Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada
Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) (1873) Dominion Police (1868)
Employees	30,558 (2021)
Volunteers	Approximately 1,600 auxiliary constables[8]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency	Canada
Operations jurisdiction	Canada
Constituting instruments	Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act) Various provincial police legislation
General nature	Federal law enforcement Local civilian police
Operational structure
Overseen by	Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Headquarters	M. J. Nadon Government of Canada Building 73 Leikin Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2[9]
Sworn members	22,445[10] (April 2021) Commissioners: 1 Deputy commissioners: 6 Assistant commissioners: 26 Chief superintendents: 54 Superintendents: 179 Inspectors: 339 Corps sergeants major: 1 Sergeants major: 10 Staff sergeants major: 8 Staff sergeants: 830 Sergeants: 1,993 Corporals: 3,641 Constables: 11,970 Special constables: 106 Civilian members: 3,087
Unsworn members	5,759[10] (April 2021) Public Service employees: 8,307
Minister responsible	Commissioner
Parent agency	Public Safety Canada
Divisions	15[10] National Division: National Capital Region B Division: Newfoundland and Labrador C Division: Quebec D Division: Manitoba E Division: British Columbia F Division: Saskatchewan G Division: Northwest Territories H Division: Nova Scotia J Division: New Brunswick K Division: Alberta L Division: Prince Edward Island M Division: Yukon O Division: Ontario V Division: Nunavut Depot Division: Regina, Saskatchewan; Innisfail, Alberta
Detachments	712[11]  Alberta: 119  British Columbia: 154  Manitoba: 88  New Brunswick: 44  Newfoundland and Labrador: 43  Northwest Territories: 22  Nova Scotia: 53  Nunavut: 26  Ontario: 16  Prince Edward Island: 6  Quebec: 14  Saskatchewan: 113  Yukon: 14
Facilities
Vehicles	8,677 Cars: 5,600 Trucks: 2,350 Motorcycles: 34 Snowmobiles: 481 All-terrain vehicles: 181 Armored Personnel Carriers: 2
Boats	5
Fixed-wings	26 Moncton shooting 2020 Nova Scotia attacks 2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers
Awards	Battle honours Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (2007)
Website
rcmp.ca
While a federal agency, the RCMP also serves as the local law enforcement agency for various provincial, municipal, and First Nations jurisdictions.[13]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada, GRC) is the national police service of Canada. The RCMP is an agency of the Government of Canada; it also provides police services under contract to 11 provinces and territories, over 150 municipalities, and 600 Indigenous communities. The RCMP is commonly known as the Mounties in English (and colloquially in French as la police montée).

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was established in 1920 with the amalgamation of the

service, and horses are used only at ceremonial events and certain other occasions.

The Government of Canada considers the RCMP to be an unofficial national symbol,[22] and in 2013, 87 per cent of Canadians interviewed by Statistics Canada said that the RCMP was important to their national identity.^[23] However, the service has faced criticism for its broad mandate,^[24][25] and its public perception in Canada has gradually soured since the 1990s, worn down by workplace culture lawsuits, several high-profile scandals, staffing shortages, and the service's handling of incidents like the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks.^[26][27] The treatment of First Nations people by the RCMP has also been criticized, especially when enforcing injunctions to build fossil fuel infrastructure on Indigenous ancestral lands. The RCMP have also been accused of infiltrating activist groups in social justice groups, and inciting violence within protests against global summits.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was formed in 1920 by the amalgamation of two separate federal police services: the

police services.

In 1928, the federal government authorized the RCMP to enter into heavily subsidized contracts with provinces and municipalities, enabling the service to return to its roots in local policing. The federal government paid 60 per cent of the policing costs, while provinces and municipalities paid the remaining 40 per cent.[29] By 1950, eight of the ten Canadian provinces had disbanded their provincial police services in favour of subsidized RCMP policing.^[32]

As part of its national security and intelligence functions, the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada. These included the

In 1932, RCMP members killed Albert Johnson, the

In 1935, the RCMP, acting as the provincial police service for

During the interwar period, the RCMP employed special constables to assist with strikebreaking. For a brief period in the late 1930s, a volunteer militia group, the Legion of Frontiersmen, was affiliated with the RCMP.^[43] Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization, which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary police service.

In 1940, the RCMP schooner St. Roch facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada's Arctic territory. It was the first vessel to navigate the Northwest Passage from west to east, taking two years, the first to navigate the passage in one season (from Halifax to Vancouver in 1944), the first to sail either way through the passage in one season, and the first to circumnavigate North America (1950).^[44]

In 1941, two African-Canadian men from Nova Scotia applied to join the RCMP. The commissioner at the time, Stuart Wood, allegedly allowed them to sit for entrance tests in the hopes that they could be definitively refused entry to the service as "their colour would raise the question of policy."^[45] Both men ultimately passed the requisite tests, but neither was given an offer of employment.^[45]

In the wake of the 1945 defection of

amalgamated with the RCMP.

In June 1953, the RCMP became a full member of the

Late 20th century

emergency response team

in training in 2010. The tactical unit was formed in 1977.

On July 4, 1973, during a visit to

In 1978, the RCMP formed 31 part-time emergency response teams across the country to respond to serious incidents requiring a tactical police response.^[49][50]

In 1986, in the wake of the 1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa and the bombing of Air India Flight 182, the Canadian government directed the RCMP to form the Special Emergency Response Team (SERT), a full-time counter-terrorism unit.^[51][52]

In the early 1990s, journalists at the

In 1993, the SERT was transferred to the

.

In 1995 the Personal Protection Group (PPG) of the RCMP was created at the behest of Jean Chrétien after the break-in by André Dallaire at the Prime Minister's official Ottawa residence, 24 Sussex Drive.^[57] The PPG is a 180-member group responsible for VIP security details, chiefly the prime minister and the governor general.^[58]

In 1998, the RCMP, with the permission of the owners AEC, bombed an oil well shed as part of a 'dirty tricks' campaign during a dispute between AEC and Wiebo Ludwig.^[59]

The RCMP Security Service (RCMPSS) was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities following revelations of illegal covert operations relating to the Quebec separatist movement.^[60] As a result, the RCMPSS was replaced by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) in 1984, and is statutorily independent of the RCMP.

In the late 1970s, revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist Parti Québécois. This led to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP, better known as the "McDonald Commission", named for the presiding judge, Justice David Cargill McDonald. The commission recommended that the service's intelligence duties be removed in favour of the creation of a separate intelligence agency, the CSIS. The RCMP and the CSIS nonetheless continue to share responsibility for some law enforcement activities in the contemporary era, particularly in the anti-terrorism context.^[61]

Mayerthorpe Tragedy in Whitecourt, Northern Alberta

Due to 9/11, the RCMP Sky Marshals, which is charged with security on passenger aircraft, was inaugurated in 2002.^[62]

Four RCMP officers were fatally shot during the

In 2006, the United States Coast Guard's Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called "Shiprider", in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 U.S. Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent was to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border.^[65]

U.S. Coast Guard

member conduct a boarding as a part of Shiprider law enforcement operations. RCMP-U.S. Coast Guard Shiprider operations began in 2006.

On December 6, 2006,

In the wake of the 2007

but were unsuccessful.

In July 2007, two RCMP officers were shot and succumbed to their injuries in the

]

By the end of 2007, the RCMP was named Newsmaker of the Year by The Canadian Press.^[67]

The RCMP mounted the

On June 3, 2013, the RCMP's A Division was renamed the "National Division" and tasked with handling corruption cases "at home and abroad".[69]

Moncton shooting

was apprehended.

In June 2014, three RCMP officers were murdered during the

In October 2016, the RCMP issued an apology for harassment, discrimination, and sexual abuse of female officers and civilian members. Additionally, they set aside a $100 million fund to compensate these victims. Over 20,000 current and past female employees who were employed after 1974 are eligible.[74]

In January 2019 of that year, the RCMP enforced an injunction against the Wet’suwet’en first nation, raiding the Unist’ot’en Camp and arresting 14 people. This sparked widespread protests and solidarity actions across Canada after reports surfaced of the use of violence by the RCMP.^[75]

In February 2020, The RCMP again enforced the injunction, leading to further arrests and escalating tensions. Rail blockades and other disruptions occurred across the country in support of the Wet’suwet’en. There was widespread condemnation across Canada of the surveillance tactics employed by the RCMP. During one protest, two journalists were arrested by the RCMP during the protests, prompting an investigation by the federal government.^[76] The RCMP was further criticized when video footage of officers breaking into the homes of Wet'suwet'en community members and pointing weapons at peaceful protesters surfaced on youtube.^[77] In audio recordings played in the B.C. supreme court, RCMP officers referred to First Nations opposed to gas pipelines as "orcs" and "ogres".^[78]

On March 10, 2020, Chief

RCMP Constable Heidi Stevenson was killed while responding to the

In the early 2020s, several governments, politicians, and scholars recommended terminating the RCMP's contract policing program.[93]^[94][95][96] Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022.^[97]

In June 2021, Privacy Commissioner of Canada Daniel Therrien found that the RCMP had broken Canadian privacy law through hundreds of illegal searches using Clearview AI.^[98]

In February 2022, four men were arrested near Coutts, Alberta, for their roles in an alleged conspiracy to kill RCMP officers during the Canada convoy protest.^[99]

On September 19, 2022, the RCMP led the procession through London, England, following the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II due to the long-standing special relationship with the Queen.^[100][101]

In 2023, the Mass Casualty Commission recommended that the RCMP replace its Depot-based training regime with a more intensive university-style program and that the federal public safety minister review the RCMP's involvement in contract policing.^[102] Later that year, the force established a new direct-entry program for federal policing candidates.^[103] Those recruited for the program will be required to complete a shorter, more focussed 14-week training curriculum in Ottawa before being posted to a federal policing position.^[104] As of 2024, the implementation is suspended due to concerns raised by unions.^[105]

In the early 2020s, the cities of Surrey, British Columbia, and Grande Prairie, Alberta, both established independent municipal police forces to replace the RCMP. In the wake of these decisions, and similar moves by the governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan to establish supplementary provincial police services to support (and, according to some critics, eventually replace) the RCMP, Commissioner Mike Duheme indicated that the RCMP was learning how to better manage transitions to local policing from contract policing.^[106] Similar transitions have been proposed, debated, or approved in some Alberta First Nations, rural Manitoba, and rural New Brunswick.^[107][108]

As the federal police service of the

American historian Andrew Graybill argued the RCMP historically resembled the Texas Rangers in many ways: each protected the established order by confining and removing Indigenous peoples; tightly controlling the mixed-blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas and the Métis in Canada); assisting the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land; and breaking the power of labor unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.^[109]

From 1920 (1933, with respect to the Indian Act)^[110] to 1996, RCMP officers served as truant officers for Indian residential schools, including through the transition of students from federal residential to provincial day schools after 1948,^[111] assisting principals, staff, Indian agents, relatives, and members of the communities in bringing truant children to the schools,^[112] sometimes by force,^[113] as per the Indian Act,^[112] and as was common for truant non-Indigenous children through the same period.^[114] Marcel-Eugène LeBeuf stated in his report for the RCMP that records and oral histories indicate the force "was responding, in its most traditional police role, to a request to protect children"^[115] and that abuses within the residential school system were largely unreported to the RCMP at the time.^[112]

During the federal government's imposition of municipal-style elected councils on First Nations people, the RCMP raided the government buildings of particularly resistant traditional hereditary chiefs' councils and oversaw the subsequent council elections—the Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council was originally referred to as the "Mounties Council" as a result of the RCMP's involvement in its installation.^[116]

In 1995, the RCMP intervened in the Gustafsen Lake standoff between the armed Ts'peten Defenders, occupying what they claimed was unceded Indigenous land, and armed ranchers, who owned the land and had previously allowed Indigenous people to use part of it on the condition they not erect permanent structures. The RCMP's response included 400 tactical assault team members, five helicopters, two surveillance planes, and nine Bison armoured personnel carriers on loan from the Canadian Army^[117] and sparked international controversy over the RCMP's use of unusually broad press exclusion zones.^[118] One of the members of the Ts'peten Defenders was later granted political asylum in the United States after an Oregon judge found that the RCMP's reporting of the incident—marked by an RCMP member's off-hand comment to media that "smear campaigns are [the RCMP's] specialty"—amounted to a "disinformation campaign."^[119][120]

Coastal GasLink Pipeline in Vaughan

, 2020.

Between January 2019 and March 2020, the RCMP spent $13 million policing and periodically enforcing

Women in the RCMP

In the 1920s, Saskatchewan provincial pathologist Frances Gertrude McGill began providing forensic assistance to the RCMP in their investigations.^[123] She helped establish the first RCMP forensic laboratory in 1937,^[124] and later was its director for several years. In addition to her forensic work, McGill also provided training to new RCMP and police recruits in forensic detection methods.^[123] Upon her retirement in 1946, McGill was appointed honorary surgeon to the RCMP and continued to act as a dedicated consultant for the service up until her death in 1959.^[125]

On May 23, 1974, RCMP Commissioner Maurice Nadon announced that the RCMP would accept applications from women as regular members of the service. Troop 17 was the first group of 32 women at Depot in Regina on September 16, 1974, for regular training.^[126] This first all-female troop of 30 women graduated from Depot on March 3, 1975.^[127]

After initially wearing different uniforms, female officers were finally issued the standard RCMP uniforms. Now all officers are identically attired, with two exceptions. The ceremonial dress uniform, or "walking-out order", for female members has a long, blue skirt and higher-heeled slip-on pumps plus a small black clutch purse (however, in 2012 the RCMP began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms).^[128]) The second exception is the official maternity uniform for pregnant female officers assigned to administrative duties.

The following years saw the first women attain certain positions.

Policing by the RCMP and other public and

The

.

Surveillance by the RCMP and CSIS has also played a critical role in suppressing civil society, notably environmental activists.^[136][137] The financial expense incurred to the public for these policing efforts are significant—internal RCMP accounting shows that the C-IRG unit spent almost $50M on policing pipeline, logging standoffs in B.C. in its first five years of operations.^[138] This spending comprised approximately $3.5M, $27.6M, and $18.7M policing the Trans Mountain Expansion pipeline, CoastalGas Link pipeline, and Fairy Creek logging blockage, respectively.^[138]

An Access to Information request revealed documents containing requests by the National Energy Board to the RCMP and CSIS to monitor and report on advocacy groups who opposed pipeline projects.^[139] According to the records, a member of CSIS or RCMP allegedly infiltrated a community organizing meeting and wrote a report on their findings sharing with Enbridge — the company that owns the Northern Gateway pipeline project — as well as other prominent oil and gas industry leaders part of Natural Resources Canada. The BC Civil Liberties Association launched two formal complaints regarding “improper surveillance” on civilian advocacy groups, claiming the act unconstitutional and illegal to surveil such “peaceful democratic activities.”^[139]

Project Sitka was a coordinated intelligence effort to compile names of Indigenous and non-Indigenous activists who may use "unlawful tactics" in Indigenous resistance protests. The initiative was concluded in 2015 but was revived in 2016 after the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion's approval. The RCMP instructed officers to "provide any updates to Project Sitka's list of disruptive and volatile subjects from respective divisions."^[137]

The RCMP spent around $3.5M policing protests around the Trans Mountain Expansion pipeline project.^[138]

Tiny House Warriors — a group of Indigenous activists who erected small houses along the pipeline's right of way^[140] — were attacked by a group of masked assailants who destroyed ritual installations, physically attacked activists, and stole and drove one of the activists cars into their protest house.^[141] A prominent spokesperson for the Tiny House Warriors, Kanahus Manuel, who was based about 175 kilometres northeast of Kamloops and whose car was used by assailants to attempt to demolish her house, told the Tyee that she was convinced "there was not even any attempt by the RCMP to look for these guys."^[142]

On December 14, 2018, a provincial court granted TransCanada (now TC Energy) an injunction to proceed with construction efforts of their Coastal Gas Link pipeline — a 670 km long pipeline that would pass through the Wet’suwet’en Nation. At the time, the Unist’ot’en Camp blockade was actively protesting the development. A new checkpoint was set up on land of the Gitim'ten (Gitimd’en),^[143] one of the five clans of the Wet’suwet’en Nation, to continue blocking access to the construction site.

On January 7, 2018, the RCMP conducted a militarized raid on the Gitim'ten checkpoint, arresting 14 people. Investigations revealed that prior to the raid, RCMP commanders had instructed and encouraged violence, "lethal overwatch" (a term to deploy lethal force), and that arrests were necessary to "sterilize the site."^[144]

After the violent evictions, and surveillance recorded of Indigenous land defenders, the UN’s Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination published a letter calling for more information on the ceasing of construction of the Trans Mountain Pipeline and the Coastal Gas Link Pipeline due to the related harms caused to the Secwépemc and Wet’suwet’en peoples.^[145]

A report by Amnesty International detailed widespread "intimidation and harassment" of Wet’suwet’en people by the RCMP when acting to protect the CoastalGas Link's construction.^[146][147]

Several global summits where protests erupted decrying global injustices suffered violent repression by RCMP and local police forces. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 3rd Summit of the Americas hosted in Quebec City from April 20 to 22, 2001 faced massive protests, referred to as the Quebec City (or A20) protests. Police liberally fired tear gas and rubber bullets and deployed water cannons to attack and disperse the crowd.^[148] On November 13, 2003, the complaint's chairwoman Shirley Heafey argued that "RCMP members used excessive and unjustified force in releasing tear gas to move the protesters when a more measured response could have been attempted first."^[149]

Other summits where the RCMP played a role in a controversial police response to protests include the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) summit in Montebello, Quebec in August 2007, where masked protesters believed to be undercover police incited violence.^[150] There was also what was then named the "largest-ever police spy operation" aimed at activists organizing the 2010 G20 Summit protests in Toronto, Ontario.^[151] It was revealed via Freedom of Information requests that "at least 12 undercover officers infiltrated groups" spanning Vancouver, southern Ontario, Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa, in one of the largest-ever such operations internal to Canada.^{[151][152][153][154][155]}

The RCMP is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act), an act of the Parliament of Canada. Under sections 3 and 4 of the RCMP Act, the RCMP is a police service for Canada; namely, a federal police service.^[156] However, section 20 of the RCMP Act provides that the RCMP may be used for law enforcement in provinces or municipalities if certain conditions are met.^[157] As explained by Justice Ivan Rand of the Supreme Court of Canada, "what is set up is a police service for the whole of Canada to be used in the enforcement of the laws of the Dominion, but at the same time available for the enforcement of law generally in such provinces as may desire to employ its services."^[158]

Under section 5 of the RCMP Act,

Divisions

The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division in Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: National Division (National Capital Region) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division, Depot Division, which comprises the RCMP Academy in Regina and the Police Dog Service Training Centre^[162] in Innisfail. The RCMP National Headquarters are in Ottawa, Ontario, established in 1920.^[163]

Division	Location	Year established	Headquarters
National (formerly A)	National Capital Region	1874	Ottawa
Depot	Regina	1885	Regina
B	Newfoundland and Labrador	1874	St. John's
C	Quebec	1874	Montreal
D	Manitoba	1874	Winnipeg
E	British Columbia	1874	Surrey
F	Saskatchewan	1874	Regina
G	Northwest Territories	1885	Yellowknife
H	Nova Scotia	1885	Halifax
J	New Brunswick	1932	Fredericton
K	Alberta	1885	Edmonton
L	Prince Edward Island	1932	Charlottetown
M	Yukon	1904	Whitehorse
O	Ontario	1920	Toronto
V	Nunavut	1999	Iqaluit

Some historical divisions are no longer in use.

Historical RCMP Divisions^[163]

Division	Location	Years established
HQ (now RCMP National Headquarters)	Ottawa	1920–1987
N (now Canadian Police College and Musical Ride headquarters)	Ottawa	1905–1987

A detachment is a section of the RCMP that polices a local area. Detachments vary greatly in size.

The largest RCMP detachment is in Burnaby, British Columbia.^[164] Previously, Surrey, British Columbia, once had the largest detachment with over a thousand employees. However, amid criticism over gang violence and growing debate during the 2018 civic election, the municipal Surrey Police Service eventually assumed jurisdiction, ending Surrey's RCMP policing contract that had been in place since 1951.^[165][166]

Conversely, detachments in small, isolated rural communities have as few as three officers. The RCMP formerly had many single-officer detachments in these areas,^[167][168] but in 2012 the RCMP announced that it was introducing a requirement that detachments should have at least three officers.^[168]

As of 2022, several large Indigenous communities do not have RCMP detachments and are instead served by detachments in much smaller non-Indigenous communities.^[169]

The Personal Protection Group (PPG) is a 180-member group responsible for security details for the

, federal ministers other than the prime minister, and diplomats) and others under the direction of the minister of public safety.

The RCMP International Operations Branch (IOB) assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-seven liaison officers are placed in 23 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security with other countries, to assist in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.^[170]

Liaison officers are in:

The RCMP also provides law enforcement training overseas in Iraq and other Canadian peacekeeping missions. The RCMP has been involved in training and logistically supporting the Haitian National Police since 1994, a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP. Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training.^[171]

As of April 1, 2019^[update], the RCMP employed 30,196 men and women, including police officers, civilian members, and public service employees.^[10]

Actual personnel strength by ranks:

• Commissioners: 1
• Deputy commissioners: 6
• Assistant commissioners: 28
• Chief superintendents: 57
• Superintendents: 187
• Inspectors: 322
• Corps sergeants major: 1
• Sergeants major: 8
• Staff sergeants major: 9
• Staff sergeants: 838
• Sergeants: 2,018
• Corporals: 3,599
• Constables: 11,913
• Special constables: 122
• Civilian members: 7,695
• Public servants: 3,403
• Total: 30,196

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) compensates its officers based on a tiered pay scale that reflects their rank and years of service. Entry-level constables begin with a starting salary of $71,191 per year, ^[172]with incremental raises leading to higher earnings as they gain experience:

• 6 months of service: $92,497 per year
• 12 months of service: $100,356 per year
• 24 months of service: $108,220 per year
• 36 months of service: $115,350 per year

The term regular member, or RM, originates from the RCMP Act and refers to the 18,988 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as

, international peacekeeping, bike or marine patrol, explosives disposal, and police dog services. Also included are administrative roles including human resources, corporate planning, policy analysis, and public affairs.

Besides the regular RCMP officers, several types of designations exist which give them assorted powers and responsibilities over policing issues.

Presently, there are:

• Community constables: Varies across Canada ^{[citation needed]}
• Reserve constables : Varies across Canada^[173]
• Auxiliary constables: Varies across Canada^[174]
• Special constables: 122^[10]
• Civilian criminal investigators: 35 ^[175]
• Civilian members: 7,590^[10]
• Public servants: 3,497^[10]

A designation introduced in 2014 as a replacement for the community safety officers and Indigenous community constables pilot programs.^[176][177] Community constables are armed, paid members holding the rank of special constables, with peace officer power.^[178] They are to provide a bridge between the local citizens and the RCMP using their local and cultural knowledge.^[179] They are mostly focused on crime prevention, liaisons with the community, and providing resources in the event of a large-scale event.^[180]

A program reinstated in 2004 in British Columbia, it was later expanded to cover all of Canada to allow for retired, regular RCMP members and other provincially trained officers to provide extra manpower when shortages are identified.^[181] R/Cst. are appointed under Section 11 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act as paid part-time, armed officers with the same powers as regular members.^[182] However, they are not allowed to carry service-issued sidearms and use of force options unless they are called upon to duty.^[181] They generally carry out community policing roles but may also be called upon if an emergency occurs.^[181][183]

Volunteers within their community, appointed under provincial police acts.

, and assistance during situations where regular members might be overwhelmed with their duties (e.g., keeping watch of a backseat detainee while an RM interviews a victim). They are identified by the wording "RCMP Auxiliary" on cars, jackets, and shoulder flashes.

Special constables (S/Cst.)

Employees of the RCMP have varied duties depending on where they are deployed but are often given this designation because of the expertise they possess that needs to be applied in a certain area. For example, an Indigenous person might be appointed a

special constable

to assist regular members as they police an Indigenous community where English is not well understood, and where the special constable speaks the language well.

They still perform this role today in many isolated northern communities and the RCMP has 122 special constables who are active, and they are drawn almost entirely from the same Indigenous communities that they serve. From the early years of policing in northern Canada, and well into the 1950s, local Indigenous people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides to obtain and care for sled dog teams. Many of these former special constables still reside in the north to this day and are still involved in the regimental functions of the RCMP. Most pilots for RCMP aircraft, such as fixed-wing planes or helicopters, are special constables.

Civilian criminal investigators (CCI)

CCIs were implemented in 2021. They are civilian unarmed staff members, with limited peace officer status and are restricted from making physical arrests.[185] CCIs have backgrounds in computer science or financial markets and are involved in specialized investigations.^[175] They participate in interviews, the preparation of court documents, and the searching of scenes.

While not delegated the powers of police officers, they are instead hired for their specialized scientific, technological, communications, and administrative skills. Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal, provincial, and municipal policing duties, it offers employment opportunities for civilian members as professional partners within Canada's national police service. Civilian members represent approximately 14 percent of the total RCMP employee population and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada. The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals.

• Administrative
  • Human resource management
  • Police Records Information Management Environment (PRIME-BC)
  • Policy development and analysis
  • Staff development and training
  • Translation
• Operations
  • Telecommunications operator (dispatcher)^[186]
• Scientific (forensic laboratory services)^[187]
  • Biology services
  • Firearms and toolmark identification (covering Forensic firearm examination, ballistics, and related examinations)
  • National Anti-counterfeiting Bureau
  • Toxicology services
  • Trace evidence
• Technical
  • Communications
  • Computer systems development
  • Counterfeit analysis
  • Document examination
  • Electronics Technology
  • Firearms technology
  • Forensic identification services
  • Information services and public affairs
  • Information technology
  • Instrument technology
  • Telecommunications

Also referred to as public servants, PSes, or PSEs, they provide much of the administrative support for the RCMP in the form of detachment clerks and other administrative support at the headquarters level. They are not police officers, do not wear a uniform, have no police authority, and are not bound by the RCMP Act.

Abbreviated as "ME" they are found in RCMP detachments where a contract exists with a municipality to provide front-line policing. MEs are not employees of the RCMP but are instead employed by the local municipality to work in the RCMP detachment. They conduct the same duties that a PSE would and are required to meet the same reliability and security clearance to do so. Many detachment buildings house a combination of municipally and provincially funded detachments, and therefore there are often PSEs and MEs found working together in them.

The rank system of the RCMP is partly a result of their origin as a paramilitary service. Upon its founding, the RCMP adopted the rank insignia of the Canadian Militia (which in turn came from the British Army). As in the military, the RCMP also has a distinction between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.^[188] The non-commissioned ranks are mostly based on military ranks (apart from constable). Non-commissioned officer ranks above staff sergeant resemble those that formerly existed in the Canadian Army, but have since been replaced by warrant officers.^[189] The commissioned officer ranks, by contrast, use a set of non-military titles that are often used in Commonwealth police services. The number of higher ranks like chief superintendent and deputy commissioner have been added on and increased since the formation of the service, while the lower commissioned rank of sub-inspector has been dropped.

The numbers are current as of April 1, 2019:^[190][191]

Commissioned officers[192]
Commissioner	Deputy commissioner	Assistant commissioner	Chief superintendent	Superintendent	Inspector
Commissaire	Sous-commissaire	Commissaire adjoint	Surintendant principal	Surintendant	Inspecteur
Commr.	D/Commr.	A/Commr.	C/Supt.	Supt.	Insp.
1	6	33	55	186	331

These are the official abbreviations for the commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the RCMP.^[193][194]

Non-commissioned officers[192]						Constables	Depot
Corps sergeant major	Sergeant major	Staff sergeant major	Staff sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Constable	Cadet
Sergent-major du corps	Sergent-major	Sergent-major d'état major	Sergent d'état-major	Sergent	Caporal	Gendarme	Cadet
C/S/M.	S/M.	S/S/M.	S/Sgt.	Sgt.	Cpl.	Cst.	Cdt.
1	8	10	828	2,037	3,565	11,859	Varies
						No Insignia

The inspector ranks and higher ranks are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the Governor-in-Council. Depending on the badges and dresses which are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on shoulder boards, or directly on the epaulettes. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers, and the insignia continues to be based on pre-1968 Canadian Army patterns. Since 1990, the non-commissioned officers' insignias & insignias have been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket. Constables wear no rank insignia. There are also 122 special constables, as well as a varying number of reserve constables, auxiliary constables, and students who wear identifying insignia.

The

rank. The rank of sub-inspector was abolished in 1990, leaving the RCMP with no subaltern ranks.

A royal crown is used in the regimental cap badge and the insignia of senior commissioned officers. In 1955

. Although Queen Elizabeth II adopted the redesign of the heraldic crown in 1953, it took some time to design, approve, and manufacture the new insignia.

The crossed

.

The brass shoulder title pin on the epaulettes was changed from "RCMP" to "GRC-RCMP" in 1968. (GRC stands for Gendarmerie royale du Canada, the RCMP's French-language title). This was due to a 1968 ruling stating that all statutes had to be published bilingually in both English and French. As a law enforcement agency, the RCMP had to use ranks and titles in both languages. This was later reinforced by the Official Languages Act (1969) .

Several members of the

In addition to members of the Canadian Royal Family holding these positions, as federal law enforcement officers all members of the RCMP swear allegiance to the Monarch of Canada, presently King Charles III.^[199]

The commissioner-in-chief is the most senior honorary and ceremonial leadership position in the RCMP; it is held by Charles III, King of Canada, who was bestowed the role prior to his coronation in 2023.^[200]

The role was established as a separate role for the Canadian monarch from that of honorary commissioner in 2012. The first holder was

Before the creation of commissioner in chief, the role of honorary commissioner was usually held by periodically by the Canadian monarchs and heirs apparent. Since 2023 the role of honorary commissioner has not been in use.[202]

Honorary deputy commissioners are honorary positions held by senior members of the Canadian Royal Family, whose role is also to show the connection of the Royal Family and the RCMP.

The current honorary deputy commissioners are Anne, Princess Royal, and Edward, Duke of Edinburgh.^[202]

Honorary commissioner was a role in the RCMP which had been held by Canadian monarchs and heirs apparent. Since Charles III's appointment as commissioner-in-chief in April 2023 the role of honorary commissioner has not been in use.^[200]

Position	Holder		Duration		Notes
	Title on taking post	Current title or title on vacating post	From	To
Honorary commissioner	Prince Edward, Prince of Wales	Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor	May 3, 1920	1937[198]	To coincide with the change of name from Royal Northwest Mounted Police to Royal Canadian Mounted Police[203]
Honorary commissioner	Queen Elizabeth II	Same	July 7, 1953	May 10, 2012[207]
Commissioner-in-chief			May 10, 2012	September 8, 2022	In celebration of her Diamond Jubilee[205][208]
Honorary deputy commissioner	Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex	Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh	October 12, 2007	Present[198]	Accepted title at an RCMP regimental dinner.[198]
Honorary commissioner	Prince Charles, Prince of Wales	King Charles III	May 10, 2012	April 28, 2023	Accepted title at Depot Division when the Queen became commissioner-in-chief[198][205]
Commissioner-in-chief	King Charles III	Same	April 28, 2023	Present	Appointment conferred in a ceremony at Windsor Castle[209]
Honorary deputy commissioner	Princess Anne, Princess Royal	Same	November 10, 2014	Present[210]	Accepted title at the Musical Ride Centre[198]

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Fleet data is from 2010, over 13 years ago.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023)

Ford Police Interceptor Utility

in Drumheller, Alberta.

Ford Police Interceptor used by the RCMP, in front of the Vancouver International Airport

The RCMP Land Transport Fleet inventory includes:[211]

The RCMP policies

; such operations are provided by the RCMP's Federal Services Directorate and include enforcing Canada's environment, fisheries, customs, and immigration laws. In provinces and municipalities where the RCMP performs contract policing, the service polices freshwater lakes and rivers.

To meet these challenges, the RCMP operates the Marine Division, with five Robert Allan Ltd.–designed high-speed catamaran patrol vessels; Inkster and the Commissioner-class Nadon, Higgitt, Lindsay and Simmonds, based on all three coasts and manned by officers specially trained in maritime enforcement. Inkster is based in Prince Rupert, BC, Simmonds is stationed on Newfoundland's south coast, and the rest are on the Pacific Coast.^[212] Simmonds' livery is unique, in that it sports the RCMP badge, but is otherwise painted with Canadian Coast Guard colours and the marking Coast Guard Police. The other four vessels are painted with blue and white RCMP colours.

The RCMP operates 377 smaller boats, defined as vessels less than 9.2 m (30 ft) long, at locations across Canada. This category ranges from

RCMP ship fleet

Ship name	Type	Class	Base	Specifications	Propulsion	Top speed	Builder	Year commissioned	Crew
Inkster	Patrol vessel	n/a	Prince Rupert, BC	19.75 m (64.8 ft) fast patrol aluminium catamaran		25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph)+	Allied Shipbuilders Limited of North Vancouver, BC	1996	4
Nadon	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV (Raven Class)	Nanaimo, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1991	4
Higgitt	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	Campbell River, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1992	4
Lindsay	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	Patricia Bay, Victoria, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1993	4
Simmonds	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	South coast Newfoundland	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1995	4

Aircraft fleet

As of February 2023, the RCMP had 35 police aircraft (9 helicopters and 26 fixed-wing aircraft) registered with Transport Canada and operate as ICAO airline designator SST, and telephony STETSON.^[213][12] All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch.

RCMP Fleet

Aircraft	Number[12]	Variants	Notes
Aerospatiale AS350 Écureuil	6	AS 350B3	Helicopter, AStar 350 or "Squirrel"
Airbus H145	1	H145	Helicopter, light twin-engine, four-axis autopilot. Serving the Lower Mainland of BC ("E" Division)
Cessna 206	5	U206G, T206H	Fixed wing, Stationair (station wagon of the air), general aviation aircraft
Cessna 208 Caravan	3	208, 208B	Fixed wing, caravan, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter	1	300 Series	Fixed wing, 20-passenger STOL feederliner and utility aircraft, twin-engine.
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri	2	EC 120B	Light helicopter, "Hummingbird"
Pilatus PC-12	15	PC-12/45, PC-12/47, PC-12/47E	Fixed wing, turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft
Quest Kodiak	1	100	Fixed-wing, un-pressurized, turboprop-powered fixed-tricycle-gear, STOL
Sikorsky UH-60	2	UH-60A	Utility helicopter leased from Helicopter Transport Services Canada (C-FHLY and C-FHKS); ex US Army 1981/1985

Hogue grip

• double-action
  only, with a 4 in (100 mm) barrel and a double-column 15-round magazine.
  • Emergency response team (ERT) and dog handler members were issued modified Model 5946s with magazine safeties removed until they were replaced with the SIG Sauer P226R.
• Smith & Wesson Model 3953 (1996–present) – Special issue compact sidearm for plainclothes members and commissioned officers. It can also be requested as a service pistol by members with small hands who cannot positively grip the larger Model 5946. It is similar to the Model 5946 except it has a shorter 3.5 in (89 mm) barrel, a shortened grip, and a single-column eight-round magazine.
• 9×19mm
  ) – Standard issue sidearm for ERT and dog-handler members. It replaced the modified Model 5946 that had been previously issued.
• Glock Model 19 – Special issue sidearm for Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) members.
• Heckler & Koch MP5 – Adopted by the ERT
• Remington Model 700 (.308 Winchester) bolt-action rifle
• Remington 870
  12-gauge shotgun
• 5.56mm NATO
  )
• 5.56mm NATO
  ) – Adopted by ERT
  • Colt Canada C8 IUR (integrated upper receiver) 5.56mm NATO. The semi-automatic C8 IUR was adopted for general use in October 2011,^[214] but the first batch were not procured until 2013.^[215] The first RCMP Cadets began qualifying on the C8 IUR and receiving Active Shooter training in 2015.^[216]
• Robert Dziekański incident, all older M26 models and 60 faulty X26 models in stock were removed and destroyed in 2010 due to being outside of specifications.^[217]
• Oleoresin capsicum spray
• expandable defensive batons

Rifles

• Canadian Arsenals Limited (CAL)
  Fabrique Nationale
  and had been rebuilt by CAL to meet C1A1 standards. Used from 1961 to 1969.
• Winchester Model 70 Issued in .308 Winchester. Used from 1960–1973. This rifle was replaced by the Remington 700.
• Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk 1 – issued in .303 British
  . World War II surplus rifles were used from 1947 to 1966. Replaced by CAL C1A1 and Winchester 70.
• Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) No. 1 Mk III – issued in .303 British. World War I surplus rifles used from 1919–1947.^[218]
• Lee-Enfield carbine (LEC) – issued in .303 British
  . Procured as military surplus from militia stores to replace the unsatisfactory Ross Rifle. Used from 1914 to 1920. This was the last general-issue rifle used by the NWMP. The RCMP that replaced it only issued rifles according to need.
• Ross rifle – issued in .303 British. The Ross Mk I was issued from 1905 to 1907 and the improved Ross Mk II was in testing from 1909 to 1912.^[218] The Mk I design was accepted by the Canadian Militia in 1903. The NWMP looked at acquiring the Ross to replace the Winchester and Lee-Metford and ordered 1000. Production problems led to delays until 1904; the most glaring being that the finished product did not match their original specifications.^[218] The NWMP demanded their contract carbines use a different set of iron sights (which later became standard on the Mk II) which delayed production for a further year.^[218] The carbines received in 1905 were plagued with quality control problems that made them more fragile than the weapons they were to replace. After a constable suffered an eye injury in 1907 the Ross carbines were withdrawn.^[218] When the improved Ross Mk II rifles arrived in 1909 the wary NWMP decided to test-fire all of them fully before issuing them. A fire at the depot in Regina in 1911 destroyed almost all of the new rifles.^[218] The NWMP then gave up on the Ross.
• Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) Mk.I rifle
  – issued in .303 British; it was the first smokeless powder weapon in NWMP service. Loaned to the NWMP from the Victoria and Winnipeg militias to replace a stolen cache of M1876 Winchesters. The NWMP "forgot" to give them back later. Used from 1902 to 1920.
• Lee-Metford carbine – issued in .303 British. The Metford rifling gave tighter groups when fired than the later Enfield, but the rifling wore out faster. Only 200 were procured. Used from 1895 to 1914. Replaced by the Lee-Enfield carbine.
• Winchester Model 1876 saddle carbine – issued in .45-75 Winchester. Popular for its handiness and rate of fire, but it was too fragile for the rough handling and use it received in the field. Used from 1878 until 1914.^[219]
  and replaced by the Lee-Enfield Carbine.
• Snider–Enfield Mark III cavalry carbine – issued in .577 Snider. Single-shot breach-loading conversion of an Enfield caplock muzzle-loader. Used from 1873 to 1878 and replaced by the Winchester Model 1876 lever-action rifle.

Service pistols

• Smith & Wesson military and police revolver – issued with 5 in (130 mm) barrel, in .38 Special. It served more than forty years from 1954 to 1996. Plainclothes members carried a variant with a 4 in (100 mm) barrel.
  • In 1981, the standard loading was changed from a 158 gr (0.36 oz; 10.2 g) .38 Special
    hollow-point (SWCHP), a violation of the Hague Convention of 1899 if used in a military context.^[220]
• Colt New Service revolver – issued with 5.5 in (140 mm) barrel; 700 ordered in .455 Webley in 1904, with .45 Long Colt versions being delivered from 1919; in all, over 3,200 were issued.^[220][218] 455 Webley was the British military service round, and .45 Long Colt was the standard Canadian service round until both were replaced by the NATO-standard 9×19mm Parabellum post World War II. Used from 1904 to 1954.
• Enfield Mark II revolver – issued in .476 Enfield, about 1080 Mark IIs obtained from Britain's Ministry of Defence, after it was learned the Beaumont–Adams had been discontinued.^[221][218] The remaining .450 Adams ammunition, which was compatible with the .476 Enfield round, was issued until stocks were depleted. Used from 1882 to 1911.
• Beaumont–Adams revolver – first issue weapon, in .450 Adams. 330 Mark Icas was purchased from Britain's Ministry of Defence in 1873 and issued after delivery in 1874. Rough handling of the crates in transit, poor packing by the contractor who shipped the guns, and previous service wear made them unsuitable for service.^[218] The constables sometimes had to manually turn the cylinders due to cracked feed hands or keep both hands on the grips for the springs to work due to loose screws.^[222] Later, these were to be replaced by 330 Enfield Mark IIs,^[223] but many were stolen en route.^[222] Used from 1874 to 1888.

Pistols

Due to procurement problems with the Beaumont–Adams revolvers, constables sometimes carried their sidearms chambered in a standard service calibre.

• Tranter revolver – chambered in .450 Adams, the standard service round. It was similar to the Beaumont-Adams revolver it was substituted for.
• Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolver – chambered in .44 Russian, a very^[quantify] powerful cartridge^{[according to whom?]} in its day^[when?]. Thirty were purchased in 1874 by the NWMP to field-test the .44 Russian round for service. Its non-standard chambering and the difficulty of getting ammunition for it led to its being withdrawn.
• Webley & Scott Bull Dog revolver^[224] – chambered in .450 Adams. Its small size made it a handy^{[further explanation needed]} backup pistol. Most were originally procured to arm NWMP constables assigned to protecting mail cars on trains. The constables would sometimes "absent-mindedly forget" to hand the pistols back afterwards.

Sidearms

• 1821 pattern light cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued to commissioned officers in 1882 as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the M1896 light cavalry sabre.
• 1853 pattern cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued in 1882 to non-commissioned officers as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the 1821 pattern sabre.
• 1896 pattern light cavalry sabre – Replaced the 1821 pattern sabre as the NWMP officer's ceremonial sword.
• 1908 pattern cavalry sabre – Carried by the Mounted Police detachment sent to Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War.
• Straightstick baton manufactured in wood and plastic
• Sap gloves – Prohibited by RCMP policy. Presently not used.

• 1912 pattern cavalry officer's sword carried by officers. The blade is acid etched on both sides with the monarch's crown, Canadian coat of Arms, royal cypher
  , and RCMP badge.
• 1908 pattern cavalry sword
  carried by NCOs on the Musical Ride
• Bamboo-shafted lance carried by members on horseback on the Musical Ride. The lance is used as a decorative item and flourishes during trick and formation riding. The pennant is red over white, the national colours of the Canadian flag. It represents the Pattern 1868 cavalry lance carried by the NWMP in the 1870s.
• Drill cane
• Swagger stick
• Commissioner's tipstaff

In 1973,

Uniform

Operational uniform

RCMP officers on frontline police duties wear grey shirts with RCMP shoulder flashes, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping,

In 1990, Baltej Singh Dhillon became the RCMP's first

Dress uniform

RCMP officers are equipped with a dress uniform, popularly known as the "blue serge", for performing certain formal duties, such as media relations or parliament testimony. It consists of a navy blue dress jacket with epaulets and brass buttons, a white shirt, a navy blue tie, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping, and a peaked cap with a solid gold band.^[231] Shoulder flashes are not worn.

For most formal and ceremonial duties, RCMP wears the internationally-famous

Decorations

Members receive a clasp and service badge star for every five years of service.

.

Tartan

The RCMP has since 1998 had its own distinctive

Military status

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada
King Charles III[209]
Commissioner	Michael Duheme
Honorary deputy commissioners	The Duke of Edinburgh[236] The Princess Royal[237]
Insignia
Tartan	RCMP
Abbreviation	RCMP/GRC

Military unit

Although the RCMP is a civilian police service, in 1921, following the service of many of its members during the First World War, King George V awarded the service the status of a regiment of dragoons, entitling it to display the battle honours it had been awarded.

The RCMP predecessor, the North-West Mounted Police, were involved in several battles during the

. The service raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles, mostly from NWMP members, for service in South Africa. For the CMR's distinguished service there, King Edward VII honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the "Royal Northwest Mounted Police" (RNWMP) on June 24, 1904.

During the First World War, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted border patrols, surveillance of enemy aliens, and enforcement of national security regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On August 6, 1914, a squadron of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, A Squadron for service in France and Flanders and B Squadron for service in the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force.

In September 1939, at the outset of the Second World War, the Canadian Army had no military police. Five days after war was declared the Royal Canadian Mounted Police received permission to form a provost company of service volunteers. It was designated "No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP)", and became the Canadian Provost Corps. Six months after war was declared its members were overseas in Europe and served throughout the Second World War as military police.

U.S. Army

unit in Afghanistan, with an RCMP element embedded with them (centre foreground), 2010.

RCMP members were embedded with several military units in Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan from 2001–14. The RCMP was a member agency of the Afghan Threat Finance Cell, a multi-agency intelligence organization formed in 2008.^[239]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the status of a regiment of dragoons in 1921. As a

Battle honours

The RCMP also carries the honorary distinctions for the Canadian Provost Corps (Military Police), presented September 21, 1957, at a Parliament Hill ceremony for contributions to the corps during the Second World War. The honorary distinction was recognized on the guidon presented in 2023 with its inclusion among other RCMP battle honors.^[242]

The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of

In recent decades, Canadian public perception of the RCMP has become less favourable. In 2022 Angus Reid survey found that 41 per cent of Canadians had little or no confidence in the RCMP, compared to 37 per cent of Canadians served by a provincial police service.^[245] The study also found that the RCMP as a whole was less trusted compared to municipal police services or individual RCMP detachments.^[245]

During the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, several witnesses described apathy or disrespect on the part of officers taking statements about violence against Indigenous women, while others said that some officers declined to take statements altogether.^[246][23]

In 1912, Ralph Connor's Corporal Cameron of the North-West Mounted Police: A Tale of the MacLeod Trail appeared, and became an international best-selling novel. Mounties fiction became a popular genre in both pulp magazines and book form. Among the best-selling authors who specialized in tales of the Mounted Police were James Oliver Curwood, Laurie York Erskine, James B Hendryx, T Lund, Harwood Steele (the son of Sam Steele), and William Byron Mowery.

lobby card for Renfrew of the Royal Mounted

, a 1937 film that depicts a Mountie as its protagonist

In other media, a famous example is the

boy's adventure novels written by Laurie York Erskine beginning in 1922 and running to 1941. In the 1930s Erskine narrated a Sgt Renfrew of the Mounties radio show and a series of films with actor-singer James Newill playing Renfrew were released between 1937 and 1940. In 1953 portions of the films were mixed with new sequences of Newill for a Renfrew of the Mounted television series.

Bruce Carruthers (1901–1953), a former Mounted Police corporal (1919–1923), served as an unofficial technical advisor to Hollywood in many films with RCMP characters.^[247] They included Heart of the North (1938), Susannah of the Mounties (1939), Northern Pursuit (1943), Gene Autry and The Mounties (1951), The Wild North (1952), and The Pony Soldier (1952).

In 1959, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired R.C.M.P., a half-hour dramatic series about an RCMP detachment keeping the peace and fighting crime. Filmed in black and white, in and around Ottawa by Crawley Films, the series was co-produced with the BBC and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ran for 39 episodes. It was noted for its pairing of Québécois and Anglo officers.

Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with

are depicted as serving members of the service. In the latter case, due to trademark issues, Major Mapleleaf is described as a "Royal Canadian Mountie" in the opening roll call pages of each issue of Alpha Flight he appears in.

in 1992.

The 1998

(Hallmark Channel).

The 1987

.

In 2009, a 13-part documentary about the RCMP released, Courage in Red, was released. From 2011, the CTV fantasy drama series The Listener regularly features characters who work for the Integrated Investigative Bureau, a fictional division of the RCMP that brings together various specialists, officers, and civilian consultants to work on high-profile or federal cases. Although characters in the employ of the IIB are rarely, if ever, depicted wearing uniform, they are often addressed by their ranks—two main characters are Sergeant Michelle McClusky and Corporal Dev Clark.

In the 2021 TV series

it is revealed characters Elliot Spencer, Sophie Devereaux, Parker, and Breanna Casey will not do jobs in Canada because of the RCMP, who want them for various crimes. The four claim the RCMP is the most dangerous police service in the world, will put you down politely and never forget a face, and that Mounties hate being called "Dudley Do-Right."

There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP, like Mountie statues or hats. Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police received an international license on April 1, 1995, requiring those who use the RCMP to pay a licensing fee. Proceeds from the fees are used for community awareness programs.^[249] Those that do not pay the licensing fee are legally unable to use the name of the RCMP or their correct uniforms, though a film such as Canadian Bacon used the name "Royal Mounted Canadian Police" and the character in the Dudley Do-Right film did not wear accurate insignia.

Through a master licensing agreement (MLA) with the RCMP, the

but Disney never owned or controlled any of the RCMP's protected marks. Following the expiration of the Disney contract in 2000, all responsibilities and activities were taken over by the executive director and his staff, reporting to the foundation president and board of directors. In 2007, through a decree signed by Commissioner Beverley Busson, the operating name was changed to the "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Foundation".

Public relations program

RCMP community relationship-building programs include the Musical Ride. The Musical Ride is an equestrian showcase of RCMP riders, that performs across Canada each year from May to October.^[252] The RCMP Sunset Ceremony (French: Cérémonie du crépuscule) has taken place every summer since 1989 at the Musical Ride Centre in Ottawa,^[253][254] with it in recent years featuring the Ottawa Police Service Pipe Band and the Governor General's Foot Guards Band.^[255][256] The RCMP National Ceremonial Troop is a unit that serves as dismounted version of the Musical Ride as well as a drill team. Individual divisions also have their ceremonial troops.

The RCMP Heritage Centre is a multi-million-dollar museum designed by Arthur Erickson that opened in May 2007 in Regina, Saskatchewan, at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the service in Canada's history.

There are eight regional RCMP pipe bands across Canada that act as "garrison bands" for the provincial division, and attend parades, police ceremonies, and public events.^[257] The first of these bands were established in 1992 in Alberta.^[258] The following are the locations of the regional volunteer pipe bands:

Before 1994, the RCMP also operated the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Band (

It was dissolved in 1994 due to government budget cuts. In its 55-year existence, it operated as a voluntary regimental band, with its members working with it as a secondary job apart from their other duties in the RCMP. Members of the band wore the RCMP's Red Serge as part of their full dress uniform and adopted drill seen in Canadian military bands and bands in the British Army. Its longest-serving director was Superintendent Edwin Joseph Lydall, who served from 1948 to 1968.^[264]

• Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
• List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage
• List of controversies involving the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
• Police brutality against Indigenous Canadians
• Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples
• List of Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins
• RCMP harassment policy

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Registration of a Badge". Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. Official website of the Governor General. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
2. ^ "Grant of Flags and Badges". Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. Official website of the Governor General. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
3. ^ ^{a b} Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (April 19, 2018). "Tipstaff". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
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5. ^ Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (January 24, 2020). "History of the RCMP | Royal Canadian Mounted Police". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
6. ^ "Infographic for Royal Canadian Mounted Police". GC InfoBase. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat.
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10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "About the RCMP > RCMP workforce". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. November 22, 2021. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
11. ^ "Find a detachment". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
12. ^ ^{a b c d} "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Royal Canadian Mounted Police". Transport Canada. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
13. ^ "About the RCMP". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. April 26, 2016. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
14. ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, RSC 1985, c R-10, s 11.1.
15. ^ "Border Law Enforcement". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. July 22, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
16. ^ "Peace operations". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. August 9, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
17. ^ "Firearms". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. October 10, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
18. ^ "Canadian Police College". June 25, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
19. ^ "Police in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
20. ^ "Community policing". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. April 15, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
21. ^ "Contract policing". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. August 30, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
22. ^ "Unofficial symbols of Canada". Government of Canada. June 5, 2020.
23. ^ ^{a b c} "The Dark Side of the RCMP". The Walrus. October 20, 2021.
24. ^ "The RCMP is broken". Maclean's. July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
25. ^ Hager, Mike (May 2, 2021). "RCMP's dismal record on investigating money laundering in B.C. is improving, Cullen Commission hears". Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
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External links

• Official website
• Royal Canadian Mounted Police Reports 1929–1948 at Dartmouth College Library

45°25′N 75°40′W / 45.42°N 75.66°W / 45.42; -75.66