Nipmuc
Shawomet, Eastern Niantic peoples[4]
[5] |
The Nipmuc or Nipmuck people are an
The Nipmuc had contact with traders and fishermen from Europe prior to the colonization of the Americas.[6] The first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1630, when John Acquittamaug (Nipmuc) took maize to sell to the starving colonists of Boston, Massachusetts.[7] The colonists carried diseases, such as smallpox, to which the Native Americans had no immunity, and tribes in New England suffered high mortality rates to these infectious diseases. After the colonists encroached on their land, negotiated fraudulent land sales and introduced legislation designed to encourage further European settlement, many Nipmuc joined Metacomet's war against colonial expansion, known as King Philip's War, in 1675, though they were unable to defeat the colonists. Many of the Nipmuc were interned on Deer Island in Boston Harbor and died of disease and malnutrition, while others were executed or sold into slavery in the West Indies.
Christian missionary
The state of Massachusetts
Name
The tribe is first mentioned in a 1631 letter by Deputy Governor
Language
The Nipmuc most likely spoke
Tribal divisions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/300px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png)
The formation of the
- Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Dudley Indians
- Descendants of the Praying town of Chaunbunagungamaug, now part of Webster, on lands returned by the town of Dudley, Massachusetts. The tribe's reservation spans 2.5 acres in Thompson, CT, where its office is located, and across the border in Thompson, Connecticut.[15]
- Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band, Grafton Indians
- Descendants of the Praying town of Hassanamessit, now part of Grafton, Massachusetts. The tribe's reservation spans 3.2 acres and this parcel has never been out of the hands of the Nipmuc People. {[16]}
- Natick Massachusett, Natick Nipmuc
- The descendants of the Praying town of Natick, Massachusetts do not retain any of their original lands. The Natick are primarily descended from the Massachusett in addition to having Nipmuc ancestry.[citation needed] They qualify for state services as Nipmuc.[17]
- Connecticut Nipmuc
- Descendants of various Nipmuc who survived or relocated to Connecticut.[citation needed] The Nipmuc of Connecticut are not recognized by the state.[18]
Legal status
State recognition
Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis issued Executive Order #126 in 1976, which proclaimed that 'State agencies shall deal directly with ... [the] Hassanamisco Nipmuc ... on matters affecting the Nipmuc Tribe', as well as calling for the creation of a state 'Commission on Indian Affairs.'[19] The all-Indian Commission was established; it conferred state support for education, health care, cultural continuity, and protection of remaining lands for the descendants of the Wampanoag, Nipmuc and Massachusett tribes.[17][20] The state also calls for the examination of all human remains discovered in the course of construction and other projects, requiring notification of the Commission, who after the investigation by the State Archaeologist (in part in an effort to determine age of remains, decide the appropriate course of action.[21]
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts also cited the continuity of the Nipmuc(k) with the historic tribe and commended tribal efforts to preserve their culture and traditions. The state also symbolically repealed the General Court Act of 1675 that banned Native Americans from the City of Boston during King Philip's War.[22] The tribe also works closely with the state to undergo various archaeological excavations and preservation campaigns. The tribe, in conjunction with the National Congress of American Indians were against the construction of the sewage treatment plant on Deer Island in Boston Harbor where many graves were desecrated by its construction, and annually hold a remembrance service for members of the tribe lost over the winter during their internment during King Philip's War and protest against the destruction of Indian gravesites.[23]
Federal recognition efforts
On July 20, 1984, the BIA received the petition letter from the 'Nipmuc Tribal Council Federal Recognition Committee', co-signed by Zara Cisco Brough and her successor, Walter A. Vickers, of the Hassanamisco, and Edwin 'Wise Owl' W. Morse, Sr. of the Chaubunagungamaug.[citation needed] In January 2001, a preliminary finding was made by the BIA in favor of the Nipmuc Nation of Sutton, Massachusetts, which had most of its membership in Massachusetts, while a negative preliminary finding was issued for the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Band of Dudley, Massachusetts, which had its membership about evenly split between Massachusetts and Connecticut.[15] In 2004, the BIA notified the Nipmuc Nation that they had been rejected for federal recognition.[9]
Colonial-era history
17th century
As shown by the writings of
The colonists initially depended on the Native Americans for survival in the
Indian plantations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Eliot_monument_-_South_Natick%2C_MA_-_DSC09577.jpg/140px-John_Eliot_monument_-_South_Natick%2C_MA_-_DSC09577.jpg)
The royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1629 called for the conversion of Native Americans to Christianity.[26] The colonists did not begin this work in earnest until after the Pequot War proved their military superiority, and they gained official backing in 1644.[27]
Although many answered the call, the Rev.
Following is a list of Indian Plantations (Praying towns) associated with the Nipmuc:[27][28][29]
Chaubunagungamaug, Chabanakongkomuk, Chaubunakongkomun, or Chaubunakongamaug
- 'The boundary fishing place,' 'fishing place at the boundary,' or 'at the boundary.'
- Webster, Massachusetts (on lands ceded from Dudley).
Hassanamesit, Hassannamessit, Hassanameset, or Hassanemasset
- 'Place where there is [much] gravel,' or 'at a place of small stones.'
- Grafton, Massachusetts.
Magunkaquog, Makunkokoag, Magunkahquog, Magunkook, Maggukaquog or Mawonkkomuk
- 'Place of great trees,' 'granted place,' or 'place that is a gift.'
- Hopkinton, Massachusetts.
Manchaug, Manchauge, Mauchage, Mauchaug, or Mônuhchogok
- 'Place of departure,' 'place of marvelling,' 'island of rushes,' or 'island where reeds grow.'(?)
- Sutton, Massachusetts.
Manexit, Maanexit, Mayanexit
- 'Where the road lies,' 'where we gather,' 'near the path,' or 'place of meekness.'
- Thompson, Connecticut.
Nashoba
- 'The place between' or 'between waters.'
- Littleton, Massachusetts.
- Also settled by the Pennacook.
Natick
- 'Place of hills.'
- Natick, Massachusetts.
- Also settled by the Massachusett.
Okommakamesitt, Agoganquameset, Ockoocangansett, Ogkoonhquonkames, Ognonikongquamesit, or Okkomkonimset
- 'Plowed field place' or 'at the plantation.'
- Marlborough, Massachusetts.
Packachoag, Packachoog, Packachaug, Pakachog, or Packachooge
- 'At the turning place,' 'bends,' 'bare mountain place, or 'treeless mountain.'
- Auburn, Massachusetts.
Quabaug, Quaboag, Squaboag
- 'Red pond,' 'bloody pond' or 'pond before.'
- Brookfield, Massachusetts.
- 'Long brook' or 'little long river.'
- Thompson, Connecticut.
Wabaquasset, Wabaquassit, Wabaquassuck, Wabasquassuck, Wabquisset or Wahbuquoshish
- 'Mats for covering a lodge,' 'place of white stones,' or 'mats to cover the house.'
- Woodstock, Connecticut.
Wacuntuc, Wacantuck, Wacumtaug, Wacumtung, Waentg, or Wayunkeke
- 'A bend in the river.'
- Uxbridge, Massachusetts. originally Mendon, Massachusetts sold by Nipmuck as "Squnshepauk" Plantation
Washacum or Washakim
- 'Surface of the sea.'
- Sterling, Massachusetts.
- Also settled by the Pennacook.
King Philip's War
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Brookfield1.jpg/220px-Brookfield1.jpg)
The
18th century
The Nipmuc regrouped around their former
Wars
New England rapidly became swept up in a series of wars between the French and British and their respective Indian allies. Many of the Native Americans of New England who had left the region joined the Abenaki, who were allied to the French; however, local Native Americans were often conscripted as guides or scouts for the colonists. Wars occupied much of the century, including King William's War, (1689–1699), Queen Anne's War (1704–1713), Dummer's War (1722–1724), King George's War (1744–1748) and the French and Indian War (1754–1760). Many Native Americans also died in service of the Revolutionary War.[40][41]
Emigration
The upheaval of the Indian Wars and growing mistrust of the Native Americans by the colonists lead to a steady trickle, and sometimes whole villages, that fled to increasingly mixed-tribe bands either northward to the
Modern history
19th century
The Native Americans were reduced to wards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and were represented by state-appointed non-Native guardians. Rapid acculturation and intermarriage led many to believe the Nipmuc had simply just vanished, due to a combination of romantic notions of who the Native Americans were and to justify the colonial expansion.[43] Native Americans continued to exist but fewer and fewer were able to live on the dwindling reserve lands and most left to seek employment as domestics or servants in White households, out to sea as whalers or seafarers, or into the growing cities where they became labourers or barbers.[44] Growing acculturation, intermarriage, and dwindling populations led to the extinction of the Natick Dialect of the Massachusett language, and only one speaker could be found in 1798.[45] A cultural practice that survived was peddling handcrafted, square-edged splint baskets and medicines.[46] The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, after investigating the condition of the Native Americans, decided to grant citizenship to the Native Americans with the passage of the Massachusetts Enfranchisement Act of 1869, which ultimately led to the sale of any of the remaining lands. Hassanamessit was divided up among a few families. In 1897, the last of the Dudley lands were sold, and five of the families were placed in a tenement house on Lake Street in Webster, Massachusetts. "The rest scattered, moving with other Nipmuc families living in Woodstock, Worcester, Providence, and Hassanamisco. Worcester developed strong Indian enclaves in mainly African-American neighborhoods. Nipmuc activities became centered on the Hassanamisco Reservation. Events such as the Annual Clambake and elections on the 4th of July were times for Nipmucs to gather and discuss tribal business."[47]
Intermarriage
Intermarriage between Whites, Blacks (or Chikitis), and Native Americans began in early colonial times. Africans and Native Americans shared a complementary gender imbalance as slave-traders imported few female enslaved Africans into
Censuses
In 1848, the Massachusetts Senate Joint Committee on Claims called for a report on the condition of several tribes that received aid from the Commonwealth. Three reports were listed: The 1848 'Denney Report' presented to the Senate the same year; the 1849 'Briggs Report', written by Commissioners F. W. Bird, Whiting Griswold and Cyrus Weekes and presented to Governor George N. Briggs; and the 1859 'Earle Report', written by Commissioner John Milton Earle that was submitted in 1861. Each report was more informative and thorough than the previous one. The Nipmuc require having an ancestor listed on these reports and the disbursement lists of funds from Nipmuc land sales. The lists did not count all Native Americans, as many Native Americans may have been well-integrated into other racial communities and due to the constant movement of Native Americans from place to place.
Massachusetts 'Indian Censuses' | Dudley Indians | Dudley Surnames | Grafton Indians | Grafton Surnames |
1848, Denney Report | 51 | 2 | ||
1849, Briggs Report | 46 | Belden, Bowman, Daly, Freeman, Hall, Humphrey, Jaha, Kile (Kyle), Newton, Nichols, Pichens (Pegan), Robins, Shelby, Sprague and Willard. | 26 | Arnold, Cisco, Gimba (Gimby), Heeter (Hector) and Walker. |
1861, Earle Report | 77 | Bakeman, Beaumont, Belden, Cady, Corbin, Daley, Dorus, Esau, Fiske, Freeman, Henry, Hull, Humphrey, Jaha, Kyle, Nichols, Oliver, Pegan, Robinson, Shelley, Sprague, White, Willard and Williard. | 66 | Arnold, Brown, Cisco, Gigger, Hazard, Hector, Hemenway, Howard, Johnson, Murdock, Stebbins, Walker and Wheeler. |
- Some of the tribes' ancestors were recorded as 'colored' including individuals of the Brown, Cisco, Freeman, Gigger, Hemenway, Hull, Humphrey, Walker and Willard families.
- Some individuals of the Gigger family are labelled as 'miscellaneous Indians.'
- Some individuals were recorded as 'mixed' including individuals in the Bakeman, Belden, Brown, Kyle and Hector families.
- Some individuals of the Hall, Hector and Hemenway families have no label.
20th and 21st centuries
Local attitudes towards
By the 1970s, the Nipmuc had made many strides. Many local members of the tribe were called upon to help with the development of the Native American exhibit at
Land, 190 acres, in the Hassanamessit Woods in
In July 2013, the Hassanamisco band selected a chief, Cheryll Toney Holley to succeed Walter Vickers upon his resignation.[citation needed]
Notable Nipmuc people
- Hassanamisco Nipmuc Bandfrom 2013 to present.
- Wullumahchein, also known as Black James(before 1640 — ca. 1686), Nipmuc peace office and spiritual leader
See also
- Native American tribes in Massachusetts
- Hassanamisco Nipmuc
- Chaubunagungamaug Reservation
- Lake Chaubunagungamaug
- Tantiusques
References
- ^ Martin, A. M. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Final determination against federal acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation (fr25jn04-110). Retrieved from Federal Register Online via GPO Access website: http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/04-14394.htm.
- ^ The Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs. (2004). Martin issues final determination to decline federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation. Retrieved from website: http://www.doi.gov/archive/news/04_News_Releases/nipmuc.html Archived 2012-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Sultzman, L. (2008, October 29). Nipmuc history. Retrieved from http://www.dickshovel.com/nipmuc.html.
- ISBN 978-0-1951-38771. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ Pritzker, B. M. (2000) A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples (p. 442). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ PMID 20113559.
- ^ Larnad, E. D. (1874). History of Windham County, Connecticut: 1600-1760. (Vol. I, p. 59). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- ^ "State-Recognized Tribes: Massachusetts". Federal and State Recognized Tribes. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation". Federal Register. Indian Affairs Bureau. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ Connole, D. A. (2007). Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an Historical Geography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 7 - 8.
- ^ Hodge, R. W. (2006). Handbook of American Indians, North of Mexico. (Vol. II). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. p. 74.
- ^ Day, G. M., Foster, M. K., & Cowan, W. (1998). In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, p. 181
- ^ a b Connole, D. A. (2007). Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630–1750, An Historical Geography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 8–10.
- ^ a b Hodge, F. W. (1910). "Nipmuc" in Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. (Vol. III, p. 74). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b Bixby, Lyn (20 January 2001). "Victory for Indian Group". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ https://www.nipmucband.org/
- ^ a b Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, Commission on Indian Affairs. (n.d.). Tuition waiver guidelines. Retrieved from Commonwealth of Massachusetts website: www.mass.gov/hed/docs/dhcd/ia/tuitionwaiver.doc. [dead link]
- ^ Blumenthal, R. Connecticut Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Indian Affairs. (2002). Comments of the state of connecticut and the northeastern connecticut council of governments on the proposed findings on the petitions for tribal acknowledgement of the nipmuc nation and the webster/dudley band of the chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/ag/lib/ag/press_releases/2002/indian/nipmuc_brief.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Mass. Executive Order #126. Dukakis 65th Governorship, 1976.
- ^ Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 6A, § 8A.
- ^ Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 7, § 38A.
- ^ Massachusetts Session Laws. 181st General Court, 2005, Chapter 25.
- ^ Nipmuc Nation. (1994). Remembering deer island: A cause worth of nipmuc support. Nipmucspohke, I(2), 2-3. Retrieved from nipmucspohke.homestead.com/Vol.I_Is.2.pdf
- ^ Kohn, G. C. (2010). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence. (pp. 255-256). New York, NY: Infobase Publishing.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996, p. 151
- ^ Charter of Massachusetts Bay (1629). Retrieved from https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp
- ^ a b Shannon, T. J. (2005). Puritan conversion attempts. Retrieved from http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/Indian Converts/the_puritans3.htm
- ^ Nipmuc placenames of new england. (1995). [Historical Series I ed. #III]. (Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut ), Retrieved from http://www.nativetech.org/Nipmuc/placenames/mainmass.html
- ^ Connole, D. A. (2007). Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an historical geography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 41, 90-120.
- ^ Book of the General Lavves and Libertyes. Indians, §9 Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/coloniallawsofma00mass
- ^ Drake, J. D. (1999). King philip's war: Civil war in new england, 1675-1676. (pp. 101-105). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. (2010). King philip's war: Colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty. (pp. 60-75). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkinds University Press.
- ^ Dennis A. Connole, The Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England, ... (2003), pg. 178 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0786450118
- ^ Waldrup, C. C. (1999). Colonial Women: 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers.
- ^ Calloway, C. G. C. (1997). After King Philip's War, presence and persistence in indian new england. (p. 2). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
- ^ Massachusetts Historical Society (1823). Collections of the Massachusetts historical society. Chronological Table, X(II), 218. New York, NY: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native americans in southern new england, 1780–1880. (pp. 20-21). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ O'Brien, J. M. (1997). Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650-1790. (pp. 6, 45). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. Behind the frontier: Native Americans in eighteenth-century eastern massachusetts. (p. 151). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- ^ Calloway, C. G. C. (1997). After king philip's war, presence and persistence in indian new england. (p. 7). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
- ^ Mandell, D. (2011). King philip's war, colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty. (pp. 136-138). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ Pr.
- ^ Calloway, C. G. C. (1997). After King Philip's war, presence and persistence in Indian New England. (pp. 40-45). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
- ^ Calloway, C. G. C. (1997). After king philip's war, presence and persistence in indian new england. (pp. 211-221). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. "The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England." Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. (pp. 72-83). New York: New York University Press.
- ^ Goddard, I. & Bragdon, K. (1998). Native writings in Massachusett. (p. 20). Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
- ^ Prindle, T. (1994). "Nipmuc Splint Basketry." Retrieved from http://www.nativetech.org/weave/nipmucbask/.
- ^ Holley, C. T. (2001). "Nipmuc History." Nipmuc Nation Website. Retrieved from http://nipmucnation.homestead.com/files/nipmuc_history.txt.
- ^ a b Mandell, D. R. 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England.' Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. New York, NY: New York Univ Pr. pp. 72-83.
- ^ Minardi, M(2010). Making slavery history, abolitionism and the politics of memory in massachusetts. New York, NY: Oxford Univ Pr US. pp 60-63.
- ^ Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880. (pp. 227–30). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Harkin, M. E. (2004). Reassessing revitalization movements: Perspectives from North America and the pacific islands. (p. 265-267). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- ^ Artman, C. J. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2007). In re federal acknowledgment of Webster/Dudley band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuc Indians (IBIA 04-154-A). Retrieved from BIA Press website: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Murphree, D. S. (2012). Native america: A state-by-state historical encyclopedia. (p. 543). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
- ^ Green, R. (28, September 28). Finding dims nipmuc casino prospects. Hartford Courant. Retrieved from http://articles.courant.com/2001-09-28/news/0109280356_1_federal-recognition-nipmuc-nation-tribe
- ^ Adams, J. (2001, October 08). Nipmucs regroup, locals applaud as McCaleb denies recognition. Indian Country. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2001/10/08/nipmucs-regroup-locals-applaud-as-mccaleb-denies-recognition-86803.
- ^ "Hassanamesitt Woods Protection Moves Forward (MA)". The Trust for Public Land.
- ^ a b "Hassanamesitt Woods". The Trust for Public Land.