Mitra (Hindu god)

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This article is about the Vedic deity Mitra. For other divinities with similar names, see Mitra.
Mitra
God of friendship, oaths and the morning sun
Member of
Vashishtha and Agastya (from Urvashi
)
  • Utsarga, Arishta and Pippala (from Revati)

    • Mitra (

    ṛtá "Truth, Order". In the late Vedic texts and the Brahmanas, Mitra is increasingly associated with the light of dawn and the morning sun (while Varuna becomes associated with the evening, and ultimately the night). In the post-Vedic texts – in which Mitra practically disappears[2] – Mitra evolved into the patron divinity of friendship, and because he is "friend", abhors all violence, even when sacred.[3]

    Onomastics

    Look up Mitra and मित्र in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

    The Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra means "(that which) causes [-tra] to bind [mi-]", hence Sanskrit mitram, "covenant, contract, oath",[4] the protection of which is Mitra's role in both the Rigveda and in the Mitanni treaty. In post-Vedic India, the noun mitra came to be understood as "friend", one of the aspects of bonding and alliance. Accordingly, in post-Vedic India, Mitra became the guardian of friendships. In most Indian languages, the word mitr means 'friend'. The feminine form of the word in languages like Marathi or Hindi is maitrin or mitrā.

    In the Vedas

    In the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedic texts, Mitra is mostly indistinguishable from Varuna, together with whom Mitra forms a dvandva pair Mitra-Varuna,[a] and in which Mitra-Varuna has essentially the same characteristics as Varuna alone.[1][5][6] Varuna is not only the greater of the two, but also – according to RV 2.12 – the second-greatest of the RigVedic gods after Indra.[1]: 134  Rigvedic hymns to Mitra-Varuna include RV 1.136, 137, 151–153, RV 5.62-72, RV 6.67, RV 7.60-66, RV 8.25 and RV 10.132. Mitra is addressed independently in one hymn only RV 3.59,[1] where he has hardly any traits that distinguish him from Varuna,[1] and owing to the scantiness of the information supplied in that hymn his separate character appears somewhat indefinite.[1]

    Mitra as an independent personage is insignificant. ... One theory holds that the dvandvic union possibly represents an apotropaic application [of "friend"] to the otherwise frightening and dangerous Varuna."[7]

    Combined descriptions

    Mitra-Varuna are conceived as young,[1] they wear glistening garments,[1] are monarchs and guardians of the whole world[1] and their palace is golden,[1] with a thousand pillars and a thousand doors.[1] They support (and are frequently invoked next to) heaven and earth,[1] and the air between heaven and earth.[1] They are lords of rivers and seas,[1] and they send rain and refreshment from the sky.[1]

    They wet the pastures with dew of clarified butter (

    Vashishtha and Agastya emerged.[8]

    Asuras and devas

    Although they are Asuras, Rigvedic Mitra-Varuna are also addressed as

    Soma 1.91.3; Vishnu 1.156.1). A characteristic unique to Mitra is his ability to marshal the people (yātayati, yātayáj-jana), an attribute that appears to be peculiarly his.[1]

    Distinct characteristics

    In some of their aspects, Varuna is lord of the cosmic rhythm of the sun and other celestial spheres, while Mitra brings forth the light at dawn, which was covered by Varuna the previous evening. Mitra is also independently identified as being force by which the course of the sun is regulated (ṛta); Savitr (RV 1.35) is identified with Mitra because of those regulations, and Vishnu (RV 1.154) takes his three steps by those regulations.[1] Agni is kindled before dawn to produce Mitra, and when kindled is Mitra.[1]

    In the Atharvaveda, Mitra is again associated with sunrise, and is contrasted with Varuna's association with the evening.[1] In the Brahmanas, the exegetical commentaries on the Vedas, the associations with morning and evening lead Mitra to be connected with the day, and Varuna with night.[1] Also in Shatapatha Brahmana, Mitra-Varuna is analyzed as "the Counsel and the Power" – Mitra being the priesthood (Purohita), and Varuna the royal power (Rājān).

    In Post-Vedic texts

    Mitra appears in post-Vedic

    Aditya, (the sons of the goddess Aditi, fathered by the sage Kashyapa).[9][10] According to Bhagavata Purana, Revati (lit. 'prosperity') is the name of Mitra's wife and the couple has three sons—Utsarga, Arishtha and Pippala.[11]

    The pairing of Mitra with Varuna is still present;[10] a yajna dedicated to them by Vaivasvata Manu is mentioned in these scriptures. An instance of rivalry between Varuna and Mitra also occurs:

    Both Mitra and Varuna became enamored of the celestial nymph
    Vashishtha and Agastya were born, who are considered to be the sons of both Mitra and Varuna.[8][10]

    Other significant references to Mitra include the legend of

    earth goddess; his fight with Praheti in the Devasura war; and his worship by Pandava King Yudhishthira and Akrura.[12][full citation needed
    ]

    In inscriptions

    Indic Mitra is first attested in a 14th century BCE

    Nasatyas as guarantors of his sworn obligations.[13]

    In living tradition

    In the Atharvaveda, Mitra is associated with sunrise, and accordingly, Mitra is worshipped in the sunrise prayers of the Hindus. The morning upasthaana prayer, recited to the risen sun after contemplation on the sacred Gayatri mantra, is a collection of Vedic verses addressing Mitra.[citation needed]

    Mitra is co-worshipped in the Mitrotsavam Hindu festival of the Sun god Surya, whose orderly traversal of the sky is ensured by Mitra (e.g. RV 1.35) and Mitra-Varuna (e.g. RV 8.25.8).

    Mitra is also worshiped in Bengal in the month of Agrahayan (November- December). Worship begins on

    Kartik Sankranti, the last day of the Bengali calendar month Kartik; and after worshiping the Mitra Dev (locally called Itu Thakur) for the full month, it[clarification needed
    ] is abducted into water on the day of Agrahayan Sankranti.

    This puja is celebrated like a Vrata especially by women. On the first day, adherents bring a clay pot full of soil and plant many kind of seeds and plant roots in it. Every Sunday of the month they worship and sprinkle water on it. On the final day they abduct Itu Thakur in water before sunset.[clarification needed]

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. ^ In Sanskrit dvandva compounds, the shorter name always appears first, regardless of seniority, hence 'Mitra-Varuna' even though Varuna is the more important of the two.

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (1917). A Vedic Reader. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–83, 118–119, 134.
    2. ^ Visuvalingam, Elizabeth-Chalier (1989). "Bhairava's royal Brahmanicide". Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the guardians of popular Hinduism. New York, NY: State University Press. p. 200.
    3. ISBN 0-942299-13-2
      .
    4. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German). Vol. II. Heidelberg: Winter. pp. 354–355.
    5. ^ Lüders, Heinrich (1951). Alsdorf, Ludwig (ed.). Varuna und das Wasser [Varuna and the Water(s)]. Varuna (in German). Vol. I. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
    6. ^ Lüders, Heinrich (1959). Alsdorf, Ludwig (ed.). Varuna und das Rta [Varuna and the Rta]. Varuna (in German). Vol. II. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
    7. ^ York, Michael (2005). "Mitra". In Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; Foulston, Lynn; York, Michael (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 503.
    8. ^
      ISBN 978-1-4384-0437-0
      .
    9. ISBN 978-1-85109-650-3
      – via Internet Archive.
    10. ^
      ISBN 978-0-8196-0228-2
      .
    11. ISBN 978-1-59477-733-2
      . The classic work on Hindu polytheism
    12. ^ Cologne Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index
    13. ^ Læssøe, Jørgen (1963). People of Ancient Assyria: Their inscriptions and correspondence. Routledge. p. 86.
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