Malkauns
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| Thaat | Bhairavi |
|---|---|
| Type | Audava |
| Time of day | Late night, 12–3 |
| Arohana | Ṉ̣ S G̱ M Ḏ Ṉ Ṡ |
| Avarohana |
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| Synonym |
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| Equivalent | Hindolam |
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Malkauns, known also as rag Malkosh,[1] is a raga in Indian classical music. It is one of the oldest ragas of Indian classical music.[2] The equivalent raga in Carnatic music is called Hindolam, not to be confused with the Hindustani Hindol.
According to Indian classical vocalist
Etymology
The name Malkaush is derived from the combination of Mal and Kaushik, which means he who wears serpents like garlands – the god Shiva. However, the Malav-Kaushik mentioned in classical texts does not appear to be the same as the Malkauns performed today.
In
Malkaush belongs to Shaivait musical school; in fact most pentatonic ragas belong to Shaivait musical school.[2]
His mace running with blood, garlanded with skulls of heroes, Malkaush surrounded by braves and bravest of the brave!
Shiv ttva ratnakara, 6, 8, 67[2]
Arohana and Avarohana
Malkauns belongs to the
Arohana : Ṉ̣ S G̱ M Ḏ Ṉ Ṡ
- S Ṉ Ḏ M G̱ M G̱ S
- S Ṉ Ḏ M G̱ S
The 'Ga' used is actually Ga-Sadharan (the rough minor third), 316-cent above Sa.[6] This corresponds to the note ga2, in the 22 shrutis list, with a factor of 6/5.
Vadi and Samavadi
The
Pakad or Chalan
Pakad : G̱ M Ḏ M G̱ M G̱ S
Other characteristics
Malkauns is a serious, meditative raga, and is developed mostly in the lower octave (mandra saptak) and in a slow tempo (vilambit laya). Ornaments such as meend, gamak and andolan are used rather than 'lighter' ornaments such as murki and khatka. Komal Ni is generally considered the starting note (graha swara), and the notes komal Ga and komal Dha are performed with vibrato (andolit). All five swaras can function as pausing notes.
The komal Ni in Malkauns is different from the komal Ni in Bhimpalasi.
The best time for this raga is late night. The effect of the raga is soothing and intoxicating.
List of ragas in the Kauns family
The unique musical structure of Malkauns has given rise to many variations, creating what may be called a 'Kauns' family of related ragas.
- Chandrakauns
- Bageshri-Ang Chandrakauns
- Nandkauns
- Sampoorna Malkauns
- Pancham Malkauns
- Gunkauns
- Madhukauns
- Jogkauns
- Nirmalkauns
- Tulsikauns
Film songs
'Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj' (film
Tamil Film Songs
Note that the following songs are composed in Hindolam, the equivalent of raga Malkauns in Carnatic music.
| Song | Movie | Year | Composer | Singer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azhaikathey | Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam
|
1957 | P. Adinarayana Rao | P. Suseela
|
| Kangalum Kavi Paadudhe | Adutha Veettu Penn | 1960 | Sirkazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan | |
| Ennai Vittu Odipoga Mudiyumaa | Kumudham | 1961 | K. V. Mahadevan | P. Suseela
|
| Maamaa Maamaa Maamaa | T. M. Soundararajan, K. Jamuna Rani | |||
| Iravukku Aayiram | Kulamagal Radhai | 1963 | P. Suseela
| |
| Pachchai Maa Malaipol Meni | Thirumal Perumai | 1968 | T. M. Soundararajan | |
| Or Aayiram Parvaiyile | Vallavanukku Vallavan | 1965 | Vedha(Credits only) | |
| Nilavukku Enmel Ennadi Kobam | Policekaran Magal | 1962 | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | P. B. Sreenivas |
| Malaro Nilavo | Raga Bandhangal | Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan | P. Jayachandran | |
| Ramanukku Mannan Mudi | Pathu Matha Pantham | Shankar–Ganesh | P. Bhanumathi | |
| Maname Muruganin | Motor Sundaram Pillai | 1966 | M. S. Viswanathan | Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi
|
| Iyarkai Ennum | Shanti Nilayam | 1969 | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela | |
| Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen | Avalukendru Or Manam | 1971 | S. Janaki | |
| Om Namashivaya | Salangai Oli
|
1983 | Ilayaraja
| |
| Vilakku Vaipom | Athma | 1993 | ||
| Sri Devi En Vazhvil | Ilamai Kolam | 1980 | K.J. Yesudas
| |
| Darisanam Kidaikatha | Alaigal Oivathillai | 1981 | Ilayaraja, S. Janaki
| |
| Naan Thedum Sevanthi | Dharma Pathini | 1986 | ||
| Yentha Jenmam | Ezhumalayan Magimai | |||
| Ragavane Ramana | Ilamai Kaalangal | 1983 | K.S. Chitra (Debut in Tamil)
| |
| Unnal Mudiyum Thambi | Unnal Mudiyum Thambi | 1988 | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | |
| Kanna Unai Thedugiren | Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren | 1986 | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki | |
| Thendral Thaan | Keladi Kanmani
|
1990 | K.S. Chitra
| |
| Hey Raja | Jallikattu (1987 film) | 1987 | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Mano | |
| Ooradungum Saamathile | Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi | Uma Ramanan, Swarnalatha | ||
| En Veettu Jannal | Raman Abdullah | 1997 | Arunmozhi, Bhavatharini | |
| Oh Janani | Pudhiya Raagam | 1991 | Mano | |
| Nilave Nee Vara Vendum | Ennarukil Nee Irunthal | Illayaraja
| ||
| Vazhatha Pennin Manam | Thanga Thamaraigal | K. S. Chithra | ||
| Panja Swarangal | Puthiya Sangamam | Gangai Amaran | P Susheela
| |
| Marghazhi Poove | May Maadham | 1994 | A. R. Rahman | Shobha Shankar |
| Yakkai Thiri | Aaytha Ezhuthu
|
2004 | A.R.Rahman, Pop Shalini, Tanvi Shah, Sunitha Sarathy | |
| Irumbile | Enthiran | 2010 | A. R. Rahman, Kash n' Krissy | |
| Magudi Magudi | Kadal | 2013 | Chinmayee, Tanvi Shah
| |
| Innisai Alapadaiye | Varalaru | 2006 | Mahathi
| |
| Kumudam Pol | Moovendhar | 1998 | Sirpy | Hariharan |
| Katradikkum Neram | Vivasaayi Magan | 1997 | K.S. Chitra
| |
| Thevaram Paadatha | Partha Parvayil | M. M. A. Iniyavan | ||
| Sirumalli Poove | Jallikattu Kaalai | 1994 | Deva | |
| Un Marbile Vizhi Moodi | Ninaithen Vandhai | 1998 | K.S. Chitra
| |
| Paadavandha Poonguyile | Oyilattam | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | ||
| Va Va Endhan | Cheran Pandiyan
|
1991 | Soundaryan | |
| Aathi Vadayile | Sindhu Nathi Poo | 1994 | K. J. Yesudas,Asha Latha | |
| Sangeetha Vanil | Chinna Poove Mella Pesu | 1987 | S. A. Rajkumar | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam |
| Ithazhodu Ithal Serum | Mannukkul Vairam | 1986 | Devendran | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |
| Thendraliley Mithanthu | Puthiya Thendral | K.S. Chitra
| ||
| Siragulla Nilave Vaa | Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu | 2003 | Devi Sri Prasad | |
| Chinna Chinna Megam | Devaraagam | 1996 | M. M. Keeravani | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha Mohan |
| Santhanam Theychachi | Manikkam | 1996 | Karthik Raja | Bhavatharini |
| Chandira Mandalathai | Nilaave Vaa | 1998 | Vidyasagar | Vijay, Harini, S. P. Charan |
| Kavidhai Iravu | Sullan
|
2004 | K.S. Chitra
| |
| Aazhakkadalu | Thendral | Madhu Balakrishnan | ||
| Sollathan Ninaikiren | Kadhal Sugamanathu | 2001 | Shiva Sankar | K.S. Chitra
|
| Uyirile | Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu | 2006 | Harris Jayaraj | Mahalakshmi Iyer, Srinivas |
| Vatta Vatta | Thennavan | 2003 | Yuvan Shankar Raja | Unni Menon, Padmalatha |
| Kalavani | Kodiveeran | 2017 | N. R. Raghunanthan | V. V. Prasanna,Soundarya |
| Othaiyadi Pathayila | Kanaa | 2018 | Dhibu Ninan Thomas | Anirudh Ravichander |
| Kadai Kannaaley | Bhoomi | 2021 | D. Imman | Shreya Ghoshal, Varun Parandhaman |
Compositions of Hindustani Classical Music
| S.No | Bandish Type | Bandish Initial Bol | Composer Author | Taal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dhrupad | Aadi Brahma Aadi Naad
आदि ब्रह्म आदि नाद[7] |
Acharya Pt Gokulotsavji Maharaj | ChouTaal |
Important recordings
- Amir Khan, Ragas Hansadhwani and Malkauns, HMV LP (long-playing record), EMI-EASD1357
- Mekaal Hasan Band's Maalkauns from the album Andholan is also based on this.
- Ustad Mubarak Ali Khan presented it in a popular bandish "Aaj more Ghar aaye na Balma[8]"
References
- )
- ^ ISBN 0-214-15689-3.
- ^ a b "Indian classical music: Different kinds of ragas". The Times of India. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ISBN 81-86982-07-8.
- ^ Sonneck, Oscar George (1985). The Musical quarterly. The Musical quarterly. p. 160. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
They are set to one of the most widely performed ragas in North India, the pentatonic midnight raga Malkauns. The most important notes of Malkauns are Sa (the tonic) and Ma (the fourth). Both the gats and the tihais "cadence" on one of ...
- ^ Gosvami(1957) p. 236 f.
- OCLC 769743702.
- ^ "Raag malkauns ali Mubarak khan". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
External links
Literature
- Gosvami, O. (1957), The Story Of Indian Music, Bombay: Asia Publishing House