Chittagong

Coordinates: 22°20′06″N 91°49′57″E / 22.33500°N 91.83250°E / 22.33500; 91.83250
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chittagong
চট্টগ্রাম
Postal code
4000, 4100, 42xx
HDI (2019)0.654[5]
medium
PoliceChattogram Metropolitan Police
Metro GDP/PPP (2020)Increase $60 billion (2022)[6]
International airportShah Amanat International Airport
WebsiteChittagong City Corporation

Chittagong (

Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The Greater Chittagong Area had a population of more than 5.2 million in 2022.[10] In 2020, the city area had a population of more than 3.9 million.[11] The city is home to many large local businesses and plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy
.

One of the world's oldest ports with a functional

natural harbor for centuries,[12] Chittagong appeared on ancient Greek and Roman maps, including on Ptolemy's world map. It was located on the southern branch of the Silk Road. In the 9th century, merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate established a trading post in Chittagong.[13][14] The port fell to the Muslim conquest of Bengal during the 14th century. It was the site of a royal mint under the Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire.[15] Between the 15th and 17th centuries, Chittagong was also a center of administrative, literary, commercial and maritime activities in Arakan, a narrow strip of land along the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal which was under strong Bengali influence for 350 years. During the 16th century, the port became a Portuguese trading post and João de Barros described it as "the most famous and wealthy city of the Kingdom of Bengal".[16]
The Mughal Empire expelled the Portuguese and Arakanese in 1666.

The

Bangladeshi declaration of independence. The port city has benefited from the growth of heavy industry
, logistics, and manufacturing in Bangladesh. Trade unionism was strong during the 1990s.

Chittagong accounts for 12% of Bangladesh's GDP, including 40% of industrial output, 80% of

and others.

Etymology

The etymology of Chittagong is uncertain.[17] The port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala.[18]

The Bengali word for Chittagong, Chattogram (চট্টগ্রাম), has the suffix "-gram" (গ্রাম) meaning village in

Sufi saints
).

One explanation credits the first Arab traders for shatt ghangh (

Arabic: شط غنغ) where shatt means "delta" and ghangh stood for the Ganges.[17][21][22] The Arakanese chronicle that a king named Tsu-la-taing Tsandaya (Sula Taing Chandra), after conquering Bengal, set up a stone pillar as a trophy/memorial at the place since called Tst-ta-gaung as the limit of conquest.[23]

History

A Dutch map in 1638 showing Bengal, Chittagong and Arakan
Dutch VOC ships in Chittagong, 1702

Stone Age fossils and tools unearthed in the region indicate that Chittagong has been inhabited since Neolithic times.[24] It is an ancient port city, with a recorded history dating back to the 4th century BC.[25] Its harbour was mentioned in Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century as one of the most impressive ports in the East.[12] The region was part of the ancient Bengali Samatata and Harikela kingdoms. The Chandra dynasty once dominated the area and was followed by the Varman dynasty and Deva dynasty.

Chinese traveller Xuanzang described the area as "a sleeping beauty rising from mist and water" in the 7th century.[26]

Arab Muslim traders frequented Chittagong from the 9th century. In 1154,

Abbasid capital of Baghdad.[21]

Many

Sufi missionaries settled in Chittagong and played an instrumental role in the spread of Islam.[27]

Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340,[28] making it a part of Sultanate of Bengal. It was the principal maritime gateway to the kingdom, which was reputed as one of the wealthiest states in the Indian subcontinent. Medieval Chittagong was a hub for maritime trade with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, and East Africa. It was notable for its medieval trades in pearls,[29] silk, muslin, rice, bullion, horses, and gunpowder. The port was also a major shipbuilding hub.

treasure fleet anchored in Chittagong during imperial missions to the Sultanate of Bengal.[32][33]

Dhaniya Manikya conquered Chittagong in 1513. Hossain Shah sent his noble commander Gorai Mallik to attack Tripura. Gorai Mallik recaptured the territories lost. But the following year Dhaniya Manikya again conquered Chittagong.[34]

Chittagong featured prominently in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate, including during the

.

Painting of Chittagong in 1822
Hilltop mansions and bungalows historically dominated Chittagong's skyline
British Burma
.
A ship built in Chittagong near the coast of Hong Kong in 1890

During the 13th and 16th centuries,

Iranic peoples have deeply affected the history of the Bengal Sultanate, with Persian being one of the main languages of the Muslim state, as well as also influencing the Chittagonian language and writing scripts.[35][36] It has been affirmed that much of the Muslim population in Chittagong are descendants of the Arab and Persian settlers.[37]

Two decades after

Calicut, the Bengal Sultanate permitted the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong to be established in 1528. It became the first European colonial enclave in Bengal. The Bengal Sultanate lost control of Chittagong in 1531 after Arakan declared independence and the established Kingdom of Mrauk U. This altered geopolitical landscape allowed the Portuguese unhindered control of Chittagong for over a century.[38]

Portuguese ships from Goa and Malacca began frequenting the port city in the 16th century. The cartaz system was introduced and required all ships in the area to purchase naval trading licenses from the Portuguese settlement.[39] Slave trade and piracy flourished. The nearby island of Sandwip was conquered in 1602. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated a joint Dutch East India Company and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong.

Colonial architecture in Chittagong

In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy

Orissa and Bihar.[33][40] Shipbuilding increased dramatically under the Mughal rule, and the Ottoman Sultans had many Ottoman warships built in Chittagong during this period.[41]

In 1685, the British East India Company sent out an expedition under Admiral Nicholson with the instructions to seize and fortify Chittagong on behalf of the English; however, the expedition proved abortive. Two years later, the company's Court of Directors decided to make Chittagong the headquarters of their Bengal trade and sent out a fleet of ten or eleven ships to seize it under Captain Heath. However, after reaching Chittagong in early 1689, the fleet found the city too strongly held and abandoned their attempt at capturing it. The city was possessed by the Nawab of Bengal until 1793 when East India Company took complete control of the former Mughal province of Bengal.[42][43]

The

Indian rebellion of 1857, when the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment revolted and released all prisoners from the city's jail. In a backlash, the rebels were suppressed by the Sylhet Light Infantry.[21]

Arakan was annexed in 1829 and incorporated into the Bengal Presidency. Agriculturalists from Chittagong played a key role in the development of the rice economy in Arakan.[44] The economy of northern Arakan was integrated with the Chittagong economy. During this period, Arakan Division became one of the top rice exporters in the world.[45][46] Bengalis from Chittagong were vital to the success of Arakan's rice industry.

Railways were introduced in 1865, beginning with the

British Burma
. It hosted many prominent companies of the British Empire.

The Chittagong armoury raid by Bengali revolutionaries in 1930 was a major event in British India's anti-colonial history.

World War II

Royal Air Force Thunderbolts lined up at Chittagong in 1944

During World War II, Chittagong became a frontline city in the

Imperial Japanese Army Air Force carried out air raids on Chittagong in April and May 1942, in the run-up to the aborted Japanese invasion of Bengal.[48][49]

After the

1945.[50] Commonwealth forces included troops from Britain, India, Australia, and New Zealand. The war had major negative impacts on the city, including the growth of refugees and the Great Famine of 1943.[21]
Many wealthy Chittagonians profited from wartime commerce.

715 soldiers are buried at the Chittagong War Cemetery, which is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Allied soldiers constitute the bulk of burials in the cemetery. A few Japanese soldiers are also buried. Remembrance Day services are held each year at the cemetery, with diplomats from Commonwealth countries like the UK, Bangladesh, Australia, India and Pakistan, as well as the United States and Japan, usually in attendance.[51]

Modern

Port of Chittagong in 1960

The

Shah of Iran. The Agrabad Chamber of Commerce was formed in 1963. It later became the Foreign Investors' Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Bangladesh.[59] The Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) was created by the government to promote urban planning; while wealthy families like the Ispahanis contributed to social welfare by setting up schools and hospitals.[60]

The lawyer and industrialist A K Khan, who set up A K Khan & Company in the aftermath of World War II, represented Chittagong in the federal cabinet of East and West Pakistan. However, East Pakistanis complained of a lack of investment in Chittagong in comparison to Karachi in West Pakistan, even though East Pakistan generated more exports and had a larger population. The Awami League demanded that the country's naval headquarters be shifted from Karachi to Chittagong.[61]

During the

naval blockade was also enforced.[65]

After the war, the

Soviet Pacific Fleet sailed from Vladivostok to Chittagong in May 1972.[67] The process of clearing mines in the dense water harbor took nearly a year and claimed the life of Soviet marine Yuri V Redkin.[68][69] Chittagong soon regained its status as a major port, with cargo tonnage surpassing pre-war levels in 1973. In the immediate aftermath of 1971, many industries were nationalized. But in Chittagong, factories and business properties were given back to their private owners. The Ispahani family had to write only one letter in order to get back all their properties from the Awami League government of Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[70]

In

emerging economy in recent years, with the country's rising GDP growth rate. Chittagong has seen several infrastructure projects taken up by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, including the Chittagong Elevated Expressway, the first underwater tunnel in South Asia, the expansion of its port, and new parks, power plants and flyovers.[71][72] Hasina's government has planned several new economic zones around the city, including the flagship Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Industrial City of the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority.[73]

Geography

Topography

Mohammad Yusuf Chowdhury Road in the Tigerpass area, an example of the city's hilly landscape

Chittagong lies at 22°20′06″N 91°49′57″E / 22.33500°N 91.83250°E / 22.33500; 91.83250. It straddles the coastal foothills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh. The Karnaphuli River runs along the southern banks of the city, including its central business district. The river enters the Bay of Bengal in an estuary located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of downtown Chittagong. Mount Sitakunda is the highest peak in Chittagong District, with an elevation of 351 metres (1,152 ft).[74] Within the city itself, the highest peak is Batali Hill at 85.3 metres (280 ft). Chittagong has many lakes that were created under the Mughal rule. In 1924, an engineering team of the Assam Bengal Railway established the Foy's Lake.[74]

Major sediment outflows from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers form tidal flats around the city.[75]

Ecological hinterland

The Chittagong Division is known for its rich

Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco Park.[77]

Patenga beach in the main seafront of Chittagong, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of the city.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Chittagong has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[78]

Chittagong is vulnerable to North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. The deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Chittagong was the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed 138,000 people and left as many as 10  million homeless.[79]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.4
(92.1)
36.0
(96.8)
37.2
(99.0)
39.6
(103.3)
39.5
(103.1)
37.7
(99.9)
34.4
(93.9)
33.9
(93.0)
36.3
(97.3)
34.4
(93.9)
35.5
(95.9)
32.5
(90.5)
39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8)
28.3
(82.9)
30.8
(87.4)
31.9
(89.4)
32.4
(90.3)
31.7
(89.1)
31.0
(87.8)
31.4
(88.5)
31.8
(89.2)
31.7
(89.1)
30.0
(86.0)
27.2
(81.0)
30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6)
22.3
(72.1)
25.7
(78.3)
27.9
(82.2)
28.6
(83.5)
28.4
(83.1)
27.9
(82.2)
28.1
(82.6)
28.3
(82.9)
27.7
(81.9)
24.9
(76.8)
21.2
(70.2)
25.9
(78.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)
16.3
(61.3)
20.5
(68.9)
23.6
(74.5)
24.9
(76.8)
25.4
(77.7)
25.2
(77.4)
25.3
(77.5)
25.2
(77.4)
24.1
(75.4)
20.3
(68.5)
15.8
(60.4)
21.7
(71.1)
Record low °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)
10.6
(51.1)
15.0
(59.0)
18.0
(64.4)
18.0
(64.4)
20.5
(68.9)
22.5
(72.5)
21.0
(69.8)
21.0
(69.8)
19.6
(67.3)
11.0
(51.8)
9.9
(49.8)
7.7
(45.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.3
(0.29)
25.0
(0.98)
55.5
(2.19)
136.4
(5.37)
314.0
(12.36)
591.3
(23.28)
735.6
(28.96)
513.9
(20.23)
239.3
(9.42)
197.8
(7.79)
59.5
(2.34)
14.1
(0.56)
2,889.7
(113.77)
Average rainy days 1 2 4 8 13 16 19 17 13 7 3 1 104
Average
relative humidity
(%)
73 70 74 77 79 83 85 85 83 81 78 75 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 264.1 244.3 276.4 242.7 227.2 116.7 105.1 124.4 166.7 218.2 241.3 245.5 2,472.6
Source 1: Bangladesh Meteorological Department[80][81][82]
Source 2: Sistema de Classificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes),[83] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[84][a]


Government

Panorama of the Chittagong Court Building on Court Hill (also known as "Porir Pahar" or fairy hill)
The British-era Central Railway Building was the headquarters of the Assam Bengal Railway.
Zia Memorial Museum was formerly the Circuit House.

The

Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) is responsible for governing municipal areas in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area. It is headed by the mayor of Chittagong. The mayor and ward councillors are elected every five years. The mayor is Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, as of August 2023.[85] The city corporation's mandate is limited to basic civic services, however, the CCC is credited for keeping Chittagong one of the cleaner and most eco-friendly cities in Bangladesh.[86][87] Its principal sources of revenue are municipal taxes and conservancy charges.[21] The Chittagong Development Authority
is responsible for implementing the city's urban planning.

The

Chittagong Metropolitan Police and the Rapid Action Battalion-7. The district and sessions judges are the heads of the local judiciary on behalf of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[21]
The Divisional Special Judge's Court is located in the colonial-era Chittagong Court Building.

Military

Chittagong is a strategically important military port on the Bay of Bengal. The

Bangladeshi warships.[88] The Bangladesh Naval Academy and the navy's elite special force- Special Warfare Diving and Salvage (SWADS) are also based in the city.[89] The Bangladesh Army's 24th Infantry Division is based in Chittagong Cantonment, and the Bangladesh Air Force maintains the BAF Zahurul Haq Air Base in Chittagong.[90] The city is also home to the Bangladesh Military Academy, the premier training institute for the country's armed forces
.

Diplomatic representation

In the 1860s, the American consulate-general in the

honorary consulates of Turkey, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Malaysia, Italy, and the Philippines.[92][93][94][95][96][97][98]

Economy

Top publicly traded
companies in Chittagong,

in 2014[99]
Jamuna Oil Company
BSRM
Padma Oil Company
PHP
Meghna Petroleum
GPH Ispat
Aramit Cement
Western Marine Shipyard
RSRM
Hakkani Pulp & Paper
Source:
Chittagong Stock Exchange

A substantial share of Bangladesh's national GDP is attributed to Chittagong. The port city contributes 12%

Port of Mumbai and the Port of Colombo.[9][101] The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and on to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[102][103][104]

Industrial plants near the Shah Amanat Bridge
Straddle carriers moving shipping containers in Chittagong Port
The Radisson Blu Hotel, Chittagong
Apartments in Khulshi

The

ready-made garments.[107] The Karnaphuli Paper Mills
were established in 1953.

International banks operating in Chittagong include

Citibank NA
. Chittagong is often called Bangladesh's commercial capital due to its diversified industrial base and seaport. The port city has ambitions to develop as a global financial center and regional
Burma, Nepal, Bhutan and Southwest China.[108][109]

By 2024, the Chittagong-based

BDT in two industrial zones in Chittagong.[111] S Alam also has substantial offshore assets, including a billion dollars worth of real estate in Singapore.[112] Its portfolio in Singapore includes the city-state's Hilton Garden Inn Serangoon hotel.[113]
The S Alam Group enjoys close ties with the ruling Awami League party in Bangladesh. The group has been subjected to intense media scrutiny.

Financial and commodity markets

Trade associations

Industrial areas

Architecture

Jamuna Bhaban on Sheikh Mujib Road

The Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque is a well-known

verandah, chimneys, fireplaces and big gardens. The Firingi Bazaar has many colonial houses which belonged to rich local residents. The well-known buildings from the British colonial period include the Battali Railway Station, Central Railway Building, Chittagong Circuit House and Chittagong Court Building
.

The old Circuit House was originally built in the style of

art deco can be seen in Agrabad. M. M. Ispahani Limited relocated its head office to Chittagong from Calcutta after the partition of India;[121] the Ispahani building in Agrabad was influenced by the art deco style. Another building with 1930s classical and art deco elements is the headquarters of the Jamuna Oil Company
. The building has a dome and modernist columns inspired by the style of the 1930s and 1940s.

Culture

Mezbani beef, a traditional dish of Chittagong
Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque built during the Mughal era

An inhabitant of Chittagong is called Chittagonian in English.[122] For centuries, the port city has been a melting pot for people from all over the world. Its historic trade networks have left a lasting impact on its language, culture, and cuisine. The Chittagonian language, although identified as a nonstandard dialect of Bengali, is considered to be a separate language by many linguists. The Chittagonian language has many Arabic, Persian, English and Portuguese loanwords.[21] The popular traditional feast of Mezban features the serving of hot beef dish with white rice.[122] Another dish named kala-bhuna of Chittagong, made with traditional spices, mustard oil, and beef through a special cooking style, is also renowned all over Bangladesh. The cultivation of pink pearls is a historic activity in Chittagong. Its Mughal-era name, Islamabad (City of Islam), continues to be used in the old city. The name was given due to the port city's history as a gateway for early Islamic missionaries in Bengal. Notable Islamic architecture in Chittagong can be seen in the historic Bengal Sultanate-era Hammadyar Mosque and the Mughal Fort of Anderkilla. Chittagong is known as the Land of the Twelve Saints[123] due to the prevalence of major Sufi Muslim shrines in the district. Historically, Sufism played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region. Prominent dargahs include the mausoleums of Shah Amanat, Badr Auliya, Miskin Shah, Garibullah Shah and the shrine of Bayazid Bastami among many others. The Bastami shrine hosts a pond of black softshell turtles, a critically endangered species of freshwater turtle.

LRB Band founder Ayub Bachchu

During the medieval period, many poets thrived in the region when it was part of the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. Under the patronage of Sultan

Roman Catholic Diocese of Chittagong is the oldest catholic mission in Bengal.[126]

Major cultural organizations in the city include the

scene.

Being home to the pioneering rock bands in the country like Souls[127] and LRB,[128] Chittagong is regarded as the "birthplace of Bangladeshi rock music".[129][130][131]

Demographics

Jamiatul Falah, one of the largest mosques in Chittagong
Iskcon Temple
Historical population
YearPop.±%
193153,156—    
1941 92,301+73.6%
19911,392,958+1409.1%
20012,023,489+45.3%
20112,582,401+27.6%
20223,227,246+25.0%
sources:citypopulation.de

At the 2011 Census, Chittagong had a population of more than 2.5 million,[132] and its Metropolitan Area had a population of 4,009,423.[133] By gender, the population was 54.36% male and 45.64% female, and the literacy rate in the city was approximately 72 percent, in 2020.

Muslims, numbering approximately 3.44 million, form the overwhelming majority of the city's population, with the rest being predominantly Hindus, numbering approximately 480,000, and the remaining 2% belonging to other religions, such as Buddhism and Christianity.[21]

Religions in Chittagong City (2011)[134]: 21 
Religion Percent
Muslims
87.74%
Hindus
10.64%
Buddhism
1.55%
Other or not stated
0.07%

Language in Chittagong District (1931)[relevant?][135]

  Bengali (98.2%)
  Hindustani (0.3%)
  Tipuri (0.1%)
  Others (0.2%)

Chittagong was a

Bihari community living in the ethnic enclave known as Bihari Colony.[139][140]
Like other major urban centres in South Asia, Chittagong has experienced steady growth in its
slums within the city corporation area, inhabited by about 1.8  million slum dwellers, the second highest in the country after the capital, Dhaka.[141] The slum dwellers often face eviction by the local authorities, charging them with illegal abode on government lands.[142][143] In the early 1990s, Chittagong had a population of just over 1.5 million, of which there were an estimated 66,676 squatters living in 69 areas.[144]

Media and communications

Various newspapers, including daily, opposition, and business newspapers, are based in Chittagong. Daily newspapers include

Daily Purbokone, Life, Karnafuli, Jyoti, Rashtrobarta and Azan. Furthermore, there are several weekly and monthly newspapers. These include weeklies such as Chattala, Jyoti, Sultan, Chattagram Darpan, and the monthlies such as Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, and Simanto. The only press council in Chittagong is the Chittagong Press Club. Government-owned Bangladesh Television, with its Chittagong station, and Bangladesh Betar have transmission centres in the city. A local online news & media Channel based on the Chittagonian language was launched in 2016 called CplusTv,[147] gained vast popularity. The channel is YouTube- and social network-based, and it reached the 1  million followers milestone on Facebook.[citation needed
]

Chittagong has been featured in all aspects of Bangladeshi popular culture, including television, movies, journals, music, and books. Nearly all televisions and radios in Bangladesh have coverage in Chittagong. Renowned

Bollywood film director Ashutosh Gowariker directed a movie based on the 1930s Chittagong Uprising, Movie's name is Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey[148] in which Abhishek Bachchan played the lead role.[149][150]

Utilities

The southern zone of the Bangladesh Power Development Board is responsible for supplying electricity to city dwellers.[151][152] The fire services are provided by the Bangladesh Fire Service & Civil Defence department, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.[153] Total Electricity Consumption is approximately 1000 megawatts in the city proper. But in the whole Chittagong urban and city proper, it will be 1300 megawatts plus-minus. Ss power plant will be in production next year and its production power is 1320 megawatts And it creates Chittagong City as the energy production hub of Bangladesh

The water supply and sewage systems are managed by the Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Chittagong WASA).[154][155] Water is primarily drawn from Karnaphuli River and then purified in the Mohra Purification Plant.[156]

Chittagong has extensive

ISPs, including the 4G service providers Banglalion[157] and Qubee.[158]

Education and research

Saint Placid's High School
was established in 1853
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
, one of the five public engineering universities in Bangladesh
University of Chittagong

The education system of Chittagong is similar to that of

Madrasah education system is primarily based on Islamic studies, though other subjects are also taught. Students are prepared according to the Dakhil and Alim examinations, which are controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board and are equivalent to SSC and HSC examinations of the general education system respectively.[162] There are also several private schools in the city, usually referred to as English medium schools,[159] which follow the General Certificate of Education
.

The

Cambridge International and Edexcel examination boards.[163][164] The Technical and Vocational education system is governed by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) and follow the curriculum prepared by Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB).[165][166] Chittagong College, established in 1869, is the earliest modern institution for higher education in the city.[167] Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University is the only public university located in Chittagong city. Chittagong Medical College
is the only government medical college in Chittagong.

Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
is located 25 kilometres (16 miles) north of the Chittagong city. The University of Chittagong, established in 1966 is one of the largest universities in Bangladesh. Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, established in 1968, is one of the five public engineering universities in Bangladesh and the only engineering university in the Chittagong Division.

The city also hosts several other private universities and medical colleges. The

Islamic University
which situated in Chittagong.

Research institutes

Health

Chittagong Medical College and Hospital

The

Chittagong Medical College Hospital is the largest state-owned hospital in Chittagong. The Chittagong General Hospital, established in 1901, is the oldest hospital in the city.[168] The Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (BITID) is based the city. Other government-run medical centers in the city include the Family Welfare Centre, TB Hospital, Infectious Disease Hospital, Diabetic Hospital, Mother and Children Hospital, and the Police Hospital. Among the city's private hospitals are the Bangabandhu Memorial Hospital (BBMH), Chittagong Metropolitan Hospital, Chevron Clinic, Surgiscope Hospital, CSCR, Centre Point Hospital, Park View Hospital, Max Hospital & diagnosis, Imperial Hospital LTD., Evercare Hospital Ltd., National Hospital and Mount Hospital Ltd.[169][170][171]

Imperial Hospital Limited is one of many private hospitals in the city

Private Medical Colleges:

  • University of Science & Technology Chittagong
  • BGC TRUST Medical College Chittagong
  • Chittagong Ma o Shishu Hospital
  • Southern Medical College
  • Marine City Medical College
  • Army Medical College
  • Poly Clinic
  • CSCR Hospital

Transport

Transport in Chittagong is similar to that of the capital, Dhaka. large avenues and roads are present throughout the metropolis. There are various bus systems and taxi services, as well as smaller 'baby' or 'CNG' taxis, which are tricycle-structured motor vehicles. Foreign and local ridesharing companies like Uber and Pathao are operating in the city.[172] There are also traditional manual rickshaws, which are very common.

Road

An elevated motorway in Chittagong

As the population has risen extensively, the Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) has undertaken some transportation initiatives aimed at easing the traffic congestion in Chittagong. Under this plan, the CDA, along with the Chittagong City Corporation, has constructed some flyovers and expanded the existing roads within the city. There are also some other major expressways and flyovers under construction, most notably the Chittagong City Outer Ring Road, which runs along the coast of Chittagong City. This

underwater expressway tunnel through the Karnaphuli river to ensure better connectivity between the northern and southern parts of Chittagong. This tunnel will be the first of its kind in South Asia.[178][179][180]

The N1 (Dhaka-Chittagong Highway), a major arterial national highway, is the only way to access the city by motor vehicle from most other parts of the country. It is considered a crowded and dangerous highway. This highway is also part of AH41 route of the Asian Highway Network. It has been upgraded to 4 lanes.[181] The N106 (Chittagong-Rangamati Highway) is another major national highway that connects the Chittagong Hill Tracts with the Oxygen Square.

Rail

Chittagong can also be accessed by rail. It has a station on the

metre gauge, the eastern section of the Bangladesh Railway, whose headquarters are also located within the city. There are two main railway stations, on Station Road and in the Pahartali Thana. Trains to Dhaka, Sylhet, Comilla, and Bhairab are available from Chittagong. The Chittagong Circular Railway was introduced in 2013 to ease traffic congestion and to ensure better public transport service for commuters within the city. The railway includes high-speed DEMU trains with a carrying capacity of 300 passengers. These DEMU trains also travel on the Chittagong-Laksham route which connects the city with Comilla.[182][183]

Air

The

Burma Campaign 1944–45.[50] It officially became a Bangladeshi airport in 1972 after Bangladesh's liberation war.[185] International services fly to major cities of the Arabian Peninsula as well as to Indian city of Kolkata.[186] At present, Middle Eastern airlines like Air Arabia, Flydubai, Jazeera Airways, Oman Air and SalamAir operate flights from the city to these destinations along with airlines of Bangladesh.[186] All Bangladeshi airlines operate regular domestic flights to Dhaka. The airport was formerly known as MA Hannan International Airport but was renamed after a famous Sufi saint Shah Amanat on 2 April 2005 by the Government.[187]

Sports

Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium
A golf course in Chittagong

Chittagong has produced numerous cricketers, footballers, and athletes, who have performed at the national level.

Abahani Chittagong are also located in the city. Chittagong is also home to the Bangladesh Premier League franchise, the Chattogram Challengers
.

Teams

Twin towns – sister cities

See also

  • Conquest of Chittagong

Notes

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Station ID for Chittagong (Patenga) is 41978 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

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External links