Ma Hushan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma.
Ma Hushan
Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)

Ma Hu-shan (

Ma Clique warlord. He ruled over an area of Southern Xinjiang, nicknamed Tunganistan (named after the Dungans) by Westerners, from 1934 to 1937.[2]

He was sometimes known as the "King of Tunganistan".[3]

Tunganistan

Ma Hushan fought against the Russian

Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and defeated them in battle.[1][4] “The Russ brought the fiji (airplane) and bombed and gassed us“ he said about the war.[5]

He also took part in the war to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic, commanding the new 36th division at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Khotan.[6]

Ma's 36th Division crushed the

Charkhlik Revolt by the Uighurs in the Charkhlik oasis.[7] It controlled southern Xinjiang's oasis and the area was nicknamed "Tunganistan" by Peter Fleming. Ma Hushan and the new 36th Division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries there requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai
's provincial forces and the Soviet Union.

Khotan was the base of Ma Hushan during his rule over the southern oases.[8] His troops were said to be "strongly anti-Japanese", and the territory they ruled was covered with "most of the stock anti-Japanese slogans from China proper," and Ma made "Resistance to Japanese Imperialism" part of his governing doctrine.[9] Ma Hushan himself was described by Ella Maillart as a "well-set-up long-legged man".[10]

Carpet Factory

Ma's regime forced the switch from the old style to the manufacture of Chinese-style carpets by the government-owned factory.[11] He ordered the creation of "small blue carpets", "woven in Khotan". They were of Chinese design, with Chinese writing on them. Peter Birchler mistakenly said that Ma Hushan's brother-in-law Ma Zhongying was the client of the carpet factory.[12]

Xinjiang War (1937)

Main article:
Xinjiang War (1937)

Ma Hushan formulated a plan for an anti-Soviet "jihad" to conquer the Kremlin, Russian Turkestan and Siberia.[13] He promised a devastated Europe and the conquering of Russia and India.[14] The anti-Soviet client uprising by Ma Hsi Jung (Ma Ho San) was reported by United Press International (UPI) 3 June 1937.[15]

Ma's troops were defeated by

Calcutta back to China—specifically Qinghai province—in 1938.[19]

British telegrams from India in 1937 said that Tungans like Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan had reached an agreement with the Soviets, whom they had previously fought, that since the Japanese had begun full-scale warfare with China, that Tungans led by Ma Hushan would help Chinese forces battle Japan, and that he would return to Gansu.[20][21]

Sven Hedin wrote that Ma Hushan would "certainly obey the summons" to join the Chinese side against Japan in the war.[22]

Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–58)

Main article: Kuomintang Islamic insurgency

Ma led the Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China from 1950 to 1954 against the PLA using guerrilla tactics. He was captured in 1954 and executed at Lanzhou.[23][24]

References

  1. ^ a b M. Rafiq Khan (1963). Islam in China. Delhi: National Academy. p. 63.
  2. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1
    .
  3. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes: Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949, Cambridge (England) 1986, p. 128.
  4. ^ Dickens, Mark. "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911–1949". Oxus Communications. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  5. ISBN 978-0-595-01005-9
    .
  6. ISBN 92-3-103985-7
    .
  7. ISBN 0-521-25514-7
    .
  8. ^ Kumara Padmanabha Sivasankara Menon (1947). Delhi-Chungking: a travel diary. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 103.[1]
  9. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1
    .
  10. ISBN 0-8101-1985-4
    .
  11. ISBN 0-521-25514-7
    .
  12. ^ Hali, The International Magazine of Antique Carpet and Textile Art, Issues 135–137. Oguz Press. 2004. p. 69.
  13. ISBN 978-0-595-01005-9
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-595-01005-9
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-595-01005-9
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-84511-898-3
    .
  17. ISBN 1-55655-674-8
    .
  18. ISBN 0-19-577423-X
    .
  19. ISBN 0-521-25514-7
    .
  20. ^ The Silk Road. Taylor & Francis. 1973. p. 308. Sino-Japanese hostilities,. . . and the Tungan military leaders. . . are now preparing to support the Chinese forces. . .Gen. Ma Chung-yin. . . is proceeding to Kansu to assist the Chinese . . .His half-brother, Gen. Ma Ho-san, who recently fled to Calbutta when the Tungan rebellion collapsed, has also been invited to assist the Chinese. His departure for Kansu is regarded as a certainty. . .The other Tungan general who is mentioned in the telegram from Delhi, the cavalry commander Ma Ho-san, who is not Ma Chung-yin's brother, though probably a relative, is also mentioned in Big Horse's Flight.
  21. ISBN 978-1-84511-898-3
    . The other Tungan general who is mentioned in the telegram from Delhi, the cavalry commander Ma Ho-san--who was not Ma Chung-yin's brother, though probably a relative--is also mentioned in Big Horse's Flight.
  22. ^ The Silk Road. Taylor & Francis. 1973. p. 309. And now the Delhi telegram says that Ma Ho-san, in Calcutta, has received an invitation to go to Kansu and support the Chinese, and that he will certainly obey the summons.
  23. ^ Hao-jan Kao (1960). The Imam's Story. Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press. pp. 95, 97, 106.
  24. ISBN 0-521-25514-7
    .

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