Orestes mouhotii

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Orestes mouhotii
Orestes mouhotii, pair from Kirirom
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Phasmatodea
Superfamily:
Bacilloidea
Family: Heteropterygidae
Subfamily: Dataminae
Genus: Orestes
Species:
O. mouhotii
Binomial name
Orestes mouhotii
(Bates, 1865)
Synonyms[1][2]
Swaraj Island, in the Andaman Islands

Orestes mouhotii is an insect species belonging to the order of Phasmatodea. Because of its synyonym Orestes verruculatus, it is the type species of the genus Orestes. Because of its compact body shape, the species is sometimes referred to as small cigar stick insect.[3]

Characteristics

The females are 45 to 55 millimetres (1.8 to 2.2 in) long and thus longer than the maximal 40 millimetres (1.6 in) long males. Both sexes have noticeably short legs and have beige to brown patterns. The males wear semicircular horns (auricles) on their head. While they are overall thinner and are characterized by a slightly thickened end of

tubercles. This high-contrast drawing fades with increasing age and the insects become increasingly uniformly light brown.[2][4][5][6]

Way of life and reproduction

During the day, the insects put their hind legs back and the middle legs stretched forward close to the body. At the same time, the fore legs and the antennae are stretched forward. In this position, the phytomimesis is so perfect that the insects can hardly be distinguished from a short, broken branch. At night they feed on food plants, which includes Curculigo species, Dioscorea species like Dioscorea glabra, Dracaena species like Dracaena fragrans and Dracaena surculosa as well as Epipremnum species.[7]

The females begin about two months after the

moult for the imago to lay the eggs one by one, about 3 millimetres (0.12 in) long, 2 millimetres (0.079 in) wide and an average of 14 milligrams. The nymphs hatch from the eggs after just two months. They need about a year to develop into an imago. The life expectancy of adult females is also another year.[4][8] The species reproduces by parthenogenesis (female-only asexual reproduction), cyclically, so natural populations are generally exclusively female.[6][7] Males are rare even in sexually reproducing populations and occur in a ratio of 1 to 20.[9]

Taxonomy

Orestes

Andaman
'

Orestes mouhotii 'Kirirom'

Bach Ma'
= Orestes "mouhotii (PSG
192)

Relationships between Orestes mouhotii and their sister species or stocks according to Sarah Bank et al. (2021)[10]

The species was described in 1865 by

James Abram Garfield Rehn in 1904, was later transferred to the genus Pylaemenes and the genus Datames was synonymized with this in 1998. For Orestes mouhotii the name Pylaemenes mouhotii was partly used around the turn of the millennium (1998 to 2000)[2]

In 1906 Josef Redtenbacher described a new species under the name Orestes verruculatus in a genus specially established for this.[11] He also chose a subadult female as their holotype. It was collected in Bangkok and is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, France in Paris. Orestes verruculatus, as first described species even the type species of Orestes, was synonymous with Orestes mouhotii by Oliver Zompro in 2004.[12] In result the valid name is Orestes mouhotii and consists of the genus name of the synonymized Orestes verruculatus and the species name of first described species.[13] The newly combined name Orestes mouhotii was first used as early as 1999 by Ingo Fritzsche and used later in the same year by Zompro and Fritzsche.[9][14] Although Zompro is the first author of one of the 1999 papers, he prioritized 2004 a work published by him in 2000 as the first mention of Orestes mouhotii. But an article published in 2000 not cited in 2004 fitting as a source.[8][12]

Natural History Museum Vienna.[3]

As

populations are assigned to Orestes draegeri.[10] This assignment can only be valid if the holotype of Orestes mouhotii, as well as the holotypes of the two synonyms, prove to be identical to the species originating from the Cambodian Kiriom. Otherwise the animals from Kiriom would be a different species and Orestes draegeri would be a synonym. Francis Seow-Choen takes in 2018 the view that all of him in Phuket, on Malay Peninsula and in Singapore examined animals are represantitives of Orestes mouhotii.[6]

Distribution area

The locations of the holotypes of Orestes mouhotii and that of its synonym Orestes verruculatus in southern Thailand are considered to be a secured occurrence of the species. Otherwise, depending on the interpretation of the species belonging to Cambodia, the distribution area extends over the south of

Havelock Island, also occurs there sexually.[10]

Terraristic

Already since the late 1990 insects have been kept in the

terrariums under the name Orestes mouhotii. When Ingo Fritzsche brought males and females collected in the Khao Yai National Park in Thailand between the end of 1997 and the beginning of 1998, the species was the species was briefly bred sexually before the males were lost. In 2007 Kai Schütte brought a parthenogenetic stock with him from Tapah Hills in Perak near Pahang at Malay Peninsula. After many years only these parthenogenetic stocks had been in breeding without naming the location, Jérôme Constant brought insects of both sexes from the Kiriom National Park in Cambodia in 2015, which means that since then a sexual stock with information on the origin has been in breeding again.[16]
According to the 2021 by Bank et al published genetic analysis, all other stocks, some of which were included in the analysis under the name Orestes mouhotii, are representatives of Orestes draegeri described in 2018. The species known as Orestes sp. 'Andaman' is in sexually bred.

Orestes mouhotii needs a higher

bramble are eaten.[4] Orestes mouhotii is managed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 192.[5]

Gallery

  • freshly adult female
    freshly adult female
  • older female
    older female
  • portrait of an older female
    portrait of an older female
  • female nymph
    female nymph
  • eggs in frontal, dorsal and lateral view
    eggs in frontal, dorsal and lateral view

References

  1. ^ "Orestes mouhotii". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  2. ^
    ISSN 1431-8997
  3. ^ a b c Brock, P. D., Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0 (accessdate 23 July 2021)
  4. ^
    ISBN 3-933646-89-8
  5. ^ a b Phasmid Study Group Culture List
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-983-812-190-3
  7. ^
    ISBN 983-812-109-6
  8. ^
    ISSN 1431-8997
  9. ^
    ISSN 0013-8843
  10. ^ a b c Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021). Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
  11. ^ Redtenbacher, J. (1906). Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 47
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-3931374396
  13. ISSN 2190-3476
  14. ISSN 0943-7274
  15. ISSN 1175-5326
  16. ^
    ISSN 1374-5514

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orestes mouhotii.
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