Hungarian Soviet Republic
Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság (Hungarian) | |||||||||
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23 March – 1 August 1919 | |||||||||
Motto: Világ proletárjai, egyesüljetek! "Workers of the world, unite!" | |||||||||
Anthem: Internacionálé[1] "The Internationale" | |||||||||
Status | socialist republic | ||||||||
De facto leader | |||||||||
• 1919 | Béla Kun[nb 1] | ||||||||
Chairman of the Central Executive Council | |||||||||
• 1919 | Sándor Garbai | ||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly of Soviets | ||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 21 March 1919 | ||||||||
• Provisional constitution | 23 March 1919 | ||||||||
• Soviet elections | 7-14 April 1919 | ||||||||
• National Assembly of Soviets convenes | 14 June 1919 | ||||||||
• Permanent constitution | 23 June 1919 | ||||||||
• Kun resigns | 1 August 1919 | ||||||||
• People's Republic restored | 2 August 1919 | ||||||||
3 August 1919 | |||||||||
Currency | Hungarian korona | ||||||||
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The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary
The new Communist government failed to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente that would lead to the lifting of the economic blockade, the improvement of the new borders or the recognition of the new government by the victorious powers of
The Hungarian heads of government applied controversial doctrinal measures in both foreign (internationalism instead of national interests during wartime) and domestic policy (planned economy and heightened class struggle) that made them lose the favor of the majority of the population.[14] The attempt of the new executive to profoundly change the lifestyle and the system of values of the population proved to be a resounding failure;[15] After the withdrawal from Slovakia, the application of some measures aimed at regaining popular support was ordered, but without great success;[16] in particular, the ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages was repealed, and attempts were made to improve the monetary situation and food supply.[16] Unable to apply these policies effectively, the republic had already lost the support of the majority of the population between June and July, which led, together with the military defeats, to its downfall.[16] The failure of internal reform was compounded by the political and economic isolation imposed on Hungary by the Triple Entente, the military failures against neighboring countries, and the impossibility of joining forces with the Red Army because of the ongoing Russian Civil War contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Republic.[17]
Overview
When the Republic of Councils in Hungary was established in 1919, it controlled about 23% of the territory of Hungary's previous pre-World War I territories (325,411 km2). It was the successor of the First Hungarian Republic and lasted from 21 March to 1 August of the same year. Though the de jure leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic was president Sándor Garbai, the de facto power was in the hands of foreign minister Béla Kun, who maintained direct contact with Vladimir Lenin via radiotelegraph. It was Lenin who gave the direct orders and advice to Béla Kun via constant radio communication with the Kremlin.[18]
It was the second
World War I and the First Hungarian Republic
Political and military situation
On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November by the Allies.
Formation of the Communist party
An initial nucleus of a
Kun founded a newspaper, called Vörös Újság (Red News) and concentrated on attacking Károlyi's liberal government. The party became popular among the Budapest proletariat, it also promised that Hungary would be able to defend its territory even without conscription. Kun promised military help and intervention of the Soviet Red Army, which never came, against non-communist Romanian, Czechoslovak, French and Yugoslav forces. During the following months, the Communist party's power-base rapidly expanded. Its supporters began to stage aggressive demonstrations against the media and against the Social Democratic Party. The Communists considered the Social Democrats as their main rivals, because the Social Democrats recruited their political supporters from the same social class: the industrial working class of the cities. In one crucial incident, a demonstration turned violent on 20 February and the protesters attacked the editorial office of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary's official newspaper called Népszava (People's Word). In the ensuing chaos, seven people, some policemen, were killed. The government arrested the leaders of the Communist party,[27] banned its daily newspaper Vörös Újság, and closed down the party's buildings. The arrests were particularly violent, with police officers openly beating the communists. This resulted in a wave of public sympathy for the party among the masses of Budapester proletariat. On 1 March, Vörös Újság was given permission to publish again, and the Communist party's premises were re-opened. The leaders were permitted to receive guests in prison, which allowed them to keep up with political affairs.
Communist rule
Coup d'état
On 20 March, Károlyi announced that the government of Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey would resign. The presentation of the Vix Note proved fatal to the government, which was by then devoid of significant support.[28] Károlyi and Berinkey had been placed in an untenable situation when they received a note from Paris ordering Hungarian troops to further withdraw their lines. It was widely assumed that the new military lines would be the postwar boundaries. Károlyi and Berinkey concluded that they were not in a position to reject the note although they believed that accepting it would endanger Hungary's territorial integrity. On 21 March, Károlyi informed the Council of Ministers that only Social Democrats could form a new government, as they were the party with the highest public support in the largest cities and especially in Budapest. To form a governing coalition, the Social Democrats started secret negotiations with the Communist leaders, who were still imprisoned, and decided to merge their two parties under the name of the Hungarian Socialist Party.[29] President Károlyi, who was an outspoken anticommunist, was not informed about the merger. Thus, he swore in what he believed to be a Social Democratic government, only to find himself faced with one dominated by Communists. Károlyi resigned on 21 March. Béla Kun and his fellow communists were released from the Margit Ring prison on the night of 20 March.[30] The liberal president Károlyi was arrested by the new Communist government on the first day; in July, he managed to make his escape and flee to Paris.[31]
For the Social Democrats, an alliance with the KMP not only increased their standing with the industrial working class but also gave them a potential link to the increasingly powerful
Garbai government
The government was formally led by Sándor Garbai, but Kun, as the Commissar of Foreign Affairs, held the real power because only Kun had the acquaintance and friendship with Lenin. He was the only person in the government who met and talked to the Bolshevik leader during the Russian Revolution, and Kun kept the contact with the Kremlin via radio communication. The ministries, often rotated among the various members of the government, were:
- Sándor Garbai president and prime minister of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
- Jenő Landler commissar of the interior
- Sándor Csizmadia, Károly Vántus, Jenő Hamburger, and György Nyisztor – commissars of agriculture
- – commissars of Defense
- Zoltán Rónai, later also István Láday – commissars of Justice
- Jenő Landler – commissar of trade
- Mór Erdélyi, later also Bernát Kondor – commissars of food
- Zsigmond Kunfi, later also György Lukács, Tibor Szamuely, and Sándor Szabados – commissars of education
- Béla Kun – commissar of foreign affairs
- Dezső Bokányi – commissar of labor
- Henrik Kalmár – commissar of German affairs
- Jenő Varga, later also Gyula Lengyel– commissars of Finance
- Vilmos Böhm – commissar for socialism, later also Antal Dovcsák
After the declaration of the constitution changes took place in the commissariat. The new ministries were:
- Jenő Varga, Mátyás Rákosi, Gyula Hevesi, József Kelen, Ferenc Bajáki – commissars of economic production
- Jenő Landler, Béla Vágó – commissars of internal affairs, railways and navigation
- Béla Kun, József Pogány– commissars of Foreign Affairs
Policies
This government consisted of a coalition of socialists and communists, but with the exception of Kun, all commissars were former social democrats.[35] Under the rule of Kun, the new government, which had adopted in full the program of the Communists, decreed the abolition of aristocratic titles and privileges, the separation of church and state, codified freedom of assembly and freedom of speech, and implemented free education and language and cultural rights to minorities.[27]
The Communist government also nationalized industrial and commercial enterprises and socialized housing, transport, banking, medicine, cultural institutions, and all landholdings of more than 40 hectares. Public support for the Communists was also heavily dependent on their promise of restoring Hungary's former borders.[27] The government took steps toward normalizing foreign relations with the Triple Entente powers in an effort to gain back some of the lands that Hungary was set to lose in the post-war negotiations. The Communists remained bitterly unpopular[36] in the Hungarian countryside, where the authority of that government was often nonexistent.[37] The Communist party and their policies had real popular support among only the proletarian masses of large industrial centers, especially in Budapest, where the working class represented a high proportion of the inhabitants.
The Hungarian government was left on its own, and a Red Guard was established under the command of
Foreign policy scandal and downfall
In late May, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Kun attempted to fulfill his promise to adhere to Hungary's historical borders. The men of the Hungarian Red Army were recruited from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat.
After the proclamation of the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intention of recapturing the lost territories, only in spreading communist ideology and the establishment of other communist states in Europe, thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests.
When the French promised the Hungarian government that Romanian forces would withdraw from the
Béla Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Vienna on 1 August
In the power vacuum created by the fall of the soviet republic and the presence of the Romanian Army, semi-regular detachments (technically under
Kun himself, along with an unknown number of other Hungarian communists, were executed during
See also
- Aftermath of World War I
- Hungarian Revolution of 1956
- Red Terror
- Hungarian Red Terror
- Revolutions of 1917–1923
Notes
- ^ Kun officially held the position of foreign minister.
- ^ Hungarian: Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság; literally the Republic of Councils in Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság)
- ^ Hungarian: Magyar Szovjet-köztársaság
- Soviet Russia but without the direct participation of the workers' councils(soviets) from which it took its name.
References
- ^ Angyal, Pál (1927). "A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve IV. rész". A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Swanson 2017, p. 80.
- ^ a b Völgyes 1970, p. 58.
- ISBN 9780822981992. Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Balogh 1976, p. 15.
- ^ Janos 1981, p. 195.
- ^ Király & Pastor 1988, p. 34.
- ^ Bodo 2010, p. 703.
- ^ a b Király & Pastor 1988, p. 6.
- ^ Szilassy 1971, p. 37.
- ^ Király & Pastor 1988, p. 226.
- ^ a b c Janos 1981, p. 201.
- ^ Balogh 1975, p. 298; Király & Pastor 1988, p. 226.
- ^ a b Király & Pastor 1988, p. 4.
- ^ Völgyes 1971, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Király & Pastor 1988, p. 166.
- ^ Völgyes 1971, p. 88.
- ISBN 9781351481861. Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ISBN 9781317867531. Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
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- ^ Dixon, John C. (1986). Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922 Archived 17 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Associated University Presses. p. 34.
- ISBN 9781137069689.
- ^ "Armistice with Austria-Hungary" (PDF). Library of Congress. United States Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). "Trianon volt az utolsó csepp – A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt". VEOL (in Hungarian). Mediaworks Hungary. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-226-61065-8. Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ISBN 9632174771), page 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Hungarian Soviet Republic". www.workmall.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ Juhász 1979, p. 18.
- ^ Borsanyi, Gyorgy, The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun, translated by Mario Fenyo; Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado; Columbia University Press, New York, 1993, p. 178.
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- ^ Janos, Andrew C. & Slottman, William (editors) Revolution in perspective: essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1971, p. 68.
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- ^ Eötvös Loránd University (1979). Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio philosophica et sociologica, Volumes 13–15 (in Hungarian). Universita. p. 141. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
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- ^ Borsanyi, Gyorgy, The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun, translated by Mario Fenyo; Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado; Columbia University Press, New York, 1993, p205.
- ^ "Find Red Leaders' Loot.; Bela Kun and Szamuely Hid Valuables They Had Stolen". The New York Times. 13 August 1919. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Magyar Tudomány 2000. január". Epa.niif.hu. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ Ignác Romsics: Magyarország története a XX. században, 2004, p. 134.
- ^ "Hungary: Hungarian Soviet Republic". Library of Congress Country Studies. September 1989. Republished at geographic.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
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Bibliography
- Balogh, Eva S. (1975). "Romanian and Allied Involvement in the Hungarian Coup d'Etat of 1919". East European Quarterly. 9 (3): 297–314. ISSN 0012-8449.
- Balogh, Eva S. (March 1976). "The Hungarian Social Democratic Centre and the Fall of Béla Kun". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 18 (1). Taylor & Francis: 15–35. JSTOR 40867035.
- Bodo, Bela (October 2010). "Hungarian Aristocracy and the White Terror". Journal of Contemporary History. 45 (4). SAGE Publications: 703–724. S2CID 154963526.
- Juhász, Gyula (1979). Hungarian Foreign Policy, 1919–1945. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-96-30-51882-6.
- Janos, Andrew C.; Slottman, William B. (1971). Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919. University of California Press. ISBN 978-05-20-01920-1.
- Janos, Andrew C. (1981). The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06-91-10123-1.
- Király, Béla K.; Pastor, Peter (1988). War and Society in East Central Europe. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-08-80-33137-1.
- Mocsy, Istvan I. (1983). "The Uprooted: Hungarian Refugees and Their Impact on Hungary's Domestic Politics, 1918–1921". East European Monographs. JSTOR 2499355.
- Pastor, Peter (1976). "Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin". East European Monograph. S2CID 165079665.
- Szilassy, Sándor (1969). "Hungary at the Brink of the Cliff 1918–1919". East European. 1 (3): 95–109. ISSN 0012-8449.
- Szilassy, Sándor (1971). Revolutionary Hungary 1918–1921. Aston Park, Florida: Danubian Press. ISBN 978-08-79-34005-6.
- Swanson, John C. (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8199-2.
- Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4). ISSN 0012-8449.
- Völgyes, Iván (1971). Hungary in Revolution, 1918–1919: Nine Essays. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-08-03-20788-2.
- Zsuppán, Ferenc Tibor (June 1965). "The Early Activities of the Hungarian Communist Party, 1918–19". The Slavonic and East European Review. 43 (101): 314–334. JSTOR 4205656.
Further reading
- György Borsányi, The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun translated by Mario Fenyo, Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs, 1993.
- Andrew C. Janos and William Slottman (editors), Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.
- Bennet Kovrig, Communism in Hungary: From Kun to Kádár. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press, 1979.
- Bela Menczer, "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919," History Today, vol. 19, no. 5 (May 1969), pp. 299–309.
- Peter Pastor, Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918–1919 and the Big Three. Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, 1976.
- Thomas L. Sakmyster, A Communist Odyssey: The Life of József Pogány. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012.
- Rudolf Tokes, Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: The Origins and Role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the Revolutions of 1918–1919. New York: F.A. Praeger, 1967.
- Bob Dent, Painting the Town Red: Politics and the Arts During the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic. Pluto Press, 2018
External links
- Gioielli, Emily R. (2015). 'White Misrule': Terror and Political Violence During Hungary's Long World War I, 1919–1924 (PDF) (PhD). Central European University. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via Electronic Theses & Dissertations.
- Hajdu, Tibor (1979). "The Hungarian Soviet Republic". Studia Histórica (131). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via Internet Archive.
- Tokody, Gyula (1982). "Review of The Hungarian Soviet Republic". Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 28 (1/4). Budapest: Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences: 182–184. JSTOR 42555690.
- Tokody, Gyula (1982). "Review of The Hungarian Soviet Republic". Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 28 (1/4). Budapest: Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences: 182–184.