Neurohormone

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A neurohormone is any

paracrine (local) messenger.[3]

The

sympathetic neurons, even though they are not neurons they are derivatives of the neural crest.[4]

Enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells, both being enteroendocrine cells, are also considered neuroendocrine cells due to their structural and functional similarity to chromaffin cells, although they are not derivatives of the neural crest.[5] Other neuroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the body. Neurohormone are released by neurosecretory cells

Releasing hormones

Releasing hormones also known as hypophysiotropic or hypothalamic hormones are synthesized by different kinds of specialized neurons in the hypothalamus. They are then transported along neuronal axons to their axon terminals forming the bulk of the median eminence, where they are stored and released into the hypophyseal portal system. They then rapidly reach the anterior pituitary where they exert their hormonal action. The residual hormones pass into the systemic circulation where they are diluted, degraded and have comparatively little effects. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals (neurotransmitters).[6][7] The neurons secreting various hormones have been found to discharge impulses in burst, causing a pulsatile release which is more efficient than a continuous release.[8]
Hypophysiotropic hormones include:

Neurohypophysial hormones

infundibular stalk to their axon terminals forming the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and released into the systemic circulation. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals.[9]
Neurohypophysial hormones include:

This is through this pathway that the vast majority of oxytocin and vasopressin hormones reach the systemic circulation.

Adrenomedullary hormones

Adrenomedullary hormones are catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells, neurosecretory cells connected to the central nervous system.[10] The synthesis, storage (in chromaffin cells) and release of catecholamines is co-regulated by synaptic input from their respective pre-synaptic sympathetic neurons, as well as hormonal and local inputs.[11][12] The adrenomedullary hormones are:

Enteric neurohormones

Enterochromaffin cells in the epithelia lining the lumen of the digestive tract secrete serotonin, while enterochromaffin-like cells at the stomach glands secrete histamine. Their synthesis, storage, and release of hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and nervous inputs.[13][14][15][16][17]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-7167-3873-2
    .
  2. ^ Nelson. 2005 An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition
  3. ^ Purves et al. p. 714.
  4. PMID 16187226
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  5. PMID 4448939
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  6. PMID 6112966
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  7. PMID 20074584
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  8. ISBN 978-3-540-76090-0
    .
  9. PMID 11427695
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  10. PMID 19609938
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  11. PMID 12873702
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  12. PMID 1446648
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  13. PMID 10564076
    .
  14. PMID 19404271
    .
  15. PMID 18626069
    .
  16. PMID 21685896
    .
  17. PMID 8612997
    .
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