Ukrainian People's Republic

Coordinates: 50°27′N 30°30′E / 50.450°N 30.500°E / 50.450; 30.500
Extended-protected article
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets or West Ukrainian People's Republic.

Ukrainian People's Republic
  • Українська Народня Республіка (Ukrainian)
  • Ukrainska Narodnia Respublika
1917–1918; 1918–1921[a]
Anthem: Ще не вмерла України
Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy
"
Mykhailo Hrushevskyi
President (Directorate) 
• 1918–1919
Volodymyr Vynnychenko
• 1919–1920[b]
Symon Petliura
Vyacheslav Prokopovych
Legislature
Peace of Riga
18 March 1921
• Authority handed over to post-Soviet Ukraine
15 March 1992
Area
• Total
860,000 km2 (330,000 sq mi)
Currency
Hryvnia
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
1917:
Russian Republic
1918 April:
Ukrainian Soviet Republic
1918 December:
Ukrainian State
1919:
West Ukrainian People's Republic
1917:
Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
1918:
Odesa Soviet Republic
Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
Ukrainian State
Second Polish Republic
South Russia
Makhnovshchina
1919:
Ukrainian SSR
1921:
Ukrainian
govt.-in-exile
1992:
Post-Soviet Ukraine
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Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum cum vicinis Walachiae, Moldoviae, Johann Baptiste Homann (Nuremberg, 1720)
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The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR)

Chernigov and Podolia). It formally declared its independence
from Russia on 22 January 1918.

During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the Central Council of Ukraine with its

Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921 between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus), and Soviet Ukraine
sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

After the October Revolution, many governments formed in the territory of Ukraine, most notably the

anarchists, fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in the Ukrainian War of Independence as part of the wider Russian Civil War of 1917–1923. Soviet Russia would extend its control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922.[2]

History

Revolutionary wave

See also:
Odesa Soviet Republic, and Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
A February 1918 article from The New York Times shows a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

On 10 June 1917, the

Chernigov, and Poltava. At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble the Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the Kerensky Instruktsiya and issued the Second Universal
.

After the

Central Council of Ukraine called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a civil war
and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.

After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an

Lenin as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkov. That decree was successfully implemented by Fyodor Sergeyev who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike Fyodor Sergeyev's Republic, the Odesa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with Romania for control over the Moldavian Democratic Republic
, whose territory it was contesting.

1919 Ukraine People's Republic Diplomatic passport issued for serving in Switzerland

Timeline

The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kiev (Memorial in Kiev).[5]

Spring 1917

Summer 1917

  • 10–15 June – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kiev in which 2,200 delegates participated
  • 11 June – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in Simferopol decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment
  • 18–24 June – ignoring the prohibition of the Russian Provisional Government, the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kiev. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of Kharkov Governorate recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine
  • 24 June – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
  • 28 June – the Ukrainian Central Council elects the General Secretariat of Ukraine as an authority of state power
  • 11 July – a delegation of the Russian Provisional Government (Kerenskyi, Tereshchenko, and Tsereteli) arrived in Kiev
  • 14 July – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted that Petty Council consisting of 40 representatives from Ukrainian and 18 from national minorities
  • 16 July – the Petty Council adopted the 2nd Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council
  • 29 July – the Petty Council adopted the Statute of the Highest Government of Ukraine
  • 8 August – a terrorist attack took place at the railroad station "Post-Volynsky" (Kiev) where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks
  • 17 August – the Russian Provisional Government issued a temporary instruction (Instruktsia) for the General Secretariat of Provisional Government in Ukraine where it recognized the competency of the General Secretariat over five Governorates (Gubernias): Kiev, Volyn, Poltava, Chernihiv, and Podillia

Autumn 1917

  • 22 September – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia
  • 27 September – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd
  • 13 October – by the petition of the Kiev Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
  • 7 November – October Revolution in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates
  • 8 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the Bolsheviks left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council
  • 9 November – the commander of the Kiev Military District General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat
  • 11 November – arrested Bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections
  • 14 November – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura subordinates the Kiev militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government
  • 20 November – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council
  • 21 November – the General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura appoints General
    Pavlo Skoropadsky a commander of the Right-bank Ukraine
    armed forces
  • 22 November – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
  • 27 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the Kholm Governorate protesting its annexation by Poland
  • 30 November – General Secretariat announced that
    Sovnarkom
    is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:
    • Kiev Governorate – 45
    • Volhynian Governorate – 30
    • Podillya Governorate – 30
    • Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36
    • Poltava Governorate – 30
    • Kherson Governorate – 34
    • Kharkov Governorate – 35
    • Taurida Governorate – 9
    • Chernihiv Governorate – 27
    • Ostrohozh district – 15

(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)

Winter 1917–18

"Ukrainian People's Republic" – French-language map, dating from 1918
UPR postcard depicting a group with the yellow-blue flag and anthem lyrics, defending themselves from a Russian double-headed eagle. (November–December 1917)
UPR postage stamp

Spring 1918

In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the Donbas region.[6]

  • 2 March – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established
    gubernias
    were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)
  • 18 March – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kiev
  • 11 April – 12 May 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
  • 13 April – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of Bessarabia by Romania
  • 23 April – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary
  • 25 April – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine
  • 29 April – Adopted a bill on the Constitution of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects
    Hetman of Ukraine

Independence

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (9 February 1918):
  Ukrainian People's Republic
  Claimed territories (striped)
  German troops in autumn, 1917
  Soviet Russia
  Don regional government
  Kuban regional government
  Crimea regional government
  Austria-Hungary
  Polish council
  Romania
  Moldova
  Serbia

Due to the aggression from Soviet Russia, on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its Fourth Universal (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.[7] Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kiev.

Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the

Yekaterinodar
. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.

After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual

Austrian Operation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine.[8][6][9][10][11] The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.[11]

The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian

Pyotr Krechevsky.[12]

Hetmanate

Main article: Ukrainian State
Soviet Russia

After the

Pavlo Skoropadsky, the Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (Ukrainska derzhava). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the Russian Empire, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of Ukrainian language textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
.

The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan (

von Eichhorn
, blowing him up in downtown Kiev at a broadlight.

Due to the impending loss of World War I by Germany and Austria-Hungary, Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the Directorate, on 14 November 1918.

Timeline

Spring 1918

  • 29 April – All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects
    Hetman of Ukraine
  • 30 April – Mykola Vasylenko was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government
  • 7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the Ukrainian State
  • 15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million
    karbovanets
    for acquiring the Ukrainian food
  • 18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard
  • 23 May – started peace negotiations between representatives of Ukraine and Russia
  • 28 May – to Kiev arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by Mykola Ryabovol with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine
  • 30 May – the Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Doroshenko petitioned with a special letter to the Ambassador of Germany in Ukraine, baron Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein, to include Crimea to Ukraine

Summer 1918

  • 12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in Simferopol supported the proposition to include Tavria to Ukraine
  • 20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kiev
  • 1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in
    Kamianets-Podilsky
  • 2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State
  • 8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution
  • 9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
  • 10 July – Kiev Orthodox clergy lifted the
    Hetman Mazepa
  • 24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service
  • 27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the Crimean government of Sulkevich the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula
  • 1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen
  • 2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State
  • 6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Church
  • 10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals
  • 17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units
  • 22 August – in Vienna Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty
  • 10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years
  • 18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government

Autumn 1918

  • 5 October – in Kiev started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine
  • 6 October – Kiev State Ukrainian University is opened
  • 16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom
  • 17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law
  • 21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov
  • 6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State
  • 13 November – the Soviets annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State
  • 13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government
  • 14 November – Anti-Hetman Uprising
  • 26 November – the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is created chaired by Vladimir Vernadsky

Winter 1918

  • 5 December – signing of agreement of cooperation between Ukraine and Georgia
  • 14 December – Hetman of Ukraine surrender his powers and emigrated to Germany

Directorate

Main article: Directorate of Ukraine
The government of the UNR in 1920 – Symon Petlura is sitting in the centre.
Paris Conference
Imperial Russian Geographical Society
in 1914

The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kiev on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kiev.

The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from

officially united with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, although the latter entity de facto maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kiev.[13]

Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the

Ukrainian SSR.[citation needed
]

As the result, the lands of

Galicia (Halychyna) as well as a large part of the Volhynian territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.[citation needed
]

After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival

Kiev Oblast. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured Korosten and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.[citation needed
]

Timeline

Winter 1918–19

  • 14 December – the
    Hetman of Ukraine
    emigrated to Germany
  • 16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy
  • 19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of Entente due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine (Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War)
  • 26 December – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system
  • 31 December – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine
  • 1 January – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church
  • 2 January – order of the Chief Otaman
    Symon Petlyura
    to exile all enemies of Ukraine
  • 3–4 January – repeated notes of protest to the
    Soviet Russia
    due to its intervention
  • 4 January – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia
  • 8 January – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism
  • 16 January – declaration of war with Moscow due to no results of peace negotiations
  • 22 January – declaration of
    Unification
    between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha
  • 23 January – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kiev. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine
  • 2 February – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kiev to Vinnytsia
  • 13 February – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers
  • 17 February – Directorate petitioned to the governments of Entente and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks
  • 27 February – Chief Otaman met with Entente Commission in Khodoriv

Spring 1919

  • 15 March – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by
    Proskuriv
    to further discuss development of joint operations
  • 4 April – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the
    Versailles Peace Conference
    H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and material support by Entente
  • 9 April – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by Borys Martos
  • 15 April – the government of Ukraine appointed General
    Oleksandr Osetsky
    as the Otaman of the Army
  • 29 April – Volodymyr Oskilko Affairs
  • 9 May –
    Symon Petlyura was elected the head of Directory in Radyvyliv
  • 20 May – the peace negotiations of the diplomatic mission of Ukraine with the command of the Polish Army of Haller in Lublin showed no results

Summer 1919

  • 12 June – the government of Finland reestablished its diplomatic relationships with Ukraine
  • 16 June – the
    Ambassador of Ukraine to the Holy See
  • 18 June – the delegation of Ukraine at the
    Admiral Kolchak
    as the Supreme government of Russia
  • 20–21 June – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in Lviv and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)

Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings

The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to

expropriation.[16]

Exile

Main article: Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile
Mykola Plaviuk
Mykola Plaviuk, the last President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile

The government of Ukrainian People's Republic operated in Warsaw, Paris, Weimar, Kissingen, Munich, and Philadelphia.

After the beginning of the World War II Taras Bulba-Borovets, with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Andrii Livytskyi, crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing UPA military units subordinate to the UPR Government.[19]

The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer the powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected President of Ukraine in 1991.[20]

International recognition

See also:
Międzymorze

The Ukrainian People's Republic was recognized

Czechoslovakia, and the Holy See. De facto recognition was granted by Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, and Persia.[22] Partial de facto recognition was received from the Belarusian Democratic Republic (see Belarus–Ukraine relations
).

Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the

Zbruch River.[23][24][25] The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its Government-in-exile after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kiev.[22]

Important diplomatic missions and results

Demographics

According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian

uyezds of the Taurida Governorate
that were located on the mainland.

National composition (thousands)

Administrative division

See also:
Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25)

On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (land) which are administered by their respective

guberniya
-type administration.

Armed forces

Main article: Ukrainian People's Army

The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kiev. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd

Kamyanets-Podilsky, Bila Tserkva
, others).

Main military formations (UPR)

The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.

Main military formations (WUPR)

Money and banking

See also: Ukrainian karbovanets

In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" (Ukrainian: Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two hrivnas (Ukrainian: Гривня) or 200 shahs (Ukrainian: Шаг).

There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the Ukrainabank and the Soyuzbank that were created by Khrystofor Baranovsky, the leader of a cooperative movement.

10 karbovantsiv (1918)

Maps

The area claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1919 (red and pink), compared with Ukraine after it regained independence in 1991 (red and green for the territories not claimed in 1919).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Interrupted by the pro-German Ukrainian State in April–December 1918. In exile until 1992.
  2. ^ In exile, 1920–1926.
  3. ^ Dictatorship in 1918, Ukrainian Constituent Assembly cancelled due to war
  4. abbreviated
    : УНР, romanized: UNR
  5. ^ Also being translated to English as Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) or Ukrainian Democratic Republic.

References

  1. ^ Directory (Ukrainian ruling body) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ a b Yekelchyk 2007.
  3. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5
    .
  4. ^ The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada (in Ukrainian)
  5. ^ "Official website of Kiev Memorial". Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  6. ^
    Ukrayinska Pravda
    (18 April 2018)
  7. ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3
    , p. 72
  8. ^ "Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  9. ^ Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018), "The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18", The Ukrainian Week, retrieved 14 October 2018
  10. ^ Germany Takes Control of Crimea, New York Herald (18 May 1918)
  11. ^ a b War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919 by Mikhail Akulov, Harvard University, August 2013 (pp. 102 and 103)
  12. ^ Babushka with a red wagon Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  13. ^ Subtelny 2000, p. 365.
  14. ^ Subtelny 2000, p. 375.
  15. ^ Timothy Snyder (2008). Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, pp. 138–148
  16. ^ People's War (Ukrainian pravda, photos) (Ukrainian)
  17. ^ Left-bank Uprisings (Ukrainian pravda) (Ukrainian)
  18. ^ Festival in Lehedzyne (Ukrainian pravda) (Ukrainian)
  19. ^ Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади. Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», (tr, "glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories. Winnipeg: Courtesy of the "Volyn" Society") 1981. С. 113–115.
  20. ^ Плав'юк М. Державний центр УНР на еміграції (ДЦ УНР) (tr. "UKR State Center for Emigration (UKR State Center)") Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
  21. PDF
    )
  22. ^ a b (Talmon 1998, p. 289)
  23. ISBN 978-0-674-03718-2
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-7735-6285-1
    .
  25. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1
    .

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the Soviet Union and Bibliography of Ukrainian history

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of Ukrainian history
See also: List of Slavic studies journals

External links

50°27′N 30°30′E / 50.450°N 30.500°E / 50.450; 30.500

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