Madonna as a gay icon
American singer and actress
Madonna has consistently been an
Madonna has been recognized as a "pioneering ally" by academic and press accounts from outlets such as
Madonna's influence impacted generations of LGBT people, as documented diverse authors. Over the years, she has also been credited variously, for her role in bringing gay culture into the mainstream. However, Madonna also represented challenged views, both inside and outside the community, and has been accused of "
Friendship and introduction
After moving to New York City in the 1970s to pursue a career in modern dance, Madonna would be surrounded by gay men, including art-world figures such as the plastic artist Keith Haring.[4] Her immersion into the New York gay community became so complete that she began to wish that she were gay: "I didn't feel like straight men understood me. They just wanted to have sex with me. Gay men understood me, and I felt comfortable around them".[4]
Advocacy and life as an LGBT icon
Madonna has a long-lasting history advocating for the community, and "actively participating in
Madonna really needs no introduction ... has always been a vocal supporter of the LGBT+ rights, publicly supporting same-sex marriage, gay adoption, homophobic bullying and many other issues affecting the community.[13]
Selected 20th century forays
According to
Madonna made numerous statements in favor of the community. Most notable, in a two-part interview with
Selected 21st century forays
In August 2009, during a show in
In November 2010, Madonna made a special appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to speak against the bullying of children and teenagers in general, including the bullying of gay teens and related recent suicides. In her conversation with DeGeneres, Madonna reiterated how she became close to the gay community when she was a teenager, stating that she felt different in high school and found acceptance and sympathy among gay friends, particularly her dance instructor. She also said "In fact, I wouldn't have a career if it weren't for the gay community".[24] In early 2023, Madonna similarly recognized, "How could I ever not support them myself?", saying that queer people and POC, helped her when she wasn't famous.[25]
In June 2011, Madonna urged her fans to support same-sex marriage in New York, posting the following message on her website: "New Yorkers your voices must be heard. Tell your state Congressmen to support same sex marriage bill. All you need is love".[26] The Marriage Equality Act passed one week later, legalizing same-sex marriage in New York.[27] The following year, 2013, she asked her audience to "Vote No" on the Minnesota marriage amendment for same-sex couples.[28]
In March 2013, Madonna presented the
Madonna has given multiple surprise performances at the
Referential works
Gay culture is represented in many of her works,
Erin Harde is cited in Catching a Wave (2016) as saying that Madonna has supported the gay community by using "
Listicles and reception
Madonna's music was linked to and made appearances in
Many have considered "Vogue" a gay anthem, and for Guilbert is "her gayest song" in many ways.[11] In 2022, the staff of Billboard included the song among the "60 Top LGBTQ Anthems of All Time" that defined queer culture.[40] In 2019, Rolling Stone editors, including Suzy Exposito and Rob Sheffield, placed the song among their "25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs".[41] Around 2012, LGBTQ magazine Out included various Madonna's albums in their list of "The 100 Greatest, Gayest Albums" of all time, in which it was addressed record's impact for the community. They explained that "Papa Don't Preach" had a "profound meaning for gay men of the Reagan era".[42] In 2022, Queerty editors included The Immaculate Collection in their ranking of albums essential in shaping LGBTQ culture, further describing the compilation as "a must for any gold star gay's record collection".[43]
Commentaries
Relationship
Her reception and relationship with gay community has attracted commentaries by media and scholars, defined by Samuel R. Murrian from Parade in 2019, as a "unique, historic connection to the LGBTQ community".[3] Her figure resonated across different decades in the community, with a The Advocate editor commenting in the 1990s, "the gay world ... gets Madonna in a big way".[44] In Madonna as Postmodern Myth (2002), Guilbert defined how she became an "indispensable part of the gay cultural landscape".[45] Judith Peraino, music professor at Cornell University also adds that Madonna's early hypersexuality had particular resonance with gay men.[46] It was also commented that "the gay attraction to Madonna includes her ubiquitous transformations of image, liberated sexuality and elaborate and often campy stage antics".[47] Commenting about her then-massive appeal, Pamela Robertson from University of Notre Dame, wrote in Guilty pleasures (1996), that critics argue that many gay men and lesbians identify with "Madonna's power and independence".[48] In 2001, Sonya Andermahr from University of Northampton asserted that her popularity among lesbians is due to her self-determination and autonomy.[49] In the 1990s, Michael Musto stated: "Her pride, flamboyance, and glamour reach out to gay guys as much as her refusal to be victimized strikes a chord in lesbians". Musto also said that Madonna offers a more equitable model, different from Judy Garland, identified as a gay icon/tragic figure.[48]
Over the course of her career, however, other reviewers have observed a rejection from various both in her prime and latest decades. Alone in the 1990s, sexologist
Academic
Over decades, Madonna has received significant academic attention, including areas like queer studies.[55] She was identified as a symbol of queer studies.[15] A group of her then scholars worked also in queer theory.[56] Scholar Michael R. Real in Exploring Media Culture: A Guide (1996) summed up that studies of Madonna by Patton (1993), Henderson (1993), and Schwichtenberg (1993) read her contribution in the community.[57]
Criticisms and ambiguities
Madonna has faced a variety of criticisms inside[52] and outside of the LGBT community.
According to Doris Leibetseder in Queer Tracks (2016), some feminists criticized her pluralistic queerness because it questions the concept of "woman" and "homosexual identities" and "ignores differences".
With the rise of the term
Other different individuals have expressed conflicting views on Madonna both for her early activism and also for her representation of the community. Musto notoriously "spoofed" her, as a mainstream public figure talking about "gay awareness" was not a favorable thing in his view. Musto said that the term "gay ally" gets tossed around too much, as "if we're supposed to turn somersaults of joy just because someone famous thinks we're actually acceptable human beings who deserve equal rights".[6] However, in 2015, Musto toned down critical commentaries he made.[6] Guy Babineau from LGBT-focused publication Xtra Magazine, in 2008, had also ambiguous views on Madonna, lumping her with contemporary industry fellows such as Michael Jackson and Prince to say "all benefited from their popularity in gay clubs", each "affecting an androgynous, outrageous and supercharged sexual persona", although he recognizes that she "credited" the gay community and "glorified" them.[67]
Views on criticism
In 2015, Glazek suggested that censuring Madonna for "ransacking gay subcultures could be viewed as just another variation on the time-honored practice of devaluing the accomplishments of female recording artists".
Controversies
Madonna has also faced controversies inside the community. She was included among gay icons ranging from Elton John to Lady Gaga and Beyoncé for performing in the United Arab Emirates, a country with "records of human rights violations", including LGBT rights.[70] Madonna was also criticized by public figures like Janeane Garofalo when reportedly she defended public perception of Eminem's "homophobic statements" in early 2000s.[71] In Life with My Sister Madonna (2008), Madonna's brother Christopher Ciccone accused her then-spouse Guy Ritchie of "homophobic" which also contributed to fracture siblings' relationship. Ritchie shut down claims.[72] Ciccone also claimed her sister outed him in an interview with The Advocate without asking his permission.[73]
On Internet, Madonna caused social media reactions after a
Cultural and social criticisms
In her early career, she was accused for "being irresponsible because of her support for gay culture", as noted Matt Cain, after the release of Like a Prayer in 1989.[80] Madonna's popularity among young audiences of the time, her embrace of sexuality along with her support for the community caused her further criticisms and provoked cultural concerns in some sectors; different pro-family, political and religious groups accused her for promoting homosexuality and immorality, including her time during the tour Girlie Show in 1993, with an unprecedented discussion in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies.[81] Similarly, during 1990's Blond Ambition World Tour she wadded into debate of the 1988's section 28 by Margaret Thatcher, a law that prohibited the intentional "promotion of homosexuality" in the United Kingdom. She was accused of not only promoting homosexuality but also normalizing it.[82] In 2012, author Nicholas C. Charles denounced:
Madonna uses her videos as a weapon to desensitize and demoralize her millions of fans into accepting the destructive practices of homosexuality as normative[83]
During the AIDS crisis, celebrities like
During a Nightline interview in early 1990s, after being asked for her sexual irresponsibility, Madonna responded: "Why are images of degradation and violence toward women okay, almost mainstream, yet images of two women or two men kissing taboo?".[90] Lynne Layton, a Harvard University lecturer in women's studies made a reference for her statement agreeing with it.[90] However, in 1995, Los Angeles Times reacted skeptical with The Advocate naming Madonna "Sissy of the Year", as she presented to her audience "ambiguous" and "mystical" about many things, including sexuality. But they agree: "Two things she is very firm about is her support for the lesbian and gay community and doing something about HIV/AIDS".[91]
Russian incidents
During her Russian stop of
To various Western viewers it reaffirmed, if not initiated, the connection between liberal gay rights issues and Pussy Riot, according to authors in Rethinking Gender in Popular Culture in the 21st Century (2017).[93] Miriam Elder, correspondent of The Guardian in Moscow said that Russian politicians widely criticized Madonna, with a senior official calling her a "moralising slut".[94] Madonna's Facebook page prior to her performance, which was also used against her, stated:
I am here to say that the gay community and gay people here and all around the world have the same rights – to be treated with dignity, with respect, with tolerance, with compassion, with love.[94]
Madonna also joined a Human Rights Campaign's "Love Conquers Hate" to support Russian LGBT community in early December 2012.[95] After the release of Channel 4's documentary Hunted around 2014 which depicts how gay Russians are "routinely sought and tortured by gangs", Madonna said she was the target of death threats after she went against country's law propaganda.[96] Initially, media reported she was sued more than $10 million for "promoting homosexuality" in Russia,[97] and in July 2020, eight years after the incident, she revealed that she was given a $1 million fine by the Russian government, which she never paid.[98]
Impact and legacy
Her impact and likeness in the LGBT community have been remarked by numerous
Recognition of her activism
AIDS crisis and homophobia affecting the community
She donated time and money to
Rettenmund as cites Hartford Courant in 2006, felt that when AIDS and homophobia caused "others to retreat", Madonna's pro-sex persona was a big deal.[104] Her advocacy was remarked for "young people" especially,[85] while Guy Babineau from LGBT-focused publication Xtra Magazine mentioned other predecessors like Cher and Bette Midler but explaining that "neither spoke to the awakening albeit confused sexual freedom of young women and gay men in the era of the AIDS the way Madonna did".[67] Babineau also mentioned others "gay-er" pop stars during that era,[67] and in a similar connotation, Eric Diaz from Nerdist said that various gay pop stars hid "their sexual orientation from the wrath of a homophobic public".[16] In comparison, Christopher Glazek said Madonna "became gay" by association.[4] "When other artists tried to distance themselves from the very audience that helped their stars to rise, Madonna only turned the light back on her gay fans and made it burn all the brighter", felt and commented Steve Gdula for The Advocate in 2005.[39]
Post-AIDS crisis
As she continued her advocacy, many reviewers praised her long-standing contributions. In 2019, GLAAD honored her with the
These days, there's barely a female pop star alive who doesn't loudly broadcast her unwavering, if sometimes exploitative, support for LGBT rights. But in 1991, when Madonna gave her no-holds-barred interview to The Advocate, then the largest voice of gay communities, she showed more understanding of queer issues and identity that any pop star before her, and most who came after. In the two-part sit-down, Madonna revealed the roots of her gay identification via her early mentors.[38]
Attributed effects on pop culture
Background
Madonna is the first major mainstream artist to give gay images and themes explicit mass treatment and exposure
—The Good, the Bad and the Gorgeous: Popular Culture's Romance with Lesbianism (1994).[110]
Madonna's figure made possible in her generation provided various with their first impression or representation of the collective, in an era not dominated by Internet, as documented some authors. In Good As You: From Prejudice to Pride – 30 Years of Gay Britain (2017), editor Paul Flynn documented that Madonna's Blond Ambition tour was the first time British gay and girls "got to claim ownership of the thrilling communion and euphoria of a stadium show".[111] The tour was followed by her 1991 documentary Truth or Dare in which "several generations of gay men reported was the first time they had ever seen their own desires represent ... onscreen".[38] Seeing the dance troupe in her 1990 tour, wrote Jeremy Atherton Lin in Gay Bar (2021), "amounted to my first impression of gays".[112] Writing for The Georgia Straight in 2016, Craig Takeuchi explains that many recognized this Madonna's era, as a number were "living in an era prior to the internet and had never seen gay men or gay kissing on screen before".[113] According to LGBT-targeted publication Washington Blade, it became "a gay cultural touchstone".[114]
Virtel said that Madonna accomplished something astounding with "Vogue": She ushered an "audacious", "unapologetically queer art" form into mainstream America, and that means gays everywhere got to witness (and recognize) a rare kind of performative ebullience.[8] For Hopper, she revived an "entire movement" when she performed this song at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards.[115] Music critic Kelefa Sanneh, said that she "helped define gay nightlife in New York".[116]
Discussions
Aside Madonna there were many others promoting queer awarness, though her mainstream influence and contributions for the community attracted significant international views perceiving cultural effects in favor to the community, often described as a better entrance to the "mainstream". As early as 1996, Mark Watts commented "she has done a lot to bring gay culture into the mass media".[117] On the point, Darren Scott from The Independent felt and commented in 2018: "Her relentless insistence on treating us like the equals that we actually are meant that gay culture became part of the mainstream".[118] Musto believes she helped brought gay audiences to "center stage", along with others like Cyndi Lauper.[119] British writer Matthew Todd, in 2020, recalled her superstar status, saying she "brought gay culture directly into the living rooms of the public", having "men dance together in her tours ... all the time speaking about homophobia in interviews".[120]
Editors of Sontag and the Camp Aesthetic (2017), also agree that "in many ways, Madonna contributed to making gay mainstream" and "part of this contribution was her colonization of queer male, non-white subculture to the benefit of modern queer".
C. E. Crimmins in How The Homosexuals Saved Civilization (2004), called Madonna a "pioneer" explaining and considering her in the 1980s and 1990s as "the first homosexual icon to interact with her audience sexually (well, unless you count Judy Garland's marriages to gay men)".
Lesbianism
Madonna sparked again conversations after kissing
Influence on individuals
Madonna's influence on individuals from the community has been noted in a decades-long period. In 2019, GLAAD's Sarah Kate Ellis said: "Her music and art have been life-saving outlets for LGBTQ people over the years and her affirming words and actions have changed countless hearts and minds".[106] The Hollywood Reporter also remarked "her music and advocacy has positively affected the lives of LGBTQ people".[14] In this regard, Madonna told: "It's a total reciprocation because, like I said in my speech (2019 GLAAD Media Awards), they made me feel not afraid to be different. And then I made them feel not afraid to be different".[14] Commenting about her attitude that influenced others, in 2008, Babineau said she "was a chick with balls" and her attitude "resonated and continues to resonate" within gays and lesbians up that point.[67]
Various public figures from the community such as Cain and musician
Madonna topped KBGO's 2011 rank of the "stars that helped their LGBTQ+ Fans Come Out".[138] Agence France-Presse referred to her Truth or Dare film inspired many to coming out.[139] Wesley Morris of The New York Times, said that maybe he knew was gay because of Truth or Dare.[38] Ellen DeGeneres said that she was instrumental in her 1997 decision to come out.[8][3] Rosie O'Donnell similarly credited Madonna to help her become more comfortable.[140]
Depictions
Madonna has been depicted in diverse LGBT-media content, and
In 2016, to pay tribute to her contributions to the LGBT community, contestants of the
Glee dedicated to Madonna an episode named "The Power of Madonna" accompanied with their first-ever EP released, Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna. In Brian Tarquin's book The Insider's Guide to Music Licensing (2014), it was mentioned the importance of Madonna for their producers. Her episode was also the first time the music on Glee was turned over in its entirety to one performer.[150] The documentary Strike a Pose (2016) is based in the dance troupe that accompanied Madonna in the documentary Truth or Dare and the Blond Ambition Tour; six of them were homosexual at a time when "homosexuality was much more taboo and associated by many straight people with illness", some recalled.[151]
Sobriquets and listicles
Inside gay press, Madonna has been called variously over her multi-decades career. Out called her a "true gay icon".[153] In Queer (2002), editor Simon Gage explained that an UK gay magazine constantly referred to her as "Our Glorious Leader".[154] She has been also referred to as a "queer icon" or "icon of queerness". Theologian Robert Goss expressed: "For me, Madonna has been not only a queer icon but also a Christ icon who has dissolved the boundaries between queer culture and queer faith communities".[155] Musicologist Sheila Whiteley wrote in her book Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender (2013) that "Madonna came closer to any other contemporary celebrity in being an above-ground queer icon".[156]
Madonna has appeared in books addressing significant Gay icons, including The Gay 100,
See also
References
- ^ a b Latimer, Brian (May 5, 2019). "'A duty and an honor': Madonna reflects on decades of LGBTQ activism". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ The Advocate. Archived from the originalon February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Murrian, Samuel R. (June 14, 2019). "How Madonna Became the Ultimate LGBTQ Icon: A Timeline". Parade. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Glazek, Christopher (March 10, 2015). "The Many Heresies of Madonna Louise Ciccone". Out. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Gnojewski 2017, p. 26
- ^ a b c d e Musto, Michael (March 9, 2015). "The Madonna I've Known and (Usually) Admired". Out. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Guilbert 2015, p. 66
- ^ a b c d e f Virtel, Louis (June 6, 2017). "10 Reasons Madonna Is An Eternal Inspiration to the LGBTQ Community". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Gnojewski 2007, p. 117
- ^ Ross, Martha (October 10, 2022). "Whether or not Madonna has 'come out,' she's always been an LGBTQ icon". The Mercury News. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c Guilbert 2018, pp. 108–109
- ^ Knowles 2007, p. 42
- ^ a b "Top 10 LGBT+ Music artists 2017". British LGBT Awards. 2017. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c Real, Evan (May 6, 2019). "GLAAD Media Awards: "Freedom Fighter" Madonna Talks Special Connection With Gay Fans". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- ^ from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Diaz, Eric (July 31, 2018). "Celebrating 35 years of Madonna, a generation's LGBTQ icon". Nerdist. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ Landrum 1994, p. 261
- ^ a b Holden, Stephen (May 5, 1991). "Madonna's Love Affair With the Lens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ The Advocate. p. 23. Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Rosario, Richy (May 2, 2016). "Strike A Pose: Madonna's "Vogue" Dancers Recall Blond Ambition Tour & Gay Life In The '90s". Vibe. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Harris, Chris (August 27, 2009). "Madonna Booed After Standing Up For Gypsies In Romania - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ "Stand for equal rights and human dignity for all". Raising Malawi. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ "Madonna Condemns Malawi Gay Sentence". The Advocate. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ Gaedeke, Emma (November 9, 2010). "Madonna: 'I Wouldn't Have a Career If It Weren't for the Gay Community'". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ Iftikhar, Asyia (January 3, 2023). "Madonna calls out Catholic Church over 'hypocritical' attacks – while dressing up as Virgin Mary". PinkNews. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ "News - Madonna's Statement To New Yorkers". Madonna.com. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ "Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples in New York" (PDF). Lambda Legal. pp. 1–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ HRC staff (November 5, 2012). "Video: Madonna Tells Minnesotans to "Vote No"". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ Michelson, Noah (March 17, 2013). "Madonna Dresses As Boy Scout, Slams Organization's Gay Ban And Honors Anderson Cooper (video)". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- ^ Hawks, Asa (March 17, 2013). "Video Transcript Madonna's full speech at GLAAD Media Awards in boy scout uniform". Starcasm.net. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- ^ a b Laney 2020, p. online
- ^ Nelson, Jeff (June 24, 2022). "Madonna Celebrates Queer Joy with Drag Queens, Son David at Star-Studded NYC Pride Party". People. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
- ^ O'Kane, Caitlin (October 11, 2022). "Madonna teases sexuality reveal in TikTok video: "If I miss, I'm gay"". CBS News. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ^ Jones, Isbel (June 28, 2019). "Madonna's Graphic New Video Has Sparked Backlash from a Pulse Nightclub Shooting Survivor". InStyle. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ Welsh, Daniel (June 27, 2019). "Madonna's God Control Music Video Is A 'Wake Up Call' About US Gun Reform". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Dicker & Piepmeier 2016, p. online
- ^ Assunção, Muri (June 22, 2018). "10 Madonna Songs for Your LGBTQ Pride Playlist: Listen". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "60 Times Changed Our Culture". The New York Times. August 16, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Gdula, Steve (November 11, 2005). "Happy Madonna Day!". Archived from the original on June 22, 2018.
- ^ "60 Top LGBTQ Anthems of All Time". Billboard. June 7, 2022. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Portwood, Jerry; Exposito, Suzy; Sheffield, Rob; Ravitz, Justin (June 1, 2019). "25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ "The 100 Greatest, Gayest Albums (of All Time)". Out. 2012. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
- ^ "These 20 albums were essential in shaping LGBTQ culture". Queerty. June 26, 2022. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c Schwichtenberg 1993, p. 119
- ^ Guilbert 2015, p. 62
- ^ Peraino 2006, p. 144
- ^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 56
- ^ a b Robertson 1996, p. 128
- ^ a b Crowley, Michelle L. (January 2001). "Sapphic experience: lesbian gender identity development and diversity" (PDF). CORE. Rhodes University: 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- ^ Herbrechter 2016, p. 250
- ^ Haggis, Josh (September 7, 2015). "Michelle Visage: 'Gays have turned their back on Madonna'". Attitude. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ PrideSource. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
- ^ Terra Networks. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Chery, Samantha; Selk, Avi (May 14, 2023). "The 'mothers' of queer culture reflect on their moms". Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ Garde-Hansen 2011, p. 124
- ^ Stange, Oyster & Sloan 2011, p. 877
- ^ Real 1996, p. 113
- ^ a b c Brown, Helen (August 22, 2022). "Vogue — Madonna's 1990 hit helped catapult a subculture into the mainstream". Financial Times. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ a b Leibetseder 2016, p. 69
- ^ Edwards & Esposito 2019, p. online
- ^ Adamson, Thomas (March 25, 2018). "Voguing revives as Paris minorities strike a political pose". Associated Press. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Cartwright, Lexie (June 19, 2019). "True story behind Madonna's iconic Vogue music video". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
- ^ a b Criales-Unzueta, José (June 28, 2023). "From Underground Subculture to Global Phenomenon: An Oral History of Ballroom Within Mainstream Culture". Vogue. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
- ^ Mendez II, Moises (July 23, 2021). "Why Queerbaiting Matters More Than Ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ DeNoon, Daniel (March 19, 2004). "Heteroflexible -- or Fauxmosexual?". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
- ^ "Madonna". Australian Gay and Lesbian Law Journal. 3–5: 12. 1993. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Babineau, Guy (October 22, 2008). "Why we love Madonna". Xtra Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ Breihan, Tom (September 17, 2021). "The Number Ones: Madonna's Vogue". Stereogum. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ "Pop's Material Girls, Rich With Influence". The New York Times. August 12, 2022. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Ross, Martha (January 24, 2023). "Beyoncé's dad defends her after LGBTQ fans slam concert in 'homophobic dictatorship'". Boston Herald. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ Garofalo, Janeane (March 2002). "Voices: Jeneane Garofalo". Out. 10 (9): 61. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- SheKnows. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- The Advocate. 2000. p. 49. Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- Washington Post. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ Sieczkowski, Cavan (April 24, 2014). "Madonna Calls Kale, Putin 'Gay' During BuzzFeed Game". HuffPost. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Madonna brands Vladimir Putin and kale 'gay'". Attitude. September 17, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Kelly, Ben (September 7, 2017). "Kalegate: Madonna being homophobic? Get a grip". Attitude. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Stopera, Matt (April 4, 2014). "Kale Comes Out As Gay In Exclusive BuzzFeed Interview". BuzzFeed. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Reilly, Nick (July 1, 2021). "Lil Nas X defends Madonna after her "#DidItFirst" response to BET Awards kiss". NME. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ a b c Cain, Matt (July 15, 2018). "Matt Cain on Madonna: 'She opened up gay culture to the mainstream'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ Gutiérrez, Emmanuel (January 17, 2023). "La vez que Diputados querían cancelar conciertos de Madonna por promover el homosexualismo" (in Spanish). Radio Fórmula. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ^ Gabriel 2023, p. online
- ^ Charles 2012, p. 106
- ISBN 9780805354539. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c Manaia, Tiago (June 25, 2021). "Madonna acorda nova Iorque para o pride, com a cumplicidade do Português Ricardo Gomes". Máxima. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
- ^ Weiner, Natalie (October 10, 2015). "Tupac's Brother Talks Late Icon's Relationship With Madonna, Confirms Janet Jackson Rumor". Billboard. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Schwichtenberg 1993, p. 19
- ^ "Madonna's AIDS stories". Entertainment Weekly. December 20, 1991. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
- ^ Stein, Jeannine (December 12, 1991). "Madonna Accepts Award, Attacks Rumor". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
- ^ a b Schwichtenberg 1993, p. 118
- ^ "She's Not Sissy". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 1995. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
- ^ Apelqvist 2013, pp. 154–155
- ^ a b Fellner, Fernández-Morales & Martausová 2017, p. 137
- ^ a b c d Elder, Miriam (November 22, 2012). "Russian court rejects complaint over Madonna gay rights comments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Kozlov, Vladimir (December 5, 2012). "Madonna Joins Campaign to Support Russian LGBT Community". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ Selby, Jenn (February 7, 2014). "Vladimir Putin threatened Madonna with jail for promoting 'gay behaviour' in Russia". The Independent. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Funaro, Kaitlin (August 19, 2012). "Madonna sued for 'promoting homosexuality' in Russia". The World. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei; Kozlov, Vladimir (July 22, 2021). "Madonna claims she was fined $1 million for supporting Russia LGBTQ rights". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
- ^ a b c Rosa, Christopher (March 3, 2017). "10 Ways Female Pop Stars Have Changed the GD World". Glamour. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ Flynn, Paul (October 14, 2023). "Why Kylie and Madonna are the last gay icons – as Gen-Z bypass pop princesses for a new kind of star". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
- ^ Turner, Christopher (August 2022). "Looking Back At "The Facts About AIDS" Card Insert Madonna Included With Her 'Like A Prayer' Album". In Magazine. Canada. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
- ^ Rettenmund 1995, p. 14
- ^ Brown, Mark (December 31, 1992). "'92 slow for music, good for Madonna". Telegraph Herald. p. 8. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ProQuest 257243024. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ^ Sippell, Margeaux (February 5, 2019). "Madonna to Receive GLAAD's Advocate For Change Award". Variety. Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Perez, Lexy (February 5, 2019). "GLAAD Media Awards: Madonna to Be Honored With Advocate for Change Award". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- ^ Peraino 2006, p. 142
- ^ Towle, Andy (March 10, 2015). "26 Moments That Make Madonna the Most Pro-Gay Pop Ally of All Time". Towleroad. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
- The Associated Press (ed.). "An emotional Madonna honors gay teacher at GLAAD Awards: 'It was OK to be different'". USA Today. Archivedfrom the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Hamer & Budge 1994, p. 32
- ^ Flynn 2017, p. online
- ^ Lin 2021, p. online
- ^ a b Takeuchi, Craig (August 16, 2016). "VQFF 2016: Strike a Pose allows Madonna's dancers to tell the real truth or dare". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- ^ DiGuglielmo, Joey (September 18, 2016). "Former Madonna dancer Slam recalls 'Blond Ambition Tour,' 'Truth or Dare'". Washington Blade. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ a b Hopper, Alex (July 2022). "10 Iconic Moments From Madonna's Career". American Songwriter. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Sanneh 2021, p. online
- ^ Watts, Mark (1996). "Electrifying Fragments: Madonna and Postmodern Performance". New Theatre Quarterly. 12 (46): 106. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ a b Scott, Darren (August 16, 2018). "Madonna at 60: How she became the queen of all queens". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Artavia, David (June 27, 2022). "What makes Judy Garland a gay icon? Experts explain what she and others, from Diana Ross to Madonna, have in common". Yahoo. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Todd 2020, p. 54
- ^ Drushel & Peters 2017, p. 217
- ^ a b Cain, Matt (August 16, 2019). "Madonna: The Queen of Pop's Greatest Ever Gay Moments". Attitude. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ Casesmeiro, José (May 2, 2019). "Madonna recibirá un homenaje de la comunidad LGBT a la que ha apoyado en sus más de 35 años de carrera musical". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
- ^ Chatzipapatheodoridis 2021, p. online
- ^ Crimmins 2004, pp. 102–103
- ^ Leland, John (November 1, 1992). "Madonna's 'Sex' Book: The New Voyeurism". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ a b Vivinetto, Gina (March 10, 2015). "Madonna's 10 Gayest Moments". The Attitude. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ "Book Excerpt: 'Madonna' by Andrew Morton". ABC News. November 6, 2001. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c O'Brien 2007, p. 244
- ^ Dyja 2022, p. 220
- ^ Kelleher, Patrick (May 17, 2019). "Activists recreate same-sex love photo to celebrate Madonna in Israel". PinkNews. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Delbyck, Cole (October 27, 2019). "Kylie Jenner Recreates Britney And Madonna's Iconic VMAs Kiss For Halloween". HuffPost. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- ^ Skolnik, Jes (June 18, 2018). "50 Songs That Define the Last 50 Years of LGBTQ+ Pride". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Lynch, Joe (December 9, 2016). "Madonna Delivers Her Blunt Truth During Fiery, Teary Billboard Women In Music Speech". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
- ^ Bergland, Christopher (December 10, 2015). "Madonna, Equanimity, and the Power of Non-Violent Resistance". Psychology Today. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ^ Flam, Charna (February 5, 2023). "Kim Petras Wins Grammy for 'Unholy', First Transgender Artist to Win for Pop Duo/Group Performance". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ The Advocate Staff (August 16, 2018). "Love Letters to Madonna From the LGBTQ Community". The Advocate. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
- ^ Brooks, Hayden (June 25, 2021). "7 Loving Stars That Helped Their LGBTQ+ Fans Come Out". KBGO. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ "Drogas, homosexualidad, sida: La verdad tras las giras de Madonna". El Salvador Times. Agence France-Presse. March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ "Madonna gives rousing speech on why she fought for change at Glaad awards". The Guardian. Associated Press. May 5, 2019. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
- ^ "Madonna Made Me Gay". Feast Festival. 2022. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ Boulash 2022, p. online
- ^ Andrews, Marc (April 21, 2022). "Madonna's 10 Gayest Moments". DNA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Wong, Curtis M. (August 16, 2012). "Madonna's 54th Birthday: The Material Girl's Gayest Moments". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Moylan, Brian (April 4, 2016). "RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Snatch Me If You Can". Vulture. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ Booster, Joel Kim (April 28, 2017). "RuPaul's Drag Race Recap, Season 9 Episode 6: Snatch Game". Vulture. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ Nolfi, Joey (July 6, 2020). "Watch rare 'Drag Race' footage of queens slaying Madonna musical in record time". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ McCallion, Paul (April 10, 2020). "RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Get Into the GRuve". Vulture. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ Real, Evan (June 11, 2019). "How Madonna's 'Vogue' Helped Shape 'Pose' Season 2 Narrative". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ Tarquin 2014, p. online
- ^ "Dancers remember Madonna's tour that shook pop world". The Nation. April 9, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ Foster 2014, p. 114
- ^ Rude, Mey (August 16, 2023). "5 Times Madonna Was The Ultimate Gay Icon". Out. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ a b Gage 2002, pp. 22–23
- ^ Goss 2002, pp. 178–179
- ^ Whiteley 2013, p. 275
- ^ Russell 2002, pp. 368–369
- ISBN 9781784881344. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ Alarcón, Anna (April 28, 2019). "50 Queers que cambiaron el mundo - Dan Jones" (in Spanish). Vanidad. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ Bolcer, Julie (December 11, 2009). "Elton and Judy Voted Top Gay Icons". The Advocate. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Musto, Michael (August 25, 2014). "The 12 Greatest Female Gay Icons of All Time". Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ Sarracino & Scott 2002, p. 93
- ^ "Madonna: I begged to use Abba's song". Irish Examiner. October 18, 2005. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
Book sources
- Apelqvist, Eva (2013). LGBTQ Families: The Ultimate Teen Guide. ISBN 978-0810885370.
- ISBN 978-0241996751.
- Charles, Nicholas C. (2012). From Worldly to Christian Wisdom and Truth. ISBN 978-1466906396.
- Chatzipapatheodoridis, Constantine (2021). The Music Diva Spectacle. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1789384383.
- Crimmins, C. E (2004). How The Homosexuals Saved Civilization: The True and Heroic Story of How Gay Men Shaped The Modern World. ISBN 9781585423149.
- Dicker, Rory; ISBN 978-1555538569.
- Drushel, Bruce E.; Peters, Brian M. (2017). Sontag and the Camp Aesthetic: Advancing New Perspectives. ISBN 978-1498537773.
- ISBN 978-1982149796.
- Edwards, Erica B.; Esposito, Jennifer (2019). Intersectional Analysis as a Method to Analyze Popular Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-55700-2.
- Fellner, Astrid M.; Fernández-Morales, Marta; Martausová, Martina (2017). Rethinking Gender in Popular Culture in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-1527505285.
- Flynn, Paul (2017). Good As You: From Prejudice to Pride – 30 Years of Gay Britain. ISBN 978-1473529175.
- Fouz-Hernández, Santiago; Jarman-Ivens, Freya (2004). Madonna's Drowned Worlds: New Approaches to her Cultural Transformations, 1983-2003. Routledge. ISBN 1351559540.
- Foster, David W. (2014). Chicano/Latino Homoerotic Identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317944454.
- ISBN 978-0316456449.
- Gage, Simon (2002). Queer. ISBN 1560253770.
- Garde-Hansen, Joanne (2011). Media and Memory. ISBN 978-0748647071.
- Gnojewski, Carol (2007). Madonna: Express Yourself. ISBN 978-0766024427.
- Gnojewski, Carol (2017). Madonna: Fighting for Self-Expression. ISBN 978-0766095526.
- ISBN 0-8298-1498-1.
- ISBN 978-0-786-48071-5.
- ISBN 978-1476633015.
- Hamer, Diane; Budge, Belinda (1994). The Good, the Bad and the Gorgeous: Popular Culture's Romance with Lesbianism. Pandora. ISBN 0044409109.
- ISBN 978-9004325623.
- Knowles, Elizabeth (2007). Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations. ISBN 978-0199208951.
- Landrum, Gene N. (1994). Profiles of Female Genius: Thirteen Creative Women who Changed the World. ISBN 0-87975-892-9.
- Laney, Lewis (2020). The Little Book of Pride: The History, the People, the Parades. Ryland Peters & Small. ISBN 978-1912983254.
- Leibetseder, Doris (2016). Queer Tracks: Subversive Strategies in Rock and Pop Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317072584.
- Lin, Jeremy Atherton (2021). Gay Bar: Why We Went Out. ISBN 978-0316458740.
- ISBN 978-0-593-05547-2.
- Peraino, Judith A. (2006). Listening to the Sirens: Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig. ISBN 0-520-92174-7.
- Real, Michael R. (1996). Exploring Media Culture: A Guide. ISBN 0803958765.
- ISBN 978-0312117825.
- Robertson, Pamela (1996). Guilty pleasures: Feminist camp from Mae West to Madonna. ISBN 1860640877.
- Russell, Paul Elliot (2002). The gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present. ISBN 0758201001.
- ISBN 978-1-83885-595-6.
- Sarracino, Carmine; Scott, Kevin M. (2002). The Porning of America: The Rise of Porn Culture, what it Means, and where We Go from Here. ISBN 978-0-8070-6153-4.
- Schwichtenberg, Cathy (1993). The Madonna Connection. ISBN 0813313961.
- Stange, Mary Zeiss; Oyster, Carol K.; Sloan, Jane E. (2011). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Vol. 1. SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-7685-5.
- ISBN 978-1621534075.
- ISBN 978-1681885230.
- Whiteley, Sheila (2013) [1st pub. 1997]. Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10512-9.
External links
- Madonna's official site
- Madonna at GLAAD
- Madonna at The Advocate
- Madonna at Out
- Madonna at Gay Times