Orcinus

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Orcinus
Temporal range: Early Miocene–Present
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Subfamily: Orcininae
Genus: Orcinus
Fitzinger, 1860[1]
Type species
Linnaeus
, 1758
Species
Synonyms[2]
  • Gladiator
    Gray, 1870
  • Ophesia
    Gray, 1868
  • Ophysia
    Gray, 1868
  • Orca
    Gray, 1846
  • Phocaena
    Gray, 1846
  • Grampus
    Iredale & Troughton (not Gray), 1933

Orcinus is a

Orcinus orca, known as the orca or killer whale. Two extinct species are recognised, Orcinus paleorca and O. citoniensis, describing fossilised remains of the genus.[2] The other extinct species O. meyeri is disputed.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Orcinus was published by Leopold Fitzinger in 1860,[4] its type species is the orca named by Linnaeus in 1758 as Delphinus orca. Taxonomic arrangements of delphinids published by workers before and after Fitzinger, such as John Edward Gray as Orca in 1846 and Orca (Gladiator) in 1870, are recognised as synonyms of Orcinus. The descriptions of species as Orcinus glacialis Berzin and Vladimirov, 1983 and Orcinus nanus Mikhalev and Ivashin, 1981 are considered synonyms of Orcinus orca, the existing species of orca.

Orcinus means "of the kingdom of the dead",

Delphinidae, the species is more closely related to other oceanic dolphins than to other whales.[9]

The published names for the genus and their relationship to other delphinids combined epithets such as orca, grampus, gladiator and orcinus throughout the nineteenth century. The instability of this uncertain synonymy was complicated by the repetition of mistakes, a lack of specimens and contradictory descriptions, especially by J. E. Gray.

Grampus); the general stability of current species names emerged after the publication of the Philip Hershkovitz's Catalog of Living Whales (US National Museum, 1966).[11][12]

The type of the genus is Delphinus orca, published by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The type locality was named as "Oceano Europaeo".[11]

Description

A genus of carnivorous marine mammals,

sympatric, but these are known to be genetically isolated. Distinctions within the living Orcinus population are often observed in unique social behaviours, their cultures, which provided a significant evolutionary advantage in moving from a diet of cephlapods and fish to other mammals.[13]

The fossil remains of Orcinus species are frequently teeth, deposited during the Pliocene, especially in Italy. Orcinus citoniensis is known by a well preserved skull and jaw. This specimen was an animal smaller than the orca, around 4 metres in length, and possessed a greater number of proportionally smaller teeth.

The diet of modern orca is wide-ranging, although some ecotypes may be specialist fishers in a local range. Most delphinids feed on cephlapods, squid and octopuses, and earlier Orcinus species are thought to have also exploited this resource. The great size of orcas may have been the result of feeding 'up the foodchain', but the ability to prey on other mammals and the largest whales is proposed instead to be the result of

Otodus megalodon, likely exceeded the size of their targets.[14]

Distribution

A worldwide distribution in a wide range of habitats, deep oceans, continental shelves, arctic seas and coastal regions of every continent, including Antarctica. The modern orca is considered, after humans and their domestic animals, to be the most widely distributed mammal on the planet. Orcinus orca is able to forage at a range of coastal locations, in shallow waters, onto beaches and ice sheets, and into estuaries and rivers. They are not a common animal, but population density increases in favourable habitats of temperate and colder waters with residents and transients.

Fossil evidence of Orcinus species occur in a temporal range of 3.6 million years ago until the present day. The most ancient species Orcinus meyeri refers to fossils of a partial jaw and teeth located at the early Miocene horizon of a site near Stockach in Germany.[2]

Classification

The classification of Orcinus within subfamilies of delphinids may be summarised as:

The extant population is considered as a single species, although previously recognised diversity of orca populations suggests a number of cryptic species and subspecies may be recognised.

Other members of Orcininae were moved to Globicephalinae, and the relation of Orcinus with other dolphins is unknown.[17]

Delphinidae
Delphinidae
Globicephalinae

Grampus griseus
- Risso's dolphin

Globicephala
- pilot whale species

Feresa attenuata
- pygmy killer whale

Peponocephala electra
- melon-headed whale

Pseudorca crassidens
- false killer whale

Orcaella - snubfin dolphin species

Orcinus

other dolphins

Orcinus and Globicephalinae[17]

References

  1. ^ "Orcinus Fitzinger, 1860". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Orcinus". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  3. ^ Abel, O. (1905). Les Odontocètes du Boldérien (Miocène Supérieur) d'Anvers [The Odontocetes of Boldérien (Upper Miocene) of Antwerp] (in French). Bruxelles, Polleunis and Ceuterick, Imprimeurs. p. 79.
  4. ^ L. J. Fitzinger. 1860. Wissenschaftlich-populäre Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere in ihren sämmtlichen Hauptformen. Nebst einer Einleitung in die Naturgeschichte überhaupt und in die Lehre von den Thieren insbesondere. VI. Band
  5. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2
    .
  6. ^ Killer Whales. Scientific Classification Archived August 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Seaworld.org, September 23, 2010, Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  7. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "orca". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
  8. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "ὄρυξ". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
  9. ISBN 978-0-521-89710-5
    .
  10. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.19.1933.689
    .
  11. ^
    doi:10.5479/si.03629236.246
    .
  12. ^ "Australian Faunal Directory".
  13. ^ Barrett-Lennard, L. G; Heise, K. A. (2006). "The Natural History and Ecology of Killer Whales". In Estes, J. A. (ed.). Whales, Whaling and Ocean Ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 163–173.
  14. ^ Croll, D. A.; Kudela, R.; Tershy, B. R. (2006). "Evolutionary patterns in Cetacea". In Estes, J. A. (ed.). Whales, Whaling and Ocean Ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 76–77.
  15. ^ von Brandt, J. F. (1873). "Untersuchungen über die Fossilen und Subfossilen Cetaceen Europa's" [Research on the Fossil and Subfossil Cetaceans of Europe]. Commissionnaires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences (in German): 227–228.
  16. ^ H. Matsumoto. 1937. A new species of orc from the basal Calabrian at Naganuma, Minato Town, Province of Kazusa, Japan. Zoological Magazine [Dobutsugaku zasshi 49(8):191-193 citing fossilworks
  17. ^
    PMID 22163290
    .
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