Nicholas I Kőszegi
Nicholas (I) Kőszegi | |
|---|---|
| Palatine of Hungary | |
| Reign | 1275 1276–1277 1284–1285 1289 1291 1294–1295 1296 1297–1298 |
| Born | c. 1240 |
| Died | 1299 |
| Noble family | House of Kőszegi |
| Issue | Nicholas II John Béri |
| Father | Henry I |
| Mother | Henry's first wife |
Nicholas (I) Kőszegi (Hungarian: Kőszegi (I.) Miklós, Croatian: Nikola Gisingovac; died 1299) was a Hungarian influential lord in the second half of the 13th century. He was a member of the powerful Kőszegi family. He served as Palatine of Hungary at various times between 1275 and 1298. He was also Ban of Slavonia twice. Albeit he participated in several rebellions against the royal power, he proved to be more moderate and conformist than his younger brothers. He swore loyalty to Andrew III of Hungary after their failed rebellion in 1292. In comparison to the other branches of the Kőszegi family, Nicholas' branch remained relatively insignificant, as he did not establish an oligarchic province independently of the king, unlike his brothers. Nicholas was ancestor of the Rohonci family, which flourished until the mid-15th century.
Family
Nicholas I was born in the 1240s into the wealthy and influential
His marriage to an unidentified noblewoman produced two sons. The elder one was Nicholas II (also "the Rooster"), who inherited his domains and became ancestor of the Rohonci family (then Ludbregi), which flourished until the middle of the 15th century, but was declared disgraced by King Sigismund in 1403. According to genealogist Pál Engel, Nicholas also had another son, John, whose only known son Nicholas was mentioned with the surname "Béri" by a single document in 1368.[2]
Early career
Nicholas Kőszegi first appeared in contemporary records in March 1265, when he participated in the Battle of Isaszeg alongside his father Henry and brother Ivan. During the civil war between Béla IV of Hungary and his son Duke Stephen, Nicholas' father was a staunch supporter of the king and led the royal army against the duke. However Stephen gained a decisive victory over his father's army, and Henry Kőszegi and his two sons were captured.[3] The Kőszegis were being held as prisoners and after the Battle of Isaszeg, Béla IV was forced to accept the authority of Stephen in the eastern parts of the kingdom. On 23 March 1266, father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on 'Rabbits' Island and Henry and his two sons, alongside others, were released from captivity.[4] When Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in May 1270, following his father's death, several barons, including Henry and his sons handed over their castles along the western borders to Ottokar II. They had spent the next two years in exile at Ottokar's court in Prague.[5] Their departure caused a war between Hungary and Bohemia, which lasted until the conclusion of an agreement in Pressburg in July 1271.[6]
Henry Kőszegi and his sons returned from Bohemia to Hungary following Stephen's death in the summer of 1272. His ten-year-old son
Powerful baron
Rebellions against Ladislaus IV
Despite their violent actions against the monarch, the Kőszegis regained their influence and retook the power by the spring of 1275, when Nicholas became Palatine, the most prestigious position, while his younger brother Ivan was made Ban of Slavonia. Beside his dignity, Nicholas also functioned as ispán of Sopron County.[11] Nicholas' appointment as Palatine marked a turning point in the history of the feudal anarchy. Prior to that, the rivaling baronial groups delegated elderly honored barons to the office, for instance, Denis Péc or Roland Rátót. After 1275, when Nicholas broke this "tradition", the leading members of the two major "parties" have now placed themselves in this dignity.[12] As Palatine, Nicholas confirmed the previous royal donation and ceded the twentieth tithe of Sopron County to the Cistercian monastery at Borsmonostor (today Klostermarienberg, a borough of Mannersdorf an der Rabnitz in Austria).[13] Nicholas lost his dignity by the autumn of 1275, when the Csáks retook the positions in the royal council. Thereafter the Csák group launched a massive military campaign against the Kőszegi and Gutkeled dominions; Peter Csák's troops devastated Veszprém, the episcopal see of Peter Kőszegi, Nicholas' brother. Joachim Gutkeled and the Kőszegis again removed their opponents from power at an assembly of the barons and noblemen at Buda around 21 June 1276.[14] Subsequently, Nicholas was styled as Palatine of Hungary and ispán of Moson and Sopron counties until the next year.[15]
The Kőszegis' ally Joachim Gutkeled died while battling against the
From 1277, the Kőszegi family was in rebellion against Ladislaus IV; the politically motivated Ivan Kőszegi even invited the king's distant relative
In 1285, when Albert I, Duke of Austria led his forces against Ivan's province after his series of looting and pillaging raids, and intended to besiege Borostyánkő Castle, Ivan again sought assistance from Nicholas, Peter and Henry, who recruited an army of 1,000 people.[22] In order to eliminate the powerful barons' influence over the royal council, Ladislaus managed a self-coup in September 1286, expelling members of the Kőszegi–Borsa baronial group from the government body. Also Neglecting the Kőszegis' aristocratic rivals, the king appointed his own loyal soldiers and lesser nobles to the high positions. It is possible that Nicholas also lost his both offices during that time. Thereafter Ladislaus IV launched his fifth and last royal campaign against the Kőszegi territory in November 1286. The king seized Kőszeg, but Ivan managed to escape. Simultaneously, on the northern front of the war, Nicholas Kőszegi and Apor Péc besieged and captured Pressburg Castle, devastating the surrounding region (the castle was only recovered to the royal crown in the next year). The Borsas' troops arrived from Transtisia; they joint troops defeated Ladislaus' army at the river Zsitva (Žitava) in March. Meanwhile, the Kőszegis again invited Duke Andrew to claim the Hungarian throne.[25] After a new reconciliation, Nicholas Kőszegi was appointed Ban of Slavonia, he was first mentioned in this capacity in June 1287.[20] Ivan's continuous looting raids in Austria and Styria resulted a large-scale war ("Güssing Feud"; German: Güssinger Fehde) with Duke Albert throughout in 1289. The Austrians captured at least 30 fortresses and settlements along the western borders from the Kőszegis, including Nicholas' two castles, Rohonc (May) and Szentvid (December).[26]
Nicholas Kőszegi held the dignity of Palatine, according to a charter issued on 8 September 1289.[27] As another document, which was transcribed in the next day, refers to Reynold Básztély as an incumbent palatine, historian Gyula Pauler argued there were two palatines in the kingdom simultaneously during that time, as a precursor of the established political administration during the late reign of Andrew III.[28] However historian Attila Zsoldos questioned Pauler's theory, proving that the royal charter, which issued on 9 September, and its transcribed version on 30 September were non-authentic.[28] Historian Tibor Szőcs considers that Nicholas Kőszegi arbitrarily used the title of Palatine in September 1289, without the recognition of the monarch. He argues some texts of the non-authentic charters from that period were based on authentic documents.[29] Nicholas was styled as ispán of Somogy County from 1289 to 1295.[30]
Fluctuate relationship with Andrew III
The Kőszegi family supported the claim of Andrew the Venetian to the Hungarian throne since early 1290. Ladislaus IV was assassinated by his
There was a turning point in his political orientation after 1292. Nicholas did not support his younger brother, the more unscrupulous Ivan, who captured and imprisoned Andrew III during his journey to Slavonia for a brief time in August 1292. Nicholas involved in resolving the crisis and was among those loyal barons and nobles who sent their relatives or
Andrew III married
References
- ^ Markó 2006, p. 235.
- ^ Engel: Genealógia (Genus Héder 4. Kőszegi [and Rohonci] branch)
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 72.
- ^ a b c d Markó 2006, p. 236.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, pp. 123–124.
- ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 132.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 202.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 188.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 397–398.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 145.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, pp. 21, 199.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, p. 85.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, p. 253.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 398–400.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, pp. 21, 171, 199.
- ^ Zsoldos 2010, pp. 653–654.
- ^ Zsoldos 2010, pp. 655, 657.
- ^ Markó 2006, p. 13.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 415.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 47.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 149.
- ^ a b Szűcs 2002, p. 434.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, pp. 22, 186.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, p. 223.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, pp. 436–438.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 442.
- ^ a b c Zsoldos 2011, p. 23.
- ^ a b Szőcs 2014, p. 88.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, p. 92.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 195.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 169.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 454.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Szőcs 2014, p. 94.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 153.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 197.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Kádár 2022, p. 200.
- ^ Zsoldos 2003, p. 199.
- ^ Szőcs 2014, p. 95.
- ^ Szűcs 2002, p. 473.
Sources
- Kádár, Tamás (2022). "Pontosítások, megjegyzések és észrevételek az 1272–1301 között működő nádorok, illetve nádori címet használó előkelők archontológiájához [Clarifications, Comments and Remarks on the Archontology of the Reigning Palatines and Noblemen who used the Title of Palatine in the Period 1272–1301]". Fons. 29 (2). Szentpétery Imre Történettudományi Alapítvány: 155–206. ISSN 1217-8020.
- Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1.
- Szőcs, Tibor (2014). A nádori intézmény korai története, 1000–1342 [An Early History of the Palatinal Institution: 1000–1342] (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Támogatott Kutatások Irodája. ISBN 978-963-508-697-9.
- Szűcs, Jenő (2002). Az utolsó Árpádok [The Last Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. ISBN 963-389-271-6.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2003). "III. András". In Szovák, Kornél; Szentpéteri, József; Szakács, Margit (eds.). Szent István és III. András [Saint Stephen and Andrew III] (in Hungarian). Kossuth Kiadó. pp. 119–227. ISBN 963-09-4461-8.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2010). "A Henrik-fiak: A Héder nembéli Kőszegiek "családi története" [The Henry Sons: The "Family History" of the Kőszegis from the Kindred Héder]". Vasi Szemle (in Hungarian). 64 (6): 651–661. ISSN 0505-0332.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.