Michael Dukakis
Michael Dukakis | |
---|---|
Francis W. Sargent | |
Succeeded by | Edward J. King |
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives | |
In office January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971 | |
Preceded by | Sumner Z. Kaplan |
Succeeded by | Jon Rotenberg |
Constituency | 10th Norfolk (1963–1965) 13th Norfolk (1965–1971) |
Personal details | |
Born | Michael Stanley Dukakis November 3, 1933 Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | |
Children | 4, including John |
Relatives | Olympia Dukakis (cousin) |
Education | Swarthmore College (BA) Harvard University (JD) |
Awards | Grand Commander of the Order of Honor[1] |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1955–1957 |
Rank | Specialist |
Unit | 8020th Administrative Unit[2] |
Battles/wars | Korean War |
Michael Stanley Dukakis (
Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, to Greek immigrants, Dukakis attended Swarthmore College before enlisting in the United States Army. After graduating from Harvard Law School, he won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving from 1963 to 1971. He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to Edward J. King. He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991, presiding over a period of economic growth known as the "Massachusetts Miracle".
Building on his popularity as governor, Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the
Since leaving office, Dukakis has served on the board of directors for Amtrak and taught political science at Northeastern University and UCLA. He was mentioned as a potential appointee to the Senate in 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by Ted Kennedy's death, but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk. In 2012, Dukakis backed the successful Senate campaign of Elizabeth Warren, whom he also supported in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Since the death of Bob Dole on December 5, 2021, Dukakis is the oldest living losing major party presidential candidate.
Early life and education
Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from Edremit in Turkey.[4] Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis's mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was born in Larissa, to Aromanian parents from Vrysochori.[5][6] She and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913.[7]
Dukakis attended
State legislature
Dukakis served four terms in the
Governor of Massachusetts
1974 election
First term
Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican
Governor Dukakis hosted President
His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The state's Democratic Party chose to support Director of the Massachusetts Port Authority Edward J. King in the primary, partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".[20]
Cabinet
The First Dukakis Cabinet | ||
---|---|---|
OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
Governor | Michael Dukakis | 1975–1979 |
Lt. Governor | Thomas P. O'Neill III | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Transportation | Frederick P. Salvucci | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Communities and Development | William G. Flynn | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Environmental Affairs | Evelyn Murphy | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Consumer Affairs | Lola Dickerman Christine Sullivan |
1975–1976 1976–1979 |
Secretary of Human Services | Lucy W. Benson Jerald Stevens |
1975–1975 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Elder Affairs | James H. Callahan | 1977–1979 |
Secretary of Administration & Finance | John R. Buckley | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Public Safety | Charles V. Barry | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Economic Affairs | Howard N. Smith | 1977–1979 |
Secretary of Energy | Henry Lee | 1975–1979 |
Secretary of Education | Paul Parks | 1975–1979 |
Between governorships
Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at
Second term
Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent,
Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'.[21] The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's mass transit system, especially major renovations to the city's trains and buses. He was known for riding the subway to work every day as governor.[22][23]
In 1988, Dukakis and Rosabeth Moss Kanter, his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America, an examination of the Massachusetts Miracle.[24][25]
Cabinet
The Second Dukakis Cabinet | ||
---|---|---|
OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
Governor | Michael Dukakis | 1983–1991 |
Lt. Governor | John Kerry Evelyn Murphy |
1983–1985 1987–1991 |
Secretary of Transportation | Frederick P. Salvucci | 1983–1991 |
Secretary of Communities and Development | Amy S. Anthony | 1983–1991 |
Secretary of Environmental Affairs | James Hoyte John DeVillars |
1983–1988 1988–1991 |
Secretary of Consumer Affairs | Paula W. Gold Mary Ann Walsh |
1983–1989 1989–1991 |
Secretary of Human Services | Manuel C. Carballo Philip W. Johnston |
1983–1984 1984–1991 |
Secretary of Elder Affairs | Richard H. Rowland Paul J. Lanzikos |
1983–1987 1987–1991 |
Secretary of Labor | Paul Eustace | 1983–1991 |
Secretary of Administration & Finance | Frank Keefe L. Edward Lashman |
1983–1988 1988–1991 |
Secretary of Public Safety | Charles V. Barry | 1983–1991 |
Secretary of Economic Affairs | Evelyn Murphy Joseph Alviani Grady Hedgespeth Alden S. Raine |
1983–1986 1986–1989 1989–1989 1989–1991 |
Secretary of Energy | Sharon Pollard | 1983–1989 |
1988 presidential campaign
Primaries
Using the phenomenon termed the "Massachusetts Miracle" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States in the 1988 United States presidential election, prevailing over a primary field that included Jesse Jackson, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Gary Hart, Joe Biden and Al Gore, among others. Composer John Williams wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the Boston Pops) at that year's Democratic National Convention. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas to be his vice presidential running mate. Dukakis was pro-choice on the issue of abortion.[26]
Dukakis made history as the first non-Western European American nominated for president by a major party, and was, until President Obama's nomination in 2008, the only major presidential nominee in history with ancestry from outside Northwestern Europe. Every United States presidential nominee except for Martin van Buren (who was of entirely Dutch ancestry) has had ancestry from the British Isles.[27] As the first ethnic Greek nominated for the Presidency by a major party, Dukakis enjoyed strong support among the Greek American community. The Associated Press reported in April 1988 that there was an "outpouring of pride in Dukakis", which was especially strong and sentimental among older generations of Greek Americans.[28] Dukakis stressed his working-class background as the son of impoverished immigrants, and his fluency in Greek among several other languages. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used Neil Diamond's ode to immigrants, "America", as the theme song for his campaign. This was seen as a sharp departure from his previous political campaigns in heavily white Massachusetts, in which the Washington Post reported that Dukakis rarely, if at all, made a point of his ethnicity (hence the reported colloquial saying "I knew Michael Dukakis before he was Greek").[29] Although George H.W Bush's campaign did not make a point of it in their attack ads, researchers and pollsters often discussed the vulnerability of Dukakis embracing his heritage. Conservative analyst William Schneider Jr. said that Dukakis' Greekness was the "great unspoken issue" of the election.[29] The Post assessed that Bush's desirability as a WASP would inevitably make a victory more difficult for Dukakis in the long run.[29]
Regardless of community support, Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "Zorba the Clerk".[30] Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George H.W. Bush, with The New York Times reporting, "Democratic and Republican analysts generally agreed that Mr. Dukakis had turned in the better performance in the first of two Presidential debates, frequently managing to put Mr. Bush on the defensive."[31] In the second debate, his performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold.[32]
During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to The New York Times, "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.[33] The issue gained further traction after a White House press conference, during which President Ronald Reagan flippantly referred to Dukakis as an "invalid".[34] In the 2008 film Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story, journalist Robert Novak revealed that Republican strategist Lee Atwater had personally tried to get him to spread these mental health rumors.[35] Editors at The Washington Times contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions", suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, Gene Grabowski, revealed that Times editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it."[36]
Dukakis's general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as
Crime
During the campaign, Vice President
Tank photograph
Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "Star Wars" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988, Dukakis visited the General Dynamics Land Systems plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan, to take part in a photo op in an M1 Abrams tank. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, had been photographed in 1986 riding in a Challenger tank while wearing a scarf, which turned out very successful and helped in her 1987 reelection.[41][42] General Dynamics protocol requires one to wear the protective helmet for safety and communication when the tank was running at full speed, although Dukakis campaign staffers were aware that a politician putting on any headgear was a faux pas. A member of the press did photograph Dukakis without the helmet when the tank exited the garage at slow speed, however the rest of the photographers snapped shots of Dukakis wearing a helmet when the tank made a high speed pass.[43][44]
The image of Dukakis wearing a helmet while riding the tank was ridiculed by Bush and the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent of respondents said they were less likely to support him because of the tank ride.[43] Footage of Dukakis in the tank was used in a television ad by the Bush campaign, which aired during the World Series. The Dukakis campaign produced a 60-second response ad that featured a television set playing Bush's ad, which is flicked off the screen by a finger later revealed to be Dukakis as he proclaims that he is fed up with "George Bush's negative TV ads", but this "pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey advertising" only ended up drawing further attention to the tank ride.[43]
The phrase "Dukakis in the tank" remains a shorthand for backfired
Result
The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the
Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts, both in the popular vote and the Electoral College. Though Bush still won a majority of the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) nationally was narrower than Jimmy Carter's in 1980 (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in 1984 (18.2%), and earned 41.8 million votes nationally.
Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford. He managed to pull off a close win in New York which at the time was the second largest state in terms of electoral votes, he also scored victories in Rhode Island, Hawaii, his home state of Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington; Walter Mondale had lost all six states, and since then, all six states have remained in the Democratic column at presidential elections.[48] He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points in a state that had voted Republican in the last five presidential elections. His proportion of the popular vote would not be matched by any subsequent Democratic presidential candidate in South Dakota (46.51%),[49] Kansas (42.56%),[50] Oklahoma (41.28%),[51] Wyoming (38.01%),[52] or Idaho (36.01%).[53]
Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming since the end of World War II with a temporary reprieve with
In 2008, he stated during an interview with Katie Couric that he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man [i.e. George H. W. Bush], we never would have heard of the kid [i.e. George W. Bush], and we wouldn't be in this mess."[55]
Post-1988 political career
His final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He did not seek reelection to a fourth term.
After the end of his term, he served on the board of directors for Amtrak, and became a professor of political science at Northeastern University, a visiting professor of political science at Loyola Marymount University, and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at UCLA.[56] He had retired from his teaching roles by 2021.[57] Along with a number of other notable Greek-Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.[58] Dukakis is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.[59]
In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death.[60][61] Instead, Gov. Patrick named Paul G. Kirk, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.[62]
He has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.[63][64]
Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014, that he was not in favor of an effort to rename
In 2012, he worked to support the successful candidacy of fellow Democrat Elizabeth Warren to the U.S. Senate.[66] During the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Dukakis endorsed the campaign of Hillary Clinton.[67] Dukakis endorsed Setti Warren's unsuccessful 2018 candidacy for the Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial nomination.[68] Dukakis endorsed Elizabeth Warren's candidacy in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[69] He later endorsed Democratic nominee, Joe Biden during the general election.[70] He and his wife also endorsed Ed Markey for reelection to his Massachusetts U.S. senate seat in 2020 during both the primary and general elections.[71]
Electoral history
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 992,284 | 53.50 | |
Republican
|
Francis W. Sargent (incumbent)
|
784,353 | 42.29 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Edward J. King | 442,174 | 51.07 | |
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis (incumbent) | 365,417 | 42.21 | |
Democratic
|
Barbara Ackermann | 58,220 | 6.72 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 631,911 | 53.50 | |
Democratic
|
Edward J. King (incumbent) | 549,335 | 46.51 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 1,219,109 | 59.48 | |
Republican
|
John Winthrop Sears | 749,679 | 36.57 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis (incumbent) | 1,157,786 | 68.75 | |
Republican
|
George Kariotis | 525,364 | 31.20 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 9,898,750 | 42.51 | |
Democratic
|
Jesse Jackson | 6,788,991 | 29.15 | |
Democratic
|
Al Gore | 3,185,806 | 13.68 | |
Democratic
|
Dick Gephardt | 1,399,041 | 6.01 | |
Democratic
|
Paul M. Simon
|
1,082,960 | 4.65 | |
Democratic
|
Gary Hart | 415,716 | 1.79 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 2,877 | 70.09 | |
Democratic
|
Jesse Jackson | 1,219 | 29.70 | |
Democratic
|
Richard H. Stallings | 3 | 0.07 | |
Democratic
|
Joe Biden | 2 | 0.05 | |
Democratic
|
Dick Gephardt | 2 | 0.05 | |
Democratic
|
Lloyd Bentsen | 1 | 0.02 | |
Democratic
|
Gary Hart | 1 | 0.02 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican
|
George H. W. Bush | 48,886,597 | 53.4 | |
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 41,809,476 | 45.6 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican
|
George H. W. Bush | 426 | 79 | |
Democratic
|
Michael Dukakis | 111 | 21 |
Family
Dukakis is married to Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis. They have three children: John, Andrea, and Kara. During the second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of Academy Award–winning actress Olympia Dukakis.[79] In 1988, they shared that they attend both Greek Orthodox and Jewish worship services out of respect for both of the spouses' faiths.[3]
The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in Brookline, Massachusetts, where they both grew up. However, they have also maintained a home in Los Angeles during the winters, when he taught at UCLA.[80]
See also
- Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign
- Ward Commission
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- ^ Michael P. Norton (January 28, 2020). "Michael And Kitty Dukakis Endorse Markey For Senate". GBH. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 05, 1974". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "MA Governor – D Primary Race – Sep 19, 1978". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "MA Governor – D Primary Race – Sep 14, 1982". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 02, 1982". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 04, 1986". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1988". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "US President – D Convention Race – Jul 18, 1988". Ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ IMDb Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine — Biography for Michael Dukakis. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- ^ "George Bush: Appointment of Katharine D. Dukakis as a Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Further reading
- Carlson, Margaret (June 20, 1988). "A Tale of Two Childhoods". Time. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
- ISSN 0028-7504.
- Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity. Boston: ISBN 0-8070-4344-3.
- ISBN 0-446-35454-6.
- ISBN 1-931807-39-6.
External links
- Michael Dukakis at IMDb
- Faculty Page at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
- Faculty Page at UCLA (Archived May 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine)
- The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988) (Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
- The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
- Dukakis discusses presidential debates as reported in the Harvard Law Record
- Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'
- Appearances on C-SPAN