Manitoba Justice

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Manitoba Justice
Justice Manitoba
Department overview
Formed1988 (1988)
Preceding Department
  • Department of the Attorney General
Type
Justice department
JurisdictionGovernment of Manitoba
Headquarters450 Broadway,
Winnipeg, Manitoba[1]
Employees
  • 3,161 FTE (2019–20)[2]
  • 3,343 FTE (2017–18)[3]
Annual budget$659.3 m
Minister of Justice and Attorney General[4][5]
Deputy Minister responsible
  • Dave Wright, Deputy Minister of Justice and Deputy Attorney General
Key documents
Websitewww.gov.mb.ca/justice

Manitoba Justice (French: Justice Manitoba), or the Department of Justice (Le ministere de la justice; formerly the Department of the Attorney General),[6][7] is the provincial government department responsible for administering the Crown Law justice systems in the province of Manitoba.[8]

More specifically, Manitoba Justice deals with the provision of

property rights; the drafting of legislation; provision of civil and criminal court services; the provision of civil legal services to government; and development of law reform.[9] Within these areas of concern, Manitoba Justice looks over the Law Enforcement Review Agency (LERA), the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, and the Public Guardian and Trustee, among others. Manitoba Justice also provides funding to several independent bodies, including the Law Reform Commission, Legal Aid Manitoba, and Manitoba Human Rights Commission.[8]

Established in 1871, the Department of the Attorney General was one of the first departments formed by the

newly-established Province of Manitoba—however, the initial legislation related to the Department, the Attorney General's Act, would not be passed until 1885.[6][7]

The department is overseen by a

cabinet minister known as the Minister of Justice and Attorney General (French: Ministre de la Justice et procureur général), currently Matt Wiebe.[10] The minister who holds this office is typically also designated as Keeper of the Great Seal of the Province of Manitoba (French: Gardien du Grand Sceau de la province du Manitoba).[i][11]

History and legislation

Authority for administering justice within each

newly-established province. However, the initial legislation related to the Department, the Attorney General's Act, would not be passed until 1885.[6][7]

Department of Justice Act
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
CitationC.C.S.M. c. J35 [PDF]
Territorial extentManitoba
Enacted byRSM 1987, c. A170
CommencedFeb 1, 1988
Amends
The Attorney General's Act, C.C.S.M. c. A170
Amended by
SM 2017, c. 14
Status: Amended

Designating authority to the Department, the 1885 Attorney General's Act would be renamed to the Department of Justice Act in 1987.[7] Accordingly, the Department was reorganized in 1989 and—hoping to reflect its broadened influence in provincial government and justice system—became the Department of Justice.[6]

In 1997, the responsibilities of Manitoba Justice were expanded to include administration of the Justice Initiatives Fund (formerly the Aboriginal Justice Fund), a program designed to fund initiatives that support the Department's goals. In 2016, the department took responsibility over crime prevention (transferred from the Children and Youth Opportunities department) and consumer protection (transferred from the Department of Tourism, Culture, Heritage, Sport and Consumer Protection).[9]

Statutes

In Manitoba, an

Act (or statute) is a law enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. A consolidated Act is one that has been updated to incorporate amendments into its original text, with continuing application as amended.[12] Moreover, in Manitoba, consolidated Acts are grouped into three subcategories:[12]

On behalf of the province, Manitoba's Department of Justice administers and enforces more than 100 provincial statutes relating to civil law, correctional services, and court administration, among others. Consolidated Acts that Manitoba Justice has been responsible for include, among others, The Human Rights Code (1987–88); The Liquor, Gaming and Cannabis Control Act (2013), formerly

The Liquor Control Act; The Child Custody Enforcement Act (1987); The Justice for Victims of Child Pornography Act (2011); The Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation Act;[14] and The Victims' Bill of Rights (1998), formerly The Victims' Rights Act.[15]

Under the Canadian Constitution Act of 1867, Manitoba Justice is also responsible for prosecuting cases under the Criminal Code and the Youth Criminal Justice Act.[8]

Courts Division

The Courts Division of the Department facilitates court services throughout Manitoba and is overseen by Assistant Deputy Minister Suzanne Gervais (2019/20). The three courts of Manitoba are:[16]

  1. Manitoba Court of Appeal;
  2. the
    Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba
    ; and
  3. the Provincial Court of Manitoba

Criminal Justice Division

The Criminal Justice Division provides police protection for all parts of Manitoba, working closely with municipal and

RCMP.[8]

Law Enforcement Review Agency

Law Enforcement Review Agency
Agency overview
FormedFebruary 1, 1985
Headquarters420 - 155 Carlton Street,
Winnipeg, MB
Employees7
Annual budget$655,000 CAD[17]
Minister responsible
  • Minister of Justice
  • Asst. Deputy Minister of Criminal Justice
Agency executive
Parent departmentManitoba Justice
Key document
Websitegov.mb.ca/justice/lera/index.html

The Law Enforcement Review Agency (LERA) is an arm's-length, non-police body of the Criminal Justice Division that, under the authority of The Law Enforcement Review Act (TLERA), investigates public complaints against members of local/municipal police forces in Manitoba—particularly, abuses of authority by on-duty officers.[8][2] LERA is located in Winnipeg and its current staff consists of the Commissioner, a registrar/administrative officer, a clerk, and 4 investigators.[18]

The Commissioner reports operationally to the Minister of Justice via annual report, as a legislative requirement, and administratively to the Assistant Deputy Minister of Criminal Justice.

peace officers that are employed by municipal police departments in Manitoba[17]

Originally, the responsibility of dealing with citizen complaints in Manitoba was handled by local police commissions, composed of some or all members of their respective municipal councils. However, Manitoba Police Commission (MPC)—which was established to provide consultation to municipal police and oversee their operations—would every so often receive complaints that had been inadequately addressed at the local level, and would have to get involved. In 1979, following MPC's investigation of an incident from 1976 that involved the (alleged) beating of a rape suspect by Winnipeg police officers, the Commission recommended a change in public complaint procedures.[18] In March 1981, the Department of the Attorney General proposed for new legislation and, in November 1982, The Law Enforcement Review Act (Bill 2, 32nd Legislature) was introduced into the House. The Bill would pass in August 1983 and would be proclaimed in December 1984. This new law would require that all public complaints regarding the actions of an on-duty police officer be referred to the Commissioner who accesses it according to the Act.[18]

LERA would finally begin operations as an agency on 1 February 1985. In 1988, the Attorney General initiated an evaluation of LERA and the consideration of consolidating LERA and MPC into a single agency dealing with police complaints in order to make use of available resources. In 1992, TLERA was amended, which included the establishment of the Law Enforcement Review Board (LERB); the MPC being dissolved; requiring the burden of proof; and more authority to the Commissioner to resolve complaints.

Crown Law Division

Civil Justice (or Crown Law), overseen by Assistant Deputy AG Mike Mahon (2019/20),[2] is the division of Manitoba Justice that consists of the following branches and agencies:[8]

Legal Aid Manitoba
Aide juridique Manitoba
Agency overview
Formed1971
Employees
  • approx. 190 (2020)
Annual budget$37 m CAD (2019/20)[21]
Agency executives
  • Allan Fineblit, Management Council Chair
  • Irene Hamilton, Advisory Committee Chair
Parent departmentManitoba Justice
Key document
Websitelegalaid.mb.ca

Legal Aid Manitoba (LAM; French: Aide juridique Manitoba) is an independent agency, established by The Legal Aid Manitoba Act,[22] that provides legal services in Manitoba to those who may require legal aid.[8]

LAM receives funding from the Province of Manitoba,

informally, serving (approx.) 90,000 Manitobans per year.[24]

For cases that affect groups of people (e.g., those involving

in-kind services, client contributions, and occasional project grants.[25]

In the 1930s–40s, the

legal counsel. Lawyers would work pro bono. In 1969, with growing demand for free legal aid, a roster of private bar lawyers were paid $50 daily to act as duty counsel at criminal intake court. In 1971–72, Manitoba would finally incorporate legal aid into provincial legislation in 1971 and, in 1972, Legal Aid Services Society of Manitoba would begin operations. A decade later, with the advent of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, LAM would establish the Public Interest Law Centre to handle cases of social significance, i.e. cases that affect groups/Manitobans broadly.[24]

In 2005, the organization formally changed its name to "Legal Aid Manitoba," and its board of directors was replaced by a management council with a chair and vice-chair appointed by the

Lieutenant Governor in Council.[26]

Manitoba Law Reform Commission

The Manitoba Law Reform Commission (MLRC) is an arm's-length agency, established in 1970 by The Law Reform Commission Act, that reviews and recommends reforms regarding "modernizing and improving provincial laws."[8][2]

Consisting of 5 to 7 members appointed by the

UManitoba Faculty of Law; "a lawyer entitled to practise in Manitoba and not in the employ of the government; and a non-lawyer." One of the members is appointed President of the Commission, and must be a lawyer.[27]

Community Safety Division

The largest division of Manitoba Justice is the Community Safety Division,[28] which "administers sentences imposed by the courts on offenders who are in custody or on probation."[8][2] The Division was overseen by Associate Deputy Minister Scott Kolody during the 2019/20 fiscal year.[2]

This Division provides various services through its branches/units:[28][2]

  • Corrections, as well as probation services and conditional sentences—i.e., supervising those in the community who are on probation, bail, or "otherwise following court orders."
    • Manitoba Corrections consists of 6 adult and 2 youth correctional facilities throughout Manitoba.
  • Provincial policing, with the responsibility of facilitating the provision of police services throughout the province
    • The Community Notification Advisory Committee (CNAC) is an advisory body that, after reviewing each case, advises police on whether the public should be notified about those living in the community who are convicted sexual offenders labelled as high-risk of re-offending. As a joint initiative with Brandon Police Service, Correctional Services of Canada, RCMP, and Winnipeg Police Service, this program is the first of its kind in all of Canada.[29]
    • The Manitoba Police Commission
  • Protective services, which provide security services and other governmental oversight
    • The Independent Investigation Unit, which began operations on 19 June 2015 under of Part VII of The Police Services Act, is responsible for conducting investigations when an officer has been involved in an incident where someone has died or suffered a serious injury, or when there is evidence that an officer has violated prescribed legislation.

Relevant legislation includes The Safer Communities and Neighbourhoods Act,[30] The Body Armour and Fortified Vehicle Control Act,[31] and The Parental Responsibility Act.

The Division also oversees the Vehicle Impoundment Registry (VIR), the administrative centre that—under the Highway Traffic Act—administers the seizures and impoundments of vehicles, which includes recording the status of every vehicle seized in Manitoba.[2]: 46 

Manitoba Police Commission

The Manitoba Police Commission (MPC) provides advice to the Justice Minister on regulations that deal with police operations and conduct. The current Commission was established on 15 November 2010, as per section 6 of Manitoba's Police Services Act,[32][ii] and is also a member of the Manitoba Association of Chiefs of Police, the Canadian Association of Police Governance, and the Canadian Association of Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement.[28][2]

The Commission is currently chaired by David Asper.[32]

All police boards and commissions in Manitoba are required by law to submit an annual report to the MRC. There are 10 municipal police boards and 1

First Nation police commission in Manitoba:[33]

Manitoba Corrections

Manitoba Corrections (or the Corrections Division) has its head office located on 810 - 405 Broadway in Winnipeg. It includes 6 adult correctional services;[34] 2 youth correctional services,[34] which provide custody and various programs for young people charged with offences and/or sentenced to custody under the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act;[35] and 27 community corrections offices (incl. 11 in First Nations communities), which provide all "non-custody, community-based offender services and programs."[36]

Manitoba Corrections centres[37]
Adult correctional centres[34]
Name Location Security Rated capacity[iii] (adult) Note
Brandon Correctional Centre 375 Veterans Way, Brandon medium 244 males Short-term holding for young offenders and 8 adult females is also provided for
western Manitoba
.
Headingley Correctional Institution 6030
Portage Avenue, MB Highway 1
 minimum, medium, and maximum 549 males
Milner Ridge Correctional Centre Agassiz Provincial Forest, Beausejour minimum, medium, and maximum 524 males Located ~20 km (12 mi) southwest of Lac du Bonnet.
The Pas Correctional Centre Next to the provincial court building in The Pas. minimum, medium, and maximum 110 males, 4 females Includes temporary holding unit for young offenders
Winnipeg Remand Centre 141 Kennedy St., downtown Winnipeg minimum, medium, and maximum 281 males, 8 females This is a pre-trial detention, i.e. remand, centre for adults, housing people who are waiting for court decisions on their charges or placement in correctional centres.
Women's Correctional Centre 31 Routledge Ave., Headingley "multi-level" 196 females This Centre was completed and opened in early 2012.
Youth correctional centres[35]
Name Location Rated capacity[iii] (youth) Note
Agassiz Youth Centre (AYC) 59 acres, Portage la Prairie 128 males Within the centre is a high-security special-handling unit called Lakewood.
Manitoba Youth Centre (MYC) 170 Doncaster St., Winnipeg 105 males, 45 females The largest youth correctional centre in Manitoba.
Community corrections offices[37]
Winnipeg community
Type Name Location
Adult Family Violence Unit 2031
Portage Ave
470 Notre Dame Ave
Intake & Records 435 - 405 Broadway
Probation Program Unit 225 Garry St
Probation Services – Bail Supervision 10 Midland St
Random Assault Unit 225 Garry St
Restorative Resolutions Program 583 Ellice Ave
Youth Youth Community Corrections Office 77A Redwood Ave
533 Notre Dame Ave
Rural community (adult & youth)
Name Location
Centralized First Nations Unit 172 Doncaster St., Winnipeg
Eastman Region 20 First St., Beausejour
Interlake Region 337A Main St., Selkirk
Norman Region
 Otineka Mall, The Pas
Parkland Region Swan River
Thompson Region 59 Elizabeth Drive Rd, Thompson
Westman Region 340 9th Street, Brandon

Minister and Attorney General

Minister of Justice and Attorney General
Ministre de la Justice et procureure générale
Incumbent
Matt Wiebe
since October 18, 2023
Member of
Constituting instrumentThe Department of Justice Act
PrecursorAttorney General
Formation1990

The Minister of Justice and Attorney General (

cabinet minister in the Government of Manitoba.[11] The minister who holds this office is typically also designated as Keeper of the Great Seal of the Province of Manitoba (French: Gardien du Grand Sceau de la province du Manitoba).[i] The current Minister of Justice and Attorney General is Matt Wiebe.[11]

The role of Minister of Justice did not exist in Manitoba prior to 1990, when the designation of Attorney General (AG) was changed to 'Minister of Justice and Attorney General' midway through then-AG James McCrae's time in office. Thereafter, as of September 1990, Manitoba's Minister of Justice has been ex officio the Attorney General for Manitoba.[38][39]

1871–1990

Manitoba Attorneys General[6][11][39]
Minister Party Start of term End of term Concurrent positions held
Henry Joseph Clarke N/A January 13, 1871 July 8, 1874 Premier of Manitoba (Mar 14, 1872 – Jul 8, 1874)
John Donald Cameron Liberal November 17, 1896 January 6, 1900 Minister of Municipal Affairs (since Jan 13, 1893)
Joseph Dubuc
Cons
. 		July 8, 1874 December 2, 1874
Joseph Royal Cons. May 11, 1876 October 16, 1878 Provincial Secretary
David M. Walker Lib-Cons. October 16, 1878 July 5, 1882
Alexander MacBeth Sutherland
 Cons. September 2, 1882 September 3, 1883
James Andrews Miller Cons. September 6, 1883 December 4, 1884
Charles Edward Hamilton Cons. February 4, 1885 December 24, 1887
December 26, 1887 January 18, 1888
Joseph Martin Liberal January 18, 1888 April 22, 1891 Provincial Lands Commissioner/Railway Commissioner (Jan 20, 1888)
Clifford Sifton Liberal May 14, 1891 November 17, 1896 Provincial Lands Commissioner (May 15, 1891 – Oct 7, 1896)
John Donald Cameron Liberal November 17, 1896 January 6, 1900
Hugh John Macdonald Cons. January 6, 1900 October 9, 1900
Colin H. K. C. Campbell Cons. October 9, 1900 October 11, 1911 Municipal Commissioner (Oct 29, 1900 – Dec 20, 1900)
James Henry Howden
 Cons. October 11, 1911 May 12, 1915
Albert Bellock Hudson
 Liberal May 12, 1915 November 10, 1917 Minister of Telephones and Telegraphs
Thomas H. Johnson Liberal November 10, 1917 June 6, 1922 Minister of Telephones and Telegraphs
Robert Jacob Liberal June 6, 1922 August 8, 1922
Richard Craig
UFM
 August 8, 1922 August 29, 1927 Minister of Telephones and Telegraphs (Jan 12, 1925 – Apr 29, 1927)
William James Major Prog. August 29, 1927 February 22, 1929
May 18, 1929 April 1, 1941
James McLenaghen PC May 3, 1941 June 23, 1950
  • Minister of Health
    (May 4, 1940 – Feb 5, 1944)
  • Minister of Labour
    (Feb 5, 1944 – Feb 14, 1946)
Charles Rhodes Smith Lib-Prog August 16, 1950 November 7, 1952
Ivan Schultz Lib-Prog November 7, 1952 January 25, 1955
Michael Nicholas Hryhorczuk
 Lib-Prog January 25, 1955 June 30, 1958
Sterling Lyon PC June 30, 1958 December 9, 1963
  • Minister of Municipal Affairs (Sept 30, 1960 – Oct 25, 1961)
  • Minister of Public Utilities (Oct 31, 1961 – Jun 12, 1963)
Stewart McLean PC December 9, 1963 July 22, 1966
Sterling Lyon PC July 22, 1966 July 15, 1969 Minister of Tourism and Recreation Commission, Northern Affairs (till Sept 24, 1968)
Alvin Mackling
 NDP July 15, 1969 September 4, 1973
Howard Pawley NDP September 4, 1973 October 24, 1977
  • Minister of Municipal Affairs (Jul 15, 1969 – Sept 22, 1976)
  • Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act
    (Sept 22, 1976)
Gerald Mercier
 PC October 24, 1977 November 17, 1981
Roland Penner NDP November 17, 1981 September 21, 1987
Victor (Vic) Schroeder NDP September 21, 1987 May 9, 1988 Minister responsible for Manitoba Development Corporation (since Feb 4, 1987)
James McCrae PC May 9, 1988 September 1990 Until April 21, 1989:
  • Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs
  • Minister of Co-operative Development
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
  • Minister for the Liquor Control Act

1990–present

Manitoba Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General[11][39]
Minister Party Start of term End of term Concurrent positions held
James McCrae PC September 1990 September 10, 1993
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
  • Minister responsible for Liquor Control Act
Rosemary Vodrey PC September 10, 1993 January 6, 1997
Vic Toews PC January 6, 1997 October 5, 1999
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
Gord Mackintosh NDP October 5, 1999 September 21, 2006
David Chomiak NDP September 21, 2006 November 3, 2009 Government House Leader
Andrew Swan NDP November 3, 2009 November 3, 2014
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
  • Minister for The MPI Corporation Act
James Allum NDP November 3, 2014 April 29, 2015
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
  • Minister for The MPI Corporation Act
Gord Mackintosh NDP April 29, 2015 May 3, 2016
  • Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
  • Minister for The MPI Corporation Act
Heather Stefanson PC May 3, 2016 August 1, 2018
Cliff Cullen PC August 1, 2018 January 5, 2021
Cameron Friesen PC January 5, 2021 January 18, 2022
Kelvin Goertzen PC January 18, 2022 October 18, 2023
  • Minister Responsible for Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI)
Matt Wiebe NDP October 18, 2023 Incumbent
  • Minister Responsible for Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI)

See also

Crime and justice in Manitoba

Crime and justice in Canada

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "The Great Seal of the Province of Manitoba | Manitoba." Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  2. ^ Police Services Act.
  3. ^
    Rated capacity

Citations

  1. ^ "Annual Report of Manitoba Justice (including Justice Initiatives Fund) (2009–2010)" (PDF). Winnipeg: Manitoba Justice. 2010. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Manitoba Justice Annual Report 2019 - 2020" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Manitoba Justice - Annual Report 2017-2018" (PDF). www.gov.mb.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Cabinet Ministers: James Allum". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  5. ^ Manitoba Justice 2010, p. 11.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "396?sessionsearch Department of the Attorney General." Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 2021 January 25.
  7. ^ a b c d "The Department of Justice Act information table". Manitoba Laws. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Justice | Province of Manitoba". Province of Manitoba - Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  9. ^ a b Department of Justice. Archives of Manitoba.
  10. ^ "Province of Manitoba | Cabinet Ministers". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  11. ^ a b c d e "MLA Biographies - Living". www.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  12. ^ a b Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  13. ^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws (C.C.S.M. Acts)". web2.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  14. ^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  15. ^ Justice, Manitoba. "C.C.S.M. Acts (by minister responsible)". web2.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  16. ^ "Courts | Manitoba Justice". Province of Manitoba - Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  17. ^ a b "Law Enforcement Review Agency (LERA)" (PDF). www.gov.mb.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d The History of Manitoba's Law Enforcement Review Agency (LERA)
  19. ^ "Family Law | Manitoba Justice". Province of Manitoba - Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  20. ^ "Family Law Manitoba | Province of Manitoba". Family Law Manitoba | Province of Manitoba. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  21. ^ "2019/20 Annual Report - Delivering Access to Justice for Low-income Manitobans" (PDF). www.legalaid.mb.ca. Legal Aid Manitoba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2024.
  22. ^ The Legal Aid Manitoba Act.
  23. ^ "Legal Aid Manitoba". www.legalaid.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  24. ^ a b "History". www.legalaid.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  25. ^ "Public Interest Law Centre". www.legalaid.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  26. ^ "Corporate Directors' Manual" (PDF). www.legalaid.mb.ca. Legal Aid Manitoba. 27 November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2024.
  27. ^ "Manitoba Law Reform Commission". www.manitobalawreform.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  28. ^ a b c "Community Safety Division". Manitoba Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  29. ^ Community Notification Advisory Committee (CNAC)
  30. ^ "Justice | Province of Manitoba".
  31. ^ "Justice | Province of Manitoba".
  32. ^ a b "About Us - Manitoba Police Commission | Province of Manitoba". Manitoba Police Commission. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  33. ^ "Manitoba Police Commission | Province of Manitoba". Manitoba Police Commission. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  34. ^ a b c "Adult Correctional Centres". Manitoba Justice. Archived from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  35. ^ a b "Youth Correctional Centres." Manitoba Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  36. ^ "Community Corrections Programs." Manitoba Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  37. ^ a b "Contact info | Community Safety Division (Manitoba Corrections)". Manitoba Justice. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  38. ^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  39. ^ a b c "MLA Biographies - Deceased". www.gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
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