• Lebus

External links

• Info on the Lubusz Land
• Pictures of Lubusz

Footnotes

1. ISBN 83-7436-056-9
   .
2. ^ Codex diplomaticus Majoris Polonia, tom XI
3. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk
   : 481.
4. ^ Rymar, pp. 481, 485–486, 489
5. ^ Rymar, p. 489
6. ^ ^{a b} Rymar, p. 492
7. ^ Rymar, p. 493
8. ^ Rymar, pp. 493–494
9. ^ Rogalski, Leon (1846). Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych. Tom II (in Polish). Warszawa. pp. 59–60.
10. ^ Dirk Schumann, Beeskow (¹2001), Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger and Christine Herzog (collab.) for the Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark (ed.), slightly altered ed., Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft, ²2006, (Schlösser und Gärten der Mark; part: Beeskow), p. 4. No ISBN
11. ^ Dirk Schumann, Beeskow (¹2001), Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger and Christine Herzog (collab.) for the Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark (ed.), slightly altered ed., Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft, ²2006, (Schlösser und Gärten der Mark; part: Beeskow), p. 7. No ISBN
12. ^ Umiński, Janusz (1998). "Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego". Jantarowe Szlaki (in Polish). No. 4 (250). p. 16.
13. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 60.
14. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1
    .
15. ^ "Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG" (in German). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
16. ^ ^{a b} "Świecko (Lager Schwetig): Odnaleziono szczątki 21 osób". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
17. ^ ^{a b} "Słońsk: 73. rocznica zagłady więźniów niemieckiego obozu Sonnenburg". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
18. ^ "Ewakuacja piesza". Muzeum Martyrologiczne w Żabikowie (in Polish). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
19. ^ Andrzej Toczewski. "Bitwa o Festung Küstrin w 1945 roku". Konflikty.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
20. ^ "World's first Wikipedia monument unveiled in Poland". TheNews.pl. Retrieved 18 October 2019.