Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Pavlo Skoropadskyi | |
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Павло Скоропадський | |
![]() Skoropadskyi in 1920, colourized | |
Hetman of all Ukraine | |
In office 29 April 1918 – 14 December 1918 | |
Preceded by | Mykhailo Hrushevsky (as President of Central Rada) |
Succeeded by | Volodymyr Vynnychenko (Chairman of the Directory) |
Personal details | |
Born | Lieutenant General | 15 May 1873
Battles/wars |
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Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi (Ukrainian: Павло Петрович Скоропадський; 15 May [O.S. 3 May] 1873 – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian[1] aristocrat, military and state leader,[2] who served as the Hetman of the Ukrainian State throughout 1918 following a coup d'état in April 29 of the same year.
Born the son of a nobleman, he attended the Page Corps from which he came out an officer. After his service in the Russo-Japanese War, he was promoted to the rank of colonel, later in command of the 20th Finnish Dragoon Regiment in 1910. Skoropadskyi would be promoted to major general and aide-de-camp of Nicholas II in 1912. During the First World War, he became a lieutenant general in charge of the 34th Army Corps.
After the February Revolution which saw the emergence of the Central Rada, Skoropadskyi would begin to Ukrainize his 34th Army Corps, later known as the 1st Ukrainian Corps. With the help of the German Empire, Skoropadskyi would overthrow the Ukrainian People's Republic and establish the Ukrainian State. During his rule, he gave the occupying Austrian and German forces greater control over Ukraine[3] while also appealing to the interests of predominately Russian landowners.[4] Skoropadskyi's government also improved Ukrainian education, foreign affairs, and the organization of the Ukrainian army.[5]
Origin
![]() | This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2024) |
Pavlo Skoropadskyi was born into the Skoropadsky family of Ukrainian military leaders and statesmen, that distinguished themselves since the 17th century when Fedir Skoropadsky participated in the Battle of Zhovti Vody. His grandson Ivan Skoropadsky (1646–1722) was Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks from 1708. The present Skoropadskys descend from his brother.
His patrilineal great-grandfather was Mikhail Yakivich Skoropadskyi, son of Yakiv Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi and wife, and his patrilineal great-grandmother was Pulcheria Markevich.
Skoropadskyi's father Petro Skoropadsky (1834–1885) was a Cavalry Guard Colonel and a veteran of the Caucasian War (Subjugation of Circassia, 1863). Afterwards he served as a speaker (marshal) for the Starodub County Council (zemstvo) (1869–1885) until his death.
Skoropadskyi's aunt Countess Yelyzaveta Myloradovych (née Skoropadska) (1832–1890) was a Ukrainian public activist. She was one of the main sponsors for foundation first Ukrainian scientific institution Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv. Her husband was Count Lev Myloradovych whose mother was from the Kochubey family.
His paternal grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Skoropadskyi (30 January 1804 – 8 February 1887) also served as a speaker for the Pryluky County (1844–1847) and Poltava Governorate (1847–1852) councils. He also was known for building the Trostyanets Arboretum (today in Chernihiv Oblast). He married in 1829 his paternal grandmother Elisaveta P...vna Tarnovska. Skoropadskyi's father Petro Ivanovych Skoropadskyi (6 March 1834 – 30 June 1885) was also a descendant of the Tarnovsky family, while Skoropadskyi's mother Maria Andreievna Miklaszevska, daughter of Andrei ...vich Miklaszevski and wife Daria ...vna Olsufieva, was a descendant of Miklashewsky and Olsufiev families.
Skoropadskyi grew up at his father's estate in Trostianets, Pryluky County, Poltava Governorate. He attended a gymnasium in Starodub and later graduated from the Page Corps cadet school in Saint Petersburg.[citation needed]
Military career
First assignments and Russo-Japanese War
In 1893, Skoropadsky graduated from the
Skoropadsky's first major assignment was a
World War I
At the start of
Political career in Ukraine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kyiv_bell_tower_P1030751-1.jpg/220px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kyiv_bell_tower_P1030751-1.jpg)
In April 1918, the invading Germans forced the army of the socialist
Skoropadskyi was
On 11 November 1918 Germany signed an armistice with the Entente – this left the Hetmanate's military and international support in doubt. In the same month an
Exile and aftermath
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Skoropadsky_LOC_1.jpg/220px-Skoropadsky_LOC_1.jpg)
After going into hiding in Kyiv, Skoropadskyi retreated with the withdrawing German forces. He went into exile in Germany in 1919 and settled in Berlin's Wannsee district[7] near Potsdam. While living in
In the final weeks of World War II in Europe, Skoropadskyi fled from advancing Soviet forces with the retreating German army. He died at Metten Abbey in Germany on 26 April 1945 after being wounded (16 April 1945) in Allied bombing of Plattling near Regensburg, and was buried in Oberstdorf.
His movement continued into the early 1980s, influencing a Ukrainian monarchist program based on the Cossack State model. It ended gradually with the aging of eastern-Ukrainian émigré communities.
Skoropadsky's daughter, Olena Skoropadska-Ott (died 2014), resided in Switzerland, visited Ukraine several times, and was honoured for her historical writings.
Honours
- Order of St. Anne4th degree, 1904
- Order of St. Anne3rd degree with swords and bow, 1904
- Order of St. Stanislaus2nd class with swords, 1905
- Order of St Vladimir, 4th degree with swords and bow, 1905
- Gold Sword for Bravery, 1905
- Order of St. Anne2nd degree with swords, 1906
- Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree, 1900
Order of St. George, 4th class,
Order of the Red Eagle, 1918 (Prussia)
Family
Pavlo Skoropadskyi | |
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Coat of arms | ![]() |
Noble family | Skoropadsky family |
Pavlo Skoropadskyi | |
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Durnovo family |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oleksandra_Skoropadska.jpg/150px-Oleksandra_Skoropadska.jpg)
On 11 January 1897/8 in
- Maria (1898 – 12 February 1959), who married Adam de Montrésor.
- Yelyzaveta (1899 – 16 February 1976),[8] who married Mr. Kuzhym, a painter, sculptor, leader of Hetman Movement (1959–?).
- Petro (1900–1956), who suffered from epilepsy.
- Kharkov– ?), daughter of ... ...vich Tuhay-Bey and wife ... ...vna Sylenko:
- Borys Danylovich Tuhay-Bey, since 30 November 2001 Skoropadskyi (Canada, 1956), who moved to Ukraine in 2006/2007, but returned to Canada in 2010, married firstly in Seneca County, Ohio, 10 October 1987 Debra K. Meredith, without issue, and married secondly Iryna ...vna Ustenko, by whom he had two sons:
- Pavlo (1915–1918), who died from disease.
- Olena (5 July 1919 – 4 August 2014),[9] who married Gerd Ginder (died on 10 April 1945) on 31 August 1943, and married Ludwig Ott on 20 March 1948; her two children are:
Legacy
In some Ukrainian cities there are streets named after Pavlo Skoropadskyi.
In 2023 the National Bank of Ukraine released a 2 hryvni coin to commemorate the 150th anniversary of birth of Pavlo Skoropadskyi.[13]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Pavlo Skoropadskyi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Ukrainian State
- Hromada
- Free Cossacks
- List of Ukrainian rulers
References
- ^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1938). "Book" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Lviv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11.
- ^ "СКОРОПАДСКИЙ, ПАВЕЛ ПЕТРОВИЧ – Энциклопедия Кругосвет" [SKOROPADSKY, PAVEL PETROVICH – Encyclopedia Around the World]. www.krugosvet.ru (in Russian).
- ^
Hunczak, Taras; T. Von der Heide, John (1977). The Ukraine, 1917–1921:A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780674920095.
- ^
Hunczak, Taras; T. Von der Heide, John (1977). The Ukraine, 1917–1921:A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 65–66. ISBN 9780674920095.
- ^
Hunczak, Taras; T. Von der Heide, John (1977). The Ukraine, 1917–1921:A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780674920095.
- ^ ISBN 9780974493442.
- ^
Danylo Husar Struk, ed. (1993). "Skoropadsky". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 4: Ph – Sr. University of Toronto Press. p. 732. ISBN 9780802030092. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
For most of the interwar years Skoropadsky lived in Wannsee, near Berlin, and received German financial support.
- ^ "The Ukrainian Week". ukrainianweek.com. 26 March 2015.
- ^ "7 ДНІВ-УКРАЇНА » У Швейцарії померла донька останнього гетьмана України Павла Скоропадського" [7 DAYS-UKRAINE »The daughter of the last Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky died in Switzerland]. 7days-ua.com (in Ukrainian). 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ "Olena Ott-Skoropadsky: Memories of my childhood (21 Jan 2012)".
- ^ "2009 року Олена Отт-Скоропадська відзначить своє 90-річчя" [In 2009, Olena Ott-Skoropadska will celebrate her 90th birthday] (in Ukrainian). 14 April 2009.
- ^ "Gedenkseite von Olena Ott-Skoropadsky" [Memorial page by Olena Ott-Skoropadsky]. trauer.nzz.ch (in German).
- ^ "Пам'ятна монета "Павло Скоропадський"" (in Ukrainian). National Bank of Ukraine. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- V. I. Lenin "Everybody On Food And Transport Work!" Endnote: "In November–December 1918 the Ukrainian workers and peasants rose up against the German invaders and their stooge, Hetman Skeropadsky. On December 14 Skoropadsky fled from Kiev."
- http://www.day.kiev.ua/175869/
External links
Media related to Pavlo Skoropadsky at Wikimedia Commons
- Biography (in Ukrainian)
- Secret Police of Hetman Skoropadsky, The Papers of the Provisional Government of Ukraine, 1918 (Translit. Russian: Tainaia politsiia getmana Skoropadskogo. Dokumenty osvedomitelnogo otdela pri kievskom gradonachalnike) from East View Information Services[1]The Secret Police of Hetman Skoropadsky]
- Biography from Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 4 (1993)