Nome, Alaska
Nome
Sitŋasuaq ( City | ||
---|---|---|
City of Nome | ||
FIPS code 02-54920 | | |
GNIS IDs | 1407125, 2419435 | |
Website | www |
Nome (
In prehistory, Nome was home to Iñupiat natives. The area came to Western attention in 1898, when three Nordic-Americans discovered gold on the ocean shores of Nome, prompting the Nome Gold Rush. Within a year the city went from non-existent to a population of some 10,000. Gold mining continued to attract settlers into the early 1900s, but the city's population had fallen considerably by 1910. A series of fires and violent storms destroyed most of Nome's Gold Rush era buildings between 1905 and 1974. In the winter of 1925, a diphtheria epidemic raged among Alaska Natives in the Nome area. Fierce territory-wide blizzard conditions prevented the delivery of a life-saving diphtheria antitoxin serum by airplane from Anchorage. A relay of dog sled teams was organized to deliver the serum, which was successfully led by Balto and Togo. Today, the Iditarod Dog Sled Race follows the same route they took and ends in Nome.
In the 21st century, Nome's economy remains based around gold mining, which is now mostly carried out offshore. The city of Nome also claims to be home to the world's largest
Etymology
The origin of the city's name "Nome" is debated; there are three theories. The first is that the name was given by Nome's founder, Jafet Lindeberg, an immigrant from Norway.[6] Nome appears as a toponym in several places in Norway.
A second theory is that Nome received its name through an error: allegedly when a British cartographer copied an ambiguous annotation made by a British officer on a nautical chart, while on a voyage up the Bering Strait. The officer had written "? Name" next to the unnamed cape. The mapmaker misread the annotation as "C. Nome", or Cape Nome, and used that name on his own chart;[7] the city in turn took its name from the cape. Noted toponymist and historian George R. Stewart favored this explanation, citing a letter from the British Admiralty which allegedly confirmed the story from historical records.[8]
The third proposed origin of the name is from a misunderstanding of the local
In February 1899, some local miners and merchants voted to change the name from Nome to Anvil City, because of the confusion with Cape Nome, 12 miles (19 km) east, and the Nome River, the mouth of which is 4 mi (6.4 km) east of Nome. The United States Post Office in Nome refused to accept the change. Fearing a move of the post office to Nome City, a mining camp on the Nome River, the merchants unhappily agreed to change the name of Anvil City back to Nome.[6][10]
Geography and climate
Nome is located at 64°30′14″N 165°23′58″W / 64.50389°N 165.39944°W (64.503889, −165.399444).[11] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.6 square miles (56 km2), of which 12.5 square miles (32 km2) is land and 9.1 square miles (23.6 km2) (41.99%) is water.
Nome has a
The coldest month is January, averaging 5.6 °F (−14.7 °C), although highs on average breach the freezing point on 2–4 days per month from December to March and there are 76 days annually of 0 °F (−17.8 °C) or lower temperatures, which have been recorded as early as October 12 in 1996 and as late as May 5 in 1984. Average highs stay below freezing from late October until late April, and the average first and last dates of freezing lows are August 30 and June 9, respectively, a freeze-free period of 81 days. The warmest month is July, with an average of 52.0 °F (11.1 °C); temperatures rarely reach 80 °F (27 °C) or remain above 60 °F (16 °C) the whole night. Snow averages 82.8 inches (210 cm) per season, with the average first and last dates of measurable (≥0.1 inches or 0.25 centimetres) snowfall being October 4 and May 16; accumulating snow has not been officially observed in July or August. Precipitation is greatest in the summer months, and averages 17.22 inches (437.4 mm) per year. The annual average temperature is 28.0 °F (−2.2 °C).
Extreme temperatures range from −54 °F (−48 °C) on January 27–28, 1989 up to 86 °F (30 °C) on June 19, 2013, and July 31, 1977; the record cold daily maximum is −40 °F (−40 °C), set on January 28–29, 1919, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 64 °F (18 °C) on July 20, 1993, and August 14, 1926.[12] The coldest day of the year averaged −17 °F (−27 °C) in the 1991 to 2020 normals, while the warmest night average was at 57 °F (14 °C).[12] The coldest has been February 1990 with a mean temperature of −17.2 °F (−27.3 °C), while the warmest month was August 1977 at 56.3 °F (13.5 °C); the annual mean temperature has ranged from 21.1 °F (−6.1 °C) in 1920 to 32.5 °F (0.3 °C) in 2016.[12]
Bering Sea water temperatures around Nome vary during summer from 34 to 48 °F (1.1 to 8.9 °C).[13]
Climate data for Nome Airport, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1906–present[b]) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 51 (11) |
48 (9) |
44 (7) |
60 (16) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
86 (30) |
83 (28) |
71 (22) |
59 (15) |
50 (10) |
43 (6) |
86 (30) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 34.6 (1.4) |
35.3 (1.8) |
34.4 (1.3) |
43.3 (6.3) |
63.0 (17.2) |
72.8 (22.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
68.7 (20.4) |
60.3 (15.7) |
47.5 (8.6) |
38.0 (3.3) |
34.0 (1.1) |
77.4 (25.2) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 13.2 (−10.4) |
16.8 (−8.4) |
17.6 (−8.0) |
29.4 (−1.4) |
43.6 (6.4) |
55.1 (12.8) |
57.7 (14.3) |
56.0 (13.3) |
49.0 (9.4) |
36.0 (2.2) |
24.3 (−4.3) |
16.2 (−8.8) |
34.6 (1.4) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 5.6 (−14.7) |
9.0 (−12.8) |
9.6 (−12.4) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
37.3 (2.9) |
48.3 (9.1) |
52.0 (11.1) |
50.2 (10.1) |
43.1 (6.2) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
18.2 (−7.7) |
9.1 (−12.7) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −2.0 (−18.9) |
1.3 (−17.1) |
1.6 (−16.9) |
15.9 (−8.9) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
41.5 (5.3) |
46.3 (7.9) |
44.4 (6.9) |
37.2 (2.9) |
24.9 (−3.9) |
12.2 (−11.0) |
2.0 (−16.7) |
21.4 (−5.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −28.0 (−33.3) |
−26.3 (−32.4) |
−20.5 (−29.2) |
−7.8 (−22.1) |
17.4 (−8.1) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
36.4 (2.4) |
32.2 (0.1) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
8.6 (−13.0) |
−8.0 (−22.2) |
−21.8 (−29.9) |
−31.4 (−35.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | −54 (−48) |
−42 (−41) |
−46 (−43) |
−30 (−34) |
−11 (−24) |
20 (−7) |
28 (−2) |
23 (−5) |
9 (−13) |
−10 (−23) |
−39 (−39) |
−42 (−41) |
−54 (−48) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.94 (24) |
0.99 (25) |
0.74 (19) |
0.74 (19) |
0.89 (23) |
0.99 (25) |
2.35 (60) |
3.22 (82) |
2.20 (56) |
1.84 (47) |
1.27 (32) |
1.05 (27) |
17.22 (437) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.4 (34) |
14.7 (37) |
10.7 (27) |
6.8 (17) |
1.9 (4.8) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (1.3) |
4.7 (12) |
12.1 (31) |
15.8 (40) |
80.8 (205) |
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 20.9 (53) |
22.4 (57) |
23.1 (59) |
18.5 (47) |
7.0 (18) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
1.8 (4.6) |
8.5 (22) |
14.4 (37) |
27.3 (69) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 10.0 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 12.6 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 12.9 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 131.0 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 11.0 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 5.5 | 10.5 | 12.3 | 71.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72.3 | 69.4 | 70.6 | 73.7 | 73.7 | 74.1 | 78.5 | 79.7 | 75.1 | 74.1 | 74.5 | 71.6 | 73.9 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 0.3 (−17.6) |
−3.6 (−19.8) |
1.2 (−17.1) |
11.5 (−11.4) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
37.6 (3.1) |
44.8 (7.1) |
44.4 (6.9) |
35.1 (1.7) |
20.8 (−6.2) |
9.7 (−12.4) |
0.3 (−17.6) |
19.2 (−7.1) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.2 | 140.1 | 205.0 | 245.3 | 290.3 | 275.3 | 250.3 | 178.1 | 153.6 | 116.7 | 66.4 | 53.0 | 2,036.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 37 | 59 | 56 | 54 | 50 | 43 | 41 | 35 | 39 | 39 | 35 | 41 | 45 |
Source: NOAA (sun, relative humidity, and dew point 1961–1990, snow depth 1981–2010))[12][14][15][16] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Coastal temperature data for Nome | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °F (°C) | 28.9 (-1.72) |
28.9 (-1.72) |
28.9 (-1.72) |
28.9 (-1.72) |
30.7 (-0.72) |
43.0 (6.11) |
50.5 (10.28) |
51.4 (10.78) |
47.7 (8.72) |
41.2 (5.11) |
31.8 (-0.11) |
29.5 (-1.39) |
36.8 (2.66) |
Source 1: Seatemperature.org[13] |
Note
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1900 | 12,488 | — | |
1910 | 2,600 | −79.2% | |
1920 | 852 | −67.2% | |
1930 | 1,213 | 42.4% | |
1940 | 1,559 | 28.5% | |
1950 | 1,876 | 20.3% | |
1960 | 2,316 | 23.5% | |
1970 | 2,357 | 1.8% | |
1980 | 2,301 | −2.4% | |
1990 | 3,500 | 52.1% | |
2000 | 3,505 | 0.1% | |
2010 | 3,598 | 2.7% | |
2020 | 3,699 | 2.8% | |
US Decennial Census[17] |
Nome first appeared on the 1900 US Census as an unincorporated village of 12,488 residents. At the time, it was the largest community in Alaska, ahead of Skagway and Juneau, the 2nd and 3rd largest places. The demographics for 1900 included 12,395 Whites, 42 Natives, 41 Asians and 10 Blacks.[18] It was incorporated as a city in 1901. By 1910, it had fallen to 2,600 residents. Of those, 2,311 were White, 235 were Natives and 54 for all other races. It dropped to the 2nd largest city in Alaska behind Fairbanks.[19] By 1920, it dropped to 9th place, with just 852 residents.
In 1930, it rose to 6th largest with 1,213 residents (882 Whites, 326 Natives, 5 others).[20] In 1940, it remained in 6th place with 1,559 residents. It dropped to 10th place in 1950 with 1,876 residents. In 1960, it rose to 8th place with 2,316 residents (with 1,608 "other", which was mostly Native; 705 Whites and 3 Blacks). By 1970, Nome had fallen out of the top 10 places to 18th largest community (although 9th largest incorporated city). In 1980, it was 15th largest (12th largest incorporated city). In 1990, it was 16th largest (12th largest incorporated city). In 2000, it was 25th largest (16th largest incorporated city). In 2010, it was now the 30th largest (16th largest incorporated city).
As of the
There were 1,184 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.45.
The city population contained 31.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.8 males.
The
The population of Nome is a mixture of Inupiat Eskimos and non-Natives. Although some employment opportunities are available, subsistence activities are prevalent in the community. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community, the Nome Eskimo Community. Former villagers from King Island also live in Nome. The
History
Pre-history
Gold rush
In the summer of 1898, the "Three Lucky Swedes":
In 1899, Charles D. Lane founded Wild Goose Mining & Trading Co. His company constructed the Wild Goose Railroad from Nome to Dexter Discovery; it was extended (1906-1908) to the village of Shelton, also known as Lanes Landing.[23][24][25]
Many late-comers tried to "jump" the original claims by filing mining claims covering the same ground.
During the period from 1900 to 1909, estimates of Nome's population reached as high as 20,000.
By 1910 Nome's population had fallen to 2,600,[29] and by 1934, to less than 1,500.[30]
In May 1910, the Industrial Worker, the newspaper of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), published a notice from the Nome Miners' Union and Local 240 of the Western Federation of Miners for all unemployed workers to stay away, saying that "All the rich mines are practically worked out."[31][32]
Fires in 1905 and 1934,[30] as well as violent storms in 1900, 1913, 1945 and 1974, destroyed much of Nome's gold rush-era architecture. The pre-fire "Discovery Saloon" is now a private residence and is being slowly restored as a landmark.
The Black Wolf Squadron, under the command of Capt.
Serum run
In 1925, Nome was the destination of the famous Great Race of Mercy, in which dog sleds played a large part in transporting diphtheria antitoxin serum through harsh conditions. In 1973, Nome became the ending point of the 1,049+ mi (1,600+ km) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. The latter part of its route was used in the serum run.
The sled driver of the final leg of the relay was the Norwegian-born
World War II and later
During World War II, Nome was the last stop on the ferry system for planes flying from the United States to the Soviet Union for the
Total gold production for the Nome district has been at least 3.6 million troy ounces (110,000 kg).[37]
Nome's population decline continued after 1910 although at a fairly slow rate. By 1950 Nome had 1,852 inhabitants.[38] By 1960 the population of Nome had climbed to 2,316. At this point placer gold mining was still the leading economic activity. The local Alaska Native population was involved in ivory carving and the U.S. military had stationed troops in the city also contributing to the local economy.[39] In 1995, Nome was "connected to the Internet."[40]
The
Economy
Gold mining has been a major source of employment and revenue for Nome through to the present day. Mining's contribution to the town was estimated at $6 million a year in 1990 (~$12.4 million in 2023), before a major increase in the price of gold brought renewed interest to offshore leases (where 1,000,000 ounces of gold were estimated to be in reserve[42]) and a subsequent boom in revenues and employment.[43]
The Discovery Channel has featured 15 seasons of "Bering Sea Gold" concerning offshore efforts to dredge gold both in summer and winter; in the latter season access is gained by making holes in the ice and sending a diver beneath to dredge the sea floor.
Education
Higher education
The University of Alaska Fairbanks operates a regional satellite facility in Nome called the Northwest Campus (formerly known as Northwest Community College).
Public schools
Nome is served by Nome Public Schools and the following public schools attended by over 720 students:
- Anvil City Science Academy, a 5–8 charter magnet, is also part of the school district.
- Extensions Correspondence School
- Nome-Beltz Junior/Senior High School, serves grades 7–12.
- Nome Elementary School, serves grades K–6.
- Nome Youth Facility.
Private schools
- Nome Adventist School, a private school encompassing grades 1 through 9.
Media
Nome's airwaves are filled by the radio stations KNOM (780 AM, 96.1 FM) and KICY (850 AM, 100.3 FM), plus a repeater of Fairbanks' KUAC, K217CK, on 91.3 FM.
Cable television and broadband in Nome is serviced by
Nome is home to Alaska's oldest newspaper, the
Transportation
Airports
Nome is a regional center of transportation for surrounding villages. There are two state-owned airports:
- Nome Airport – public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) west of the central business district of Nome, it has two asphalt paved runways: 3/21 measures 5,576 x 150 feet (1,700 × 46 m) and 10/28 is 6,001 x 150 feet (1,829 × 46 m). An $8.5 million airport improvement project is nearing completion.[when?]
- Nome City Field – a public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of Nome, it has one runway designated 3/21 with a gravel surface measuring 1,950 feet. It is used by general aviation.
Water ports
Nome seaport is used by freight ships and cruise ships,[44] located at 64.5°N and 165.4°W on the southern side of the Seward Peninsula in Norton Sound. The Corps of Engineers completed the Nome Harbor Improvements Project in the summer of 2006 adding a 3,025 ft (922 m) breakwater east of the existing Causeway and a 270 ft (82 m) spur on the end of the Causeway making it to a total of 2,982 feet (909 m). The City Dock (south) on the Causeway is equipped with marine headers to handle the community's bulk cargo and fuel deliveries. The City Dock is approximately 200 feet (61 m) in length with a depth of 22.5 feet (MLLW). The WestGold Dock (north) is 190 feet (58 m) in length with the same depth of 22.5 feet (ML, LW). The Westgold dock handles nearly all of the exported rock/gravel for this region and is the primary location to load/unload heavy equipment. The opening between the new breakwater and the Causeway (Outer Harbor Entrance) is approximately 500 feet (150 m) in width and serves as access to both Causeway deep water docks and the new Snake River entrance that leads into the Small Boat Harbor. The old entrance along the seawall has been filled in and is no longer navigable (see photos on website). Buoys outline the navigation channel from the outer harbor entrance into the inner harbor. The Nome Small Boat Harbor has a depth of 10 feet (MLLW) and offers protected mooring for recreational and fishing vessels alongside two floating docks. Smaller cargo vessels and landing craft load village freight and fuel at the east, west and south inner harbor sheet pile docks, east beach landing and west barge ramp for delivery in the region.
An addition to the Nome facility in 2005 was a 60-foot-wide (18 m) concrete barge ramp located inside the inner harbor just west of the Snake River entrance. The ramp provides the bulk cargo carriers with a location closer to the causeway to trans-load freight to landing craft and roll equipment on and off barges. This location also has 2 acres (8,100 m2) of uplands to be used for container, vessel and equipment storage.
Surface transportation
Local roads lead to
Healthcare
Local hospitals and medical centers include Norton Sound Regional Hospital and Nome Health Center. The hospital is a qualified
In popular culture
The
Nome is referenced in the songs "Marry the Man Today" from the 1950 Frank Loesser/Jo Swerling/Abe Burrows musical Guys and Dolls; in "A Little Brains, A Little Talent" from the 1955 Richard Adler and Jerry Ross musical Damn Yankees; and in "Ah, Paree!" from Stephen Sondheim's 1971 musical Follies.
Johnny Horton wrote the theme song "North to Alaska" for the film of the same name starring John Wayne. Nome is mentioned twice in the lyrics.
In episode 1 of the 1997 BBC television travel series Full Circle, British actor, comedian, writer and presenter Michael Palin (of Monty Python fame) traveled to Nome and met a goldpanner on the "Golden Sands of Nome".
In the video game
The Great Alaskan Race is a movie (2019) about a group of brave mushers travel over 1100 km to save the small children of Nome, from a deadly epidemic.
Films set in Nome
- The Spoilers (1930)
- The Spoilers (1942)
- North to Alaska (1960)
- Balto (1995)
- Balto II: Wolf Quest (2002)
- Balto III: Wings of Change(2004)
- The Fourth Kind (2009)
- Snow Dogs (2002)
- Togo (2019)
Notable people
- Frank E. Kleinschmidt (1871–1949), Arctic explorer, documentary film maker and film correspondent in World War I, lived in Nome with his family around 1905
- Carrie M. McLain (1895–1973), Nome-based writer and teacher.[47]
- Donny Olson (born 1953), represents Nome and surrounding area in the member of Alaska Senate
- Neal Foster (born 1972), represents Nome and surrounding area in the Alaska House of Representatives
- James "Jimmy" Doolittle (1896–1993), U.S. Air Force General; spent part of his youth living in Nome
- Dean Phillip Carter (born 1955), convicted spree killer; born in Nome, Alaska
See also
- Eliot Staples Bering Sea Ice Golf Classic, an annual snow golf competition in the city
- Nome mining district
- Nome Gold Rush
References
- Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 106.
- ^ "Nome" (PDF). usgovcloudapi.net. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "2020 US Gazetteer Files". census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places". Alaska.gov. Department of Labor and Workforce Development, State of Alaska. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
- ^ Pynn, Larry (July 31, 2010). "B.C. Small Towns Go Big-Time; 'the World's Largest' are Magic Words that Draw Tourists and their Money". The Vancouver Sun – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b Ken Renkowitz (December 3, 2012). "Nome, Alaska". Why Name It That?. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Nome Convention and Visitor Bureau". Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0195018950.
- ^ "Iñupiat Eskimo dictionary" (PDF). Alaska Government. Alaska Rural School Project Department of Education. p. 166. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
- ^ "Nome, Alaska". fairbanks-alaska.com. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". US Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "SeaTemperature.org". Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Nome MUNI AP, AK (Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Nome MUNI AP, AK (Summary of Monthly Normals 1981-2010)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Nome, AK 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ 1900 Decennial Documents/US Census Bureau
- ^ 1910 Decennial Documents/US Census Bureau
- ^ 1930 Decennial Documents/US Census Bureau
- ^ "US Census website". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Saturday Evening Post. 226 (29):32-10
- ^ McBride, Sherri (1996). "Trains of the Seward Peninsula" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ Osborne, Alice (1972). "Rails Across the Tundra". The Alaska Journal. 2: 2–12.
- ^ Leedy, John D. (1905). Nome's Advent as a Permanent Mining Field. Chapter VII in Seward's Land Of Gold, by L. H. French. New York: Montrose, Clarke & Emmons. pp. 50–51.
- ^ Tornanses v. Melsing, 106 F. 775 (9th Cir. 1901)
- ^ "The Spoilers". Miningswindles.com. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ Please notice, according to North to Alaska-article the film is based on the play 'Birthday Gift' by Ladislas Fodor.
- ^ Farm Journal Complete World Atlas, 1912 Edition, p. 195
- ^ a b Author unknown (October 1934) "Nome No More." Time. 24 (14):16
- ^ Upton, Austin. "IWW Yearbook 1910". IWW History Project. University of Washington. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ^ "Workers Stay Away from the Frozen North". Industrial Worker. Vol. 2, no. 9. May 21, 1910. p. 1.
- ISBN 9781575100418.
- ISBN 0553289195.
- ISBN 9781575101477.
- ^ "Togo Sled Dog Overlooked by History". Turtlezen.com. December 5, 1929. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ A.H Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.18.
- ^ Hammond's Complete World Atlas, 1952 Edition, p. 355
- ^ World Book Encyclopedia, 1967 Edition, Vol. 14, p. 351
- ISBN 1-933837-14-4.
- ^ Racers did not actually cross the Strait on the ice; the sleds and teams were transported by boat and continued the race on land.
- ^ "Nome Offshore Placer deposits (ARDF #NM253) Au". mrdata.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
- ^ Stinson, Holly (1991). "Nome: Gold & Government Rule the Economy" (PDF). Alaska Department of Labor. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
- ^ City of Nome, Port Archived March 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "General Information". Nome Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (January 27, 2010). "Nome road could cost $2.7 billion". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "Carrie McLain Papers". vilda.alaska.edu. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
External links
- City of Nome
- University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Frank H. Nowell Photographs Photographs documenting scenery, towns, businesses, mining activities, Native Americans, and Eskimos in the vicinity of Nome, Alaska from 1901 to 1909.
- University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Wilhelm Hester Photographs 345 photographs c. 1893–1906 of Puget Sound sailing vessels and ships' crews, the Alaska Gold Rush in Nome and vicinity in 1900, images of logging activities in Washington state, and San Francisco's Chinatown.
- University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Eric A. Hegg Photographs 736 photographs from 1897 to 1901 documenting the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes, including depictions of frontier life in Skagway and Nome, Alaska and Dawson, Yukon Territory.
- Nome, Alaska at Curlie
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
- The Papers of Frances Ross of Nome, Alaska at Dartmouth College Library
- Henriette Hanson Autobiography and Correspondence on her Life in Nome at Dartmouth College Library