Operation Kilo Flight
"Kilo Flight" | |
---|---|
Mukti bahini aviation group | |
Active | August 1971–March 1972 |
Country | Bangladesh |
Allegiance | Aerospatiale Alouette III (converted) |
Transport | Dakota |
Kilo Flight was the code name for the
Background
The
Bengali servicemen and political concerns
The victory of Awami League in the 1970 elections was followed by a period of political uncertainty as General Yahia Khan delayed the transfer of power to Awami league. This eventually led to Awami League launching a non cooperation movement that eventually confined the authority of the Pakistan Central government to the cantonments and government institutions in East Pakistan.[8] Pakistani government decided to launch a military crackdown and began to move soldiers in civilian clothes to Dhaka using PIA and PAF aircraft from February 1971.
Bengali military officers, alarmed by the buildup of Pakistani forces and concerned about their own safety,[9][10][11] maintained contact with Awami League and M. A. G. Osmani[12] and sought advice on future course of action. The Awami League leadership, attempting to find a peaceful a political solution to the crisis,[13] did not endorse any preemptive action or preparation for conflict by Bengali soldiers. Warnings by Bengali officers that the Pakistan Army was preparing to strike were ignored, and junior Bengali officers were told by their superiors to be prudent and avoid dealing with political issues, while Col. Osmani also advised the Bengali officers against raking any "rash" actions.[11] The Pakistan Army caught the Bengali political leadership and soldiers by surprise when the initiated Operation Searchlight on March 25, 1971.
Bengali PAF personnel in Mukti Bahini
Initial Bengali resistance to Pakistani Military action was spontaneous and disorganized. Bengali soldiers were largely unaware of the overall military situation in East Pakistan; many units continued to perform routine duties until March 31, rebelling only after coming under Pakistani attack. Group Captain A. K. Khandker, OC Administration Wing of PAF East Pakistan, had witnessed the departure of Yahia Khan from East Pakistan prior to start of Pakistani attack on March 25 and had warned Awami League members, and he had earlier also warned Sheikh Mujibur Rahman regarding Pakistani troop buildup in Dhaka.[14][15][16] However, no countrywide communication initially reached Bengali soldiers to begin the uprising; they rebelled when they came under attacked or eventually heard about Pakistani attacks on Bengalis.
Air Commodore Mitty Masud had opposed Operation Searchlight on moral grounds in a meeting of Pakistani Senior officers on March 15[17] and then had refused requests from the Army to commence airstrikes on March 29, 1971, in East Pakistan.[18][19] He also had assured Bengali PAF staff of their personal safety on March 27 and on March 30 gave them the option of declining missions or going on leave, but also warned them against committing treason, and later Bengali airmen and staff were laid off duty.[18][19] Air Commodore Masud was relieved of his post on March 31, and was replaced by Air Commodore Inamul Haque Khan for the duration of the conflict.[18] Several hundred Bengali officers and soldiers, airmen and Naval personnel were deployed to West Pakistan between March and November 1971, while Pakistan Army imprisoned 21 army and 4 air force officers and several hundred soldiers in East Pakistan.[20] Forty Six Bengali Army officers were murdered by the Pakistani authorities between March–November 1971, however, no Air Force Bengali officers were victims of such a fate during that time period.[21]
After March 26, Pakistani Army was initially confined to a handful of bases across the province, cut off and surrounded by the Mukti Bahini, but by mid-April the Army had occupied all the large towns and by mid-June Mukti Bahaini had been driven across the border into India.[citation needed] Serving and retired PAF personnel along with Bengali soldiers and officers had begun to join Mukti Bahini after March 26. Eight Bengali officers of the PAF, including Group Captain Khandkar, had crossed the border in mid-May,[22][23] and eventually, 44 officers and 729 airmen would join up between March–October 1971.[24] Of the forty four ex PAF officers who joined Mukti Bahini, ten came out of retirement, eight were officer cadets of PAF before their defection to Mukti Bahini, Nine officers joined up while they were on leave in East Pakistan, and three officers came from postings abroad. Most of the Air Force personal joined the Mukti Bahini and fought shoulder to shoulder with the other freedom fighters in various Mukti Bahini sectors throughout 1971, and some later joined Kilo Flight when it was formed in September 1971. Bangladesh Airforce personnel will go on to earn one Bir Shreshtho, 5 Bir Uttam, one Bir Bikram and eleven Bir Protik medals for their contribution in the liberation war, while Seventeen Bengali Officers would continue to serve in the PAF in East Pakistan until December 16, 1971.[25] Between March and November, 46 Bengali airmen died in combat.[26]
Bengali airmen in Mukti Bahini
The Indian Army had been helping the Mukti Bahini, through
Mukti Bahini Air wing proposal
Group Captain Khandker, after becoming the Deputy Chief of Staff of
Formation and training
Seven Bengali pilots and Fifty Eight technicians - formerly of the PAF and then serving with the Mukti Bahini in various capacities - were gathered to form the Air Wing by September 28, 1971, at
These propeller-driven aircraft were to take advantage of the lack of night-fighting capability of the PAF to launch hit-and-run attacks on sensitive targets inside Bangladesh from the air. Gp.Capt. Khandker, along with Flight Lieutenant Shamsul Alam (F-86 Sabre pilot who escaped from Pakistani captivity on August 5, 1971) flew to Dimapur via Gauhati on September 27, and in the presence of Air Chief Marshall P.C. Lal, took delivery and inaugurated the newly formed Bangladesh Air Force. The unit officially became active on September 28, 1971 – birth day of Bangladesh Air force. The unit was dubbed" Kilo Flight", the first fighting formation of the nascent Bangladesh Air force.
Pilots
Nine pilots were assembled at Dimapur to fly the 3 aircraft. Flight Lieutenant
Dimapur had a World War II era 5000 ft runway, a single control tower and some building, all surrounded by dense jungle.[35] Bengali rank and file fixed up the World War II vintage runway at Dimapur, then took over the servicing duties for the 3 aircraft. Logistics and administration was coordinated by Group Captain Chandan Singh, station commander of IAF base Jorhat.[6] After a few days of test-flying, the aircraft were taken and refitted at various IAF service stations. Squadron Leader Sanjay Kumar Chowdhury, who became liaison officeer between IAF and Kilo Flight, and Flight Lieutenant Chandra Mohan Singla of IAF was attached as trainers.[36]
Refitted Kilo Flight aircraft
The Otter boasted 7 rockets under each of its wings and could deliver ten 25 pound bombs, which were rolled out of the aircraft by hand through a makeshift door.[37] Flight Lt. Shamsul Alam, along with Captains Akram Ahmed and Sharfuddin Ahmad, flew the Otter - all three were later awarded Bir Uttam for their service in 1971. Flight Lieutenant Ghosal of IAF converted these Pilots into the Otter.[36]
The Dakota was modified to carry ten 500 pound bombs, for low-level bombings. A section of the floor was cut off and a jury-rigged devise was installed to drop the bombs on target.[38] Near the back door of the Dakota, a bomb rack was installed to hold 5 1000 pound bombs. An officer was to manually push them off the rack and one second interval, after the pilot signaled him with a bell. Captain Abdul Khaleque, Captain Alamgir Satter, and Captain Abdul Muqeet, all destined to earn the Bir Pratik award, piloted the Dakota. Flight Lieutenant Sinha of IAF was the instructor and flight safety officer.[36][39]
The helicopter was rigged to fire 14 rockets from pylons attached to its side and had a twin-barreled .303 Browning machine gun installed underneath the main helicopter pod, in addition to having 1-inch (25 mm) steel plate welded to its floor for extra protection.[35] Squadron Leader Sultan Mahmood, Flight Lieutenant Badrul Alam, and Captain Shahabuddin, all of whom later won the Bir Uttam award, operated the helicopter.
Flying and firing training
The propeller-driven aircraft were slow and was no match for the F-86 Sabre aircraft of Pakistan Air Force, and flying them in broad daylight for low-level strafing and bombing also risked getting hit by anti-aircraft fire.
Planned initial missions
After one month of training, the formation was declared fit for combat by the IAF instructors. Group Captain Chandan Singh briefed A. K. Khandker on the first three possible missions, the Dakota would bomb Dacca Airport, the helicopter was to hit the Air Fuel dumps at Godnail near Narayanganj, and the Otter would attack the Eastern Oil Refinery at Chittagong. The Otter and the Alouette would have to refuel on the way to their targets after starting from Dimapur as the intended targets lay outside their operational range.
Two changes were made to the proposals before the final missions took place. It was found that when the Dakota pulled up in full throttle after its bombing run, the engine exhaust flames were clearly visible in the dark, making the plane an easy mark for anti aircraft gunners, the risk was deemed unacceptable and their combat mission was cancelled. The Dakota was sent to Barrakpur after November 2, 1971.[44] and used to transport Bangladesh government officials and send supplies to remote areas. Bangladesh Government and Bangladesh force commanders vetoed[45][46] the planned attack on the refinery, pointing out that it was essential for Bangladesh to have the facility intact and operational after Bangladesh was liberated. The target for the Otter was then switched to the fuel dumps of the refinery. The IAF command, aware of the significance of the Bangladesh Liberation War, allotted the honor of first strike against Pakistan from the air to Bengali pilots.
The first sortie was scheduled to take place on November 3, 1971, then it was moved to November 28, but again was moved back 6 days, to December 2, 1971.[39] The Kilo flight pilots were flown to Jorhat for their final briefings on December 1, 1971, then assembled at Kilashhar.[47] The Otter - flown by Flight Lt. Shamsul Alam, with co-pilot Captain Akram - was moved to Kailashsahar, and was prepared for a mission against targets in Chittagong. The helicopter, piloted by Sqn.Ldr Sultan Mahmud and Flight Lt. Badrul Alam, was to hit Narayangang, flying from Teliamura.[46]
First blood: Kilo Flight strikes
Pakistan Air Force initiated Operation Chengiz Khan on December 3, 1971, against several IAF bases in the Western Front around 6:00 PM. In response, Kilo flight Otter and helicopter took off to hit their respective targets. The night was a foggy faintly moonlit one.
The Otter, piloted by Flt.Lt Shamsul Alam, with Captain Akram as copilot, took off from Kailashahar Airport around 9:00 PM. They were accompanied by LAC Rustam Ali, air gunner, and Corporal Mujammel Haque,[48] the designated bomb aimer in the rear cabin.[49][50][51] With the aid of a compass, Captain Akram navigated the airplane as it flew 25 miles to Teliamura, blinked their lights a few times, where Kilo flight personnel fired a flare to signal the aircraft that they were on course.[52][53] The otter flew lower and lower to the ground to avoid Rader detection and to navigate through the mist, and after an hour made it to Chittagong, which was 140 miles to the south. The city was observing a blackout, only lights visible were some ships anchored at the port. The Aircraft then turned southeast, located Chittagong Airport, then made a shallow dive to hit two fuel tanks with two rockets. It then made a second rocket attack on the depots and was met by anti-aircraft fire. The Otter pulled up, and on its way out hit a ship with rockets, then flew back north to Kumbhirgram Airport.[54][52] The otter pilots returned to Kilashahar the following day.
After the Otter had passed
Further missions
The Unit moved from Kailashahar to Agartala to cut down fuel usage and turn around time after December 4, 1971, and used Shamshernagar as a forward base.[60] The Otter flew twelve and the Alouette seventy-seven sorties between December 4 and 16, 1971,[61] about 40 of them were combat missions to attack ground targets in Sylhet, Comilla, Daudkandi and Narshigndi.[62]
The Otter, piloted by Captan Akram, flew several sorties and hit Pakistani positions in Sylhet on December 5 and again on December 6 while on December 6 SqnLdr. Sultan Mahmud and Captain Shahabuddin flew four sorties in the helicopter and rocketed Pakistani troops in Moulvibazar, Sylhet. and on the Kushiyara River.[51] On December 7, Indian Army used helicopters to land troops in Sylhet the Alouette, piloted by Flt. Lt. Singla of IAF and Sultan Mahmud provided ground support by firing rocks and strafed targets near the Sylhet Circuit house and on Pakistani positions along the river Surma to contain the Pakistani attacks.[61][63] The Alouette was repeatedly hit by small arms fire during these missions but sustained no significant damage.
The Alouette, piloted by Flt.Lt. Badrul Alam and Captain Shahabuddin, attacked Pakistani troops retreating from Sylhet to Bhairab on December 8 while Captain Sharafuddin in the Otter attacked Pakistani troops crossing the Kushiyara river on December 6, 7 and December 8 several times, and after one sortie skillfully landed the craft after its tail rotor was hit by small arms fire near Moulvibazar.[64] Pakistan army had destroyed the Bhairab bridge and on December 9 Meghna Heli Bridge dropped Mukti Bahini and Indian Soldiers at Riapura near Narshingdi, Kilo flight aircraft were part of the air cover. Captain Shahabuddinn in the Alouette flew an unsuccessful sortie[51][62] to rescue Squadron Leader R.C Sachdeva, who had bailed out near Naryanganj on December 10.[65] The Alouette attacked Pakistani positions near Narshingdi on December 11[64] while the Otter flew several missions near Narshindi between December 11–15, 1971.[61] The Otter, flown by Flt. Lt Shamsul Alam, was the first fixed-wing aircraft to land at Tejgaon on December 17, after the unconditional surrender of Pakistani Forces to the Joint Command of Bangladesh and Indian Forces the previous day.
Aftermath
Tezgaon airport was made operational by December 25, 1971, through the joint efforts of Indian and Bangladeshi airmen and engineers and Bengali workers. Kilo flight relocated to Tezgaon during that period. The newly formed Bangladesh Air Force lacked trained personnel and for some time the base was administered by IAF Air Commodore Kingly.[citation needed] Bangladesh government awarded six Bir Uttam medals. (Sqn.Ldr. Sultan Mahmud, Flt. Lt. Shamsul Alam, Flt. Lt. Badrul Alam, Captain Akram Ahmed, Shahabuddin Ahmed and Sharafuddin) and six Bir Protik medals (Captains A.S.M.A Khaleque, Kazi Abdus Satter and Abdul Muqeet, Sergeant Shahidullah, Corporal Muzammel Haque and LAC Rustom Ali) to Kilo Flight Personnel.[66] IAF awarded Vir Chakra to Squadron Leader Sanjay Kumar Chowdhury and FL Chandra Mohan Singla for their service in Kilo Flight.[65]
.
Under the leadership of
Footnotes
- ^ Uddin 2005, p. 47
- ^ Gp Capt NA Moitra VM
- ^ *"No.2 Squadron". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 33
- ^ Islam 2006, p. 315
- ^ a b Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 50
- ^ Bhuiyan 2009, p. 129
- ^ Salik 1977, pp. 48–51
- ^ Arefin 1998, p. 3
- ISBN 978-3838393421
- ^ ISBN 978-984-8765-22-7
- ^ Arefin 1998, p. 4
- ^ Salik 1977, p. 64
- ^ Salik 1977, p. 70
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-8765-22-7
- ^ Bhuiyan 2009, p. 126
- ^ a b c Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 34
- ^ a b Kabir 1992, p. 96
- ^ Arefin 1998, pp. 523–526
- ^ Arefin 1998, pp. 530–536
- ^ Kabir 1992, pp. 50, 97
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 36
- ^ Bhuiyan 2012, p. 110
- ^ Arefin 1998, pp. 371–373
- ^ Bhuiyan 2012, p. 111
- ^ Hasan 2004, p. 44
- ^ Hasan 2004, pp. 64–65
- ^ Khan 1973, p. 125
- ^ Khan 1992, p. 96
- ^ Uddin 2005, p. 247
- ISBN 978-984-91202-1-6
- ^ a b Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 48
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ a b c Mohan & Chopra 2013, pp. 48–49
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, pp. 49–50
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-91202-1-6
- ^ Islam 2006, p. 371
- ^ ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 95
- ^ Arefin 1998, p. 600
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 106
- ^ a b c Islam 1999, p. 574
- ^ a b Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 107
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ a b IIslam 1999, p. 574
- ^ ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Uddin 2005, p. 246
- ^ Safiullah 1989, p. 183
- ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Uddin 2005, p. 120
- ^ a b c Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 383
- ^ ISBN 978-984-90747-4-8
- ^ Salik 1977, p. 169
- ^ ISBN 978-984-91202-1-6
- ^ a b Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 270
- ^ Arefin 1998, pp. 557–603
- Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 391
- ^ "IAF Claims vs. Official List of Pakistani Losses". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
- ^ "Bangladesh Air Force: Encyclopedia II - Bangladesh Air Force - History". Experiencefestival.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Islam 1999, p. 575
- ^ Mohan & Chopra 2013, p. 374
References
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- Bhuiyan, Qamrul Hassan, ed. (2009). Shadhinata, Volume One. Center of Bangladesh Liberation War studies.
- Bhuiyan, Qamrul Hassan, ed. (2012). Shadhinata, Volume Four. Center of Bangladesh Liberation War studies.
- Hasan, Moyeedul (2004). Muldhara, 71. University Press Limited. ISBN 978-984-05-0121-2.
- Islam, Rafiqul, ed. (1999). Sammukh samara Bangalee. Agamee Prokashoni. OCLC 62916393.
- Islam, Rafiqul (2006) [First published 1974]. A Tale of Millions. Ananna. ISBN 984-412-033-0.
- Kabir, Shahriar, ed. (1992). Sekṭara kamānḍārara balachena muktiyuddhera smaraṇīẏa ghaṭanā. Dhaka: Mowla Brothers. ISBN 984-410-002-X.
- Khan, Fazal Mukeem (1973). Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership. National Book Foundation. OCLC 976643179.
- OCLC 28547552.
- Mohan, P V S Jagan; Chopra, Samir (2013). Eagles over Bangladesh: The Indian Air Force in the 1971 Liberation War. Harper Collins India. ISBN 978-93-5136-163-3.
- ISBN 984-91449-4-7.
- ISBN 81-7062-108-9.
- Uddin, Nasir (2005). Juddhay Juddhay Shadhinota. Agami Prokashoni. ISBN 978-984-401-455-8.