Nykyfor Hryhoriv
Nykyfor Hryhoriv | |
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Native name | Никифор Григор'ів |
Birth name | Nychypir Oleksandrovych Servetnyk |
Born | Dunaivtsi, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) | 21 February 1884
Died | 27 July 1919 Sentove , Ukrainian People's Republic | (aged 35)
Allegiance |
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Service |
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Years of service | 1904–1919 |
Rank |
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Commands held |
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Nykyfor Oleksandrovych Hryhoriv
Biography
Nykyfor Oleksandrovych Servetnyk was born in 1884 in the small village of Zastavlia , in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire. He studied at a feldsher school, but interrupted his studies to volunteer for the Imperial Russian Army and fight in the Russo-Japanese War. After demobilization, he worked in Oleksandriia as an excise officer. During World War I, he was initially a praporshchik in the 56th Zhytomyr Infantry Regiment, eventually rising to the rank of staff captain and awarded the Order of St. George.[2] During this time, he changed his surname to the nom de guerre Hryhoriv.
Revolution
After the February Revolution and the overthrow of the tsar, Hryhoriv was active in the military committees. He then deserted from the army and returned to Oleksandriia.[3] At the end of 1917, he created a volunteer regiment of the Ukrainian People's Army, for which he received the rank of lieutenant colonel from Symon Petliura. Petliura also instructed him to create more units in Yelysavethrad.[2] Hryhoriv initially supported the seizure of power by Pavlo Skoropadskyi and the establishment of the Ukrainian State, under the protection of the Central Powers.[4] But he later founded a peasant detachment to fight against the new regime and re-established contact with Petliura.[2]
In November 1918, as the
In the ranks of the Red Army
Following the 1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine, the Directorate lost control over much of Ukraine and Hryhoriv decided to join the side of the victorious Bolsheviks,[6] as Petliura had not allowed him to attack the Allied intervention forces landing in Odesa.[4] On 2 February 1919, more than a month after the proclamation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in Kharkiv and three days before the capture of Kyiv by the Red Army, Hryhoriv agreed to recognize the suzerainty of the government of the Ukrainian SSR and the command of the Red Army in Ukraine. He also agreed to transform his troops into regular units.[6] The units commanded by him took the name of the 1st Trans-Dnieper Brigade and in a short time forced the forces loyal to the Directorate to withdraw from Kryvyi Rih, Znamianka and Yelizavethrad.[6] Hryhoriv's move to the side of the Red Army forced the Ukrainian People's Army to withdraw to Podolia and Volhynia.[6]
On 2–10 March 1919, Hryhoriv fought a fierce, ultimately victorious battle for Kherson against the Allied interventionists.
Anti-Bolshevik Uprising
The successes achieved by Hryhoriv meant that, after the capture of Odesa, he was appointed commander of the newly established
However, Hryhoriv actually sent his troops for a three-week "
At the beginning of May, Hryhoriv's armed forces seized the area between Mykolaiv, Katerynoslav, Kremenchuk and Cherkasy.[18] At the same time, Katerynoslav was handed over to the otaman by the Black Sea Regiment of sailor Orlov, until then fighting on the side of the Reds. Hryhoriv was also joined by sailors in Mykolaiv and Ochakiv, and even found some support in Podolia.[19] At its peak, he commanded 15–23,000 people.[18] On 10 May, the defense council of the Ukrainian SSR declared Hryhoriv to be an outlaw.[16] On 15 May 1919, Red troops under the command of Oleksandr Parkhomenko recaptured Katerynoslav, but then they were quickly driven out of it again.[18] Nevertheless, after the first clashes with the Red Army, Hryhoriv's troops began to surrender or return to the Reds' command.[19] The main grouping of Hryhoriv's forces was defeated in battle at Kamianka. By the end of May 1919, Hryhoriv's rebellion was suppressed by the Red Army, the area he occupied was again under the control of the Bolsheviks, and the forces led by him shrunk to 3,000.[20] However, his uprising had led to the collapse of the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army, contributed to the defeat of the Reds by the Armed Forces of South Russia in the Battle for the Donbas, and prevented the Red Army from marching further towards Bessarabia in support of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.[21]
Hryhoriv's supporters managed to hold on to Beryslav, Kakhovka and Nikopol for some time, attacking military transports going to Crimea and raiding towards Oleksandriia. In June 1919, Nestor Makhno met with Hryhoriv, proposing a joint fight against both the Red and White armies. Both commanders decided to join forces, but their agreement quickly collapsed.[20] Hryhoriv considered going over to the side of the Whites and subordinating himself to Anton Denikin,[4] which the Makhnovists considered a betrayal. Hryhoriv was shot and his troops joined Makhno's forces.[22]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "Отаманщина в період Директорії УНР: соціальна база, роль і місце в національно-визвольній боротьбі". hai-nyzhnyk.in.ua. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Mishina 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Adams 1963, p. 148.
- ^ a b c Smele 2015, p. 98.
- ^ Mishina 2006, pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b c d Mishina 2006, p. 2.
- ^ Adams 1963, pp. 173–177.
- ^ Adams 1963, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Adams 1963, pp. 190, 199.
- ^ Adams 1963, p. 261.
- ^ a b Adams 1963, p. 260.
- ^ Mishina 2006, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Adams 1963, pp. 259–261; Mishina 2006, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b Adams 1963, pp. 275–277.
- ^ Adams 1963, pp. 281–282; Mishina 2006, p. 3.
- ^ a b Mishina 2006, p. 4.
- ^ Smele 2015, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Mishina 2006, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Mishina 2006, p. 5.
- ^ a b Mishina 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Mawdsley 2010, p. 219.
- ^ Kenez 2004, p. 165; Mishina 2006, p. 6; Skirda 2004, p. 125.
Bibliography
- Adams, Arthur (1963). Bolsheviks in the Ukraine. The Second Campaign, 1918–1919. OCLC 406299.
- Darch, Colin (2020). Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917–1921. OCLC 1225942343.
- Footman, David (1961). "Makhno". Civil War in Russia. Praeger Publications in Russian History and World Communism. Vol. 114. OCLC 254495418.
- ISBN 0974493457.
- Malet, Michael (1982). Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War. OCLC 8514426.
- Mawdsley, Evan (2010). Wojna domowa w Rosji 1917–1920 (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. OCLC 750846354.
- Mishina, A.V. (2006). "Н.А. Григорьев - Атаман повстанцев Херсонщины" [N. A. Hryhoriv - Otaman of the Kherson insurgents]. New Historical Bulletin (in Russian). 1 (15). OCLC 844626269.
- Palij, Michael (1976). "Nykyfor Hryhor'iv". OCLC 81941010.
- Peters, Victor (1970). Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist. Winnipeg: Echo Books. pp. 60–73. OCLC 7925080.
- Senkus, Roman (1989). "Hryhoriv, Nykyfor". In OCLC 1165480101.
- Shubin, Aleksandr (2010). "The Makhnovist Movement and the National Question in the Ukraine, 1917–1921". In Hirsch, Steven J.; OCLC 868808983.
- OCLC 60602979.
- Smele, J. D. (2015). The "Russian" Civil Wars 1916-1926. Ten Years That Shook the World. ISBN 9781849047210.
External links
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine article
- Ataman of Pogroms Grigoriev (in Russian)
- Bio in Russian (in Russian)
- Universal of Hryhoriv
- Timkov, O. Otaman Grigoryev: Truth and Myth.