Oryzomys couesi
Oryzomys couesi Temporal range: Late Pleistocene to Recent
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Rodentia |
Family: | Cricetidae |
Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
Genus: | Oryzomys |
Species: | O. couesi
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Binomial name | |
Oryzomys couesi | |
Distribution of Oryzomys couesi (in red) and other species of Oryzomys. | |
Synonyms | |
and see below. |
Oryzomys couesi, also known as Coues's rice rat, is a
The species was first described in 1877, the first of many related species from the region described until the 1910s. In 1918,
Taxonomy
Oryzomys couesi and at least six more narrowly distributed species with peripheral distributions together form the O. couesi group within the genus
History
Edward Alphonso Goldman revised North American Oryzomys in 1918 and consolidated many forms into a single species Oryzomys couesi, with ten subspecies distributed from southern Texas and western Mexico south to Costa Rica. He placed it in an Oryzomys palustris group with the marsh rice rat and several species with more limited distributions, which he regarded as related to O. couesi but distinctive enough to be classified as separate species.[16] In the 1930s, a few more forms related to O. couesi were described.[3] As then recognized, the ranges of the marsh rice rat, a United States species, and Oryzomys couesi meet in southern Texas. In 1960, Raymond Hall reviewed specimens from this contact zone and found no grounds on which to separate the two species; thus, he reduced O. couesi to a subspecies of the marsh rice rat.[17] Other workers continued this lumping and by 1971 all other species Goldman had placed in the O. palustris group were classified under the marsh rice rat, together with Oryzomys azuerensis from Panama, described as a species in 1937.[3]
Additional studies of the palustris–couesi contact zone in Texas published in 1979, using more specimens and characters, indicated that the two species are in fact easily distinguishable there; therefore, O. couesi has since been regarded as a species distinct from the marsh rice rat.
A 2010 study by Delton Hanson and colleagues used DNA sequence data from the
Western Mexico to El Salvador
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Populations of Oryzomys couesi from
As defined by Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales in 2009, the subspecies Oryzomys couesi mexicanus occurs along the Pacific coast from central Sonora to southeastern
Oryzomys zygomaticus was first described by Merriam in 1901 as a separate species[33] similar to mexicanus, but with the zygomatic arches broadly spreading and curved downward.[44] Goldman, who reduced it to a subspecies of couesi, recorded it from southwestern Guatemala and nearby Chiapas and described it as slightly paler than O. c. couesi but darker than O. c. mexicanus.[45] Three specimens from central El Salvador have Cytb sequences similar to those of zygomaticus,[46] but in The Mammals of El Salvador (1961), Burt and Stirton recorded only the subspecies couesi from the country, while noting that specimens from some localities were slightly paler than others.[47]
Interior Mexico
Goldman grouped four subspecies of couesi from the interior plateaus of central Mexico together—albiventer, crinitus, aztecus, and regillus.[51] Three of those (albiventer from Jalisco,[52] crinitus from the Distrito Federal,[49] and aztecus from Morelos)[48] were described by Merriam in 1901, and Goldman had himself described regillus from Michoacán in 1915.[50] According to Goldman, aztecus is pale and large-toothed,[53] crinitus is large, dark and large-toothed,[54] regillus is large and dark,[51] and albiventer is large and relatively pale.[55]
In their 2009 review of western Mexican Oryzomys, Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales classified
The holotype of the species Oryzomys fulgens, which Thomas had described in 1893, has no more precise locality than "Mexico", but the Valley of Mexico has been suggested as its origin.[61] It is a large, coarse-furred, bright reddish,[7] long-tailed species with a broad skull with widely spreading zygomatic arches.[62] Goldman wrote that it was similar to crinitus, but more intensely colored, and differed in the form of the interorbital region; he retained it as a separate species pending further investigations.[63] Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales noted that archival research may yet uncover the precise origin of O. fulgens, which could establish it as an older name for one of the other central Mexican Oryzomys.[64]
Texas to Nicaragua
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Oryzomys populations from Texas to Nicaragua form a single Cytb clade, within which the average sequence divergence is 1.28%,[76] and Hanson and colleagues proposed that the name Oryzomys couesi be restricted to this clade.[28] These populations correspond to two subspecies recognized by Goldman (O. c. aquaticus and O. c. couesi) and an island form he retained as a species (O. cozumelae). Two other subspecies Goldman recognized, O. c. richmondi and O. c. peragrus, and a third, O. c. pinicola, that was described after Goldman's paper occur in the same region, but have not been studied genetically.[77]
The northernmost populations of Oryzomys couesi, those in southernmost Texas and nearby
The form peragrus is known from further south in Mexico, in the
Goldman united populations ranging from northern Veracruz through eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua south to far northwestern Costa Rica in the
The subspecies Oryzomys couesi pinicola was described in 1932 from a pine ridge in western British Honduras (now Belize); it is smaller and darker than nominate couesi, which also occurs in Belize, and has a more delicate skull.[91] In 1901, Merriam described the Oryzomys of the island of Cozumel as a separate species, Oryzomys cozumelae, and Goldman kept it as such because of its large size, dark fur, and long tail.[92] In 1965, however, Knox Jones and Timothy Lawlor judged the differences between cozumelae and mainland couesi trivial and found that cozumelae was inside the range of variation of mainland Oryzomys populations; accordingly, they demoted the island form to a subspecies.[93] Mark Engstrom and colleagues, writing in 1989, reaffirmed this conclusion.[94] For an island form, this population is highly genetically variable.[95] In its Cytb sequence data, it falls among populations of nominate couesi.[60] Oryzomys couesi is also found on Turneffe Atoll off the coast of Belize[96] and Roatán off Honduras.[97]
The Oryzomys of the eastern lowlands of Nicaragua was described as a separate species, Oryzomys richmondi, by Merriam in 1901, and Goldman retained it as a subspecies of O. couesi on the basis of its distinctly dark fur.[98] In reviewing Nicaraguan Oryzomys in 1986, Jones and Engstrom did not keep richmondi as separate, because they thought the difference in color too small for the recognition of subspecies.[99] Oryzomys dimidiatus, a small, dark Oryzomys with gray underparts, occurs with O. couesi in southeastern Nicaragua.[100] According to Jones and Engstrom, rice rats from the island of Ometepe in Lake Nicaragua are distinctive in their large skull and small external measurements, with an especially short tail, soft fur that is orange-brown above and buffish below, and lack of sphenopalatine vacuities (openings in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa, the gap behind the end of the bony palate). They considered that this population probably represented a separate subspecies, but declined to propose a new name because they had only one adult specimen.[101] In Nicaragua, O. couesi occurs up to an altitude of 1,250 m (4,100 ft).[102]
Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
Oryzomys from Costa Rica have historically been referred to O. c. couesi,[105] but Hanson and colleagues found that two specimens from Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque, northeastern Costa Rica, differed as much from other O. couesi (11.93% Cytb sequence divergence) as O. couesi differed from the marsh rice rat (11.30%). They suggested that these animals represented a species distinct from O. couesi, but were unable to resolve the correct name for the species because they could not examine samples of dimidiatus or richmondi.[106]
Oryzomys is rare in Panama.
Oryzomys couesi was first reported from Colombia in 1987, when
Common names
Several common names have been proposed for Oryzomys couesi and the synonyms currently associated with it. Eliot in 1905[114] and Goldman in 1918 gave separate common names for each of the species and subspecies they recognized.[115] Many authors have used "Coues' Rice Rat" or some variation thereof for O. couesi,[116] but "Coues' Oryzomys" has also been used.[3]
Description
Population | n[fn 3] | Total length | Tail | Hindfoot |
---|---|---|---|---|
Western Mexico to El Salvador | ||||
San José de Guaymas, Sonora (lambi)[30][fn 4] | 4 | 227 | 113 | 29 |
Escuinapa, Sinaloa (mexicanus)[43] | 10 | 251.4 (239–273) | 137.4 (127–165) | 28.9 (27–35) |
Jalisco (mexicanus)[117] | 58 | 245.7 (195–301) | 132.3 (102–160) | 30.2 (26–34) |
Nayarit (mexicanus)[117] | 62 | 244.8 (210–288) | 125.1 (105–150) | 30.5 (27–33) |
Nenton, Guatemala (zygomaticus)[45] | 1 | 290 | 152 | 33 |
El Salvador[118] | 87 | 190–304 | 109–194 | 25–33 |
Interior Mexico | ||||
Morelos (aztecus)[53] | 3 | 307 (297–318) | 161 (154–170) | 34 (33–35) |
Mexico City (crinitus)[54] | 2 | 307, 280 | 161, 148 | 37, 35 |
Michoacán (regillus)[51] | 3 | 308 (285–320) | 168 (155–180) | 35 (34–36) |
Unknown (fulgens)[119] | 1 | 311 | 151 | 37.5[fn 5] |
Texas to Nicaragua | ||||
Brownsville, Texas (aquaticus)[83] | 5 | 297 (283–310) | 161 (138–180) | 34.5 (32–38) |
Rio Verde, San Luis Potosí (peragrus)[88] | 3 | 281 (265–294) | 157 (143–167) | 34 (33–35) |
Orizaba, Veracruz (couesi)[120] | 7 | 263 (248–294) | 148 (139–174) | 33.1 (32–34.5) |
Tumbala, Chiapas (couesi)[121] | 4 | 252 (242–265) | 130 (127–135) | 30.7 (30–31) |
El Cayo, Belize (pinicola)[122] | 18 | 108 (96–128)[fn 6] | 122 (107–146) | 27 (24.6–29) |
Cozumel (cozumelae)[92] | 6 | 306 (285–327) | 172 (163–177) | 34.3 (33–35.5) |
Yaruca, Honduras (couesi)[121] | 10 | 267.5 (255–280) | 138 (130–145) | 29.1 (28–32) |
San Antonio, Nicaragua (couesi)[123] | 25 | 264.9 (242–292) | 135.6 (127–150) | 28.8 (27–31) |
Southeastern Nicaragua (richmondi)[98] | 10 | 275.8 (255–295) | 137 (124–151) | 30.9 (29–33.5) |
Isla de Omotepe, Nicaragua[123] | 1 | 260 | 121 | 30 |
Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia | ||||
Azuero, Panama (azuerensis)[109] | 1 | 203 | 107.5 | 30 |
Gatún, Panama (gatunensis)[124] | 1 | 224 | 115 | 31.5 |
Measurements are in millimeters and are in the form "average (minimum–maximum)", except where there are only one or two measured specimens. |
Oryzomys couesi is a medium-sized to large rat
The
As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae, Oryzomys couesi has a complex penis, with the baculum (penis bone) ending in three cartilaginous digits at its tip.[137] The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines, but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue.[138] The papilla (nipple-like projection) on the dorsal (upper) side of the penis is covered with small spines, a character Oryzomys couesi shares only with Oligoryzomys and the marsh rice rat among oryzomyines examined.[139] On the urethral process, located in the crater at the end of the penis,[140] a fleshy process (the subapical lobule) is present; it is absent in all other oryzomyines with studied penes except the marsh rice rat and Holochilus brasiliensis.[141]
Skull
The nasal and
The
In the mandible (lower jaw), the mental foramen, an opening just before the first molar, opens sidewards, not upwards as in a few other oryzomyines.[158] The upper and lower masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles, join at a point below the first molar and do not extend forward beyond that point.[159] The capsular process, a raising of the bone of the back of the mandible that houses the back end of the incisor, is large.[160]
Teeth
The
On the first and second upper molars, the flexi do not extend to the midline of the molars.
On the first lower molar, the labial and lingual conules of the
Postcranial skeleton
As usual in oryzomyines, there are twelve ribs. The first rib
Ecology and behavior
The distribution of Oryzomys couesi extends from southern Texas and central Sonora, but not the central plateau of Mexico, through Central America south and east to northwestern Colombia;[3] see under "Taxonomy" for details. The species has also been found in late Pleistocene cave deposits in Mexico and Honduras.[174] It is common in watery habitats, such as marshes and small streams, but also occurs in forests and shrublands with sufficient cover.[175] In addition, it is found in sugarcane and rice fields.[107] In Texas, it occurs in marsh vegetation along resacas (oxbow lakes)[176] and in Veracruz, it has even been found on the dry coastal plain among shrubs.[177] It occurs from 2,300 m (7,500 ft) altitude down to sea level.[125] On Cozumel, the proportion of juveniles and females is higher near roads that function as habitat edges.[178] Cozumel rice rats rarely cross roads, which may isolate subpopulations on the island.[179]
Oryzomys couesi lives on the ground and is
Population densities range from 5 to 30 per ha (2 to 12 per acre).[1] On Cozumel, density is around 14.5 to 16.5 per ha (5.9 to 6.7 per acre), but shows large seasonal variation.[186] In western Mexico, one study found densities of 3 per ha (1.2 per acre) in cloud forest and 1 per ha (0.4 per acre) in a disturbed area.[187] In 24 hours, male Texas O. couesi move up to 153 m (502 ft) and females up to 126 m (413 ft).[188] The diet includes both plant material, including seeds and green parts, and animals, including small fish, crustaceans, snails, insects like ants and beetles, and other invertebrates.[189] It probably breeds around the year and after a pregnancy of 21 to 28 days,[125] the female produces litters of two to seven young, with an average of 3.8, according to Reid's Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico.[107] In 28 pregnant females from Nicaragua, litter size varied from one to eight, averaging 4.4.[123] The young become reproductively active when seven weeks old and the life cycle is short.[125]
The
Conservation status
The
Footnotes
- ^ Merriam described Oryzomys cozumelae as new in both of his 1901 papers,[68] but his Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington article was published earlier (July 19) than the one in the Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences (July 26); thus, the former is the original publication of this name.[69]
- ^ Number of specimens measured.
- ^ Only averages available.
- ^ With claws.
- ^ Head and body length instead of total length.
References
- ^ a b c Linzey et al., 2016
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, p. 336
- ^ a b c d e f g h Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1147
- ^ Dickinson, 2005, p. 427
- ^ Dickinson, 2005, table 1
- ^ a b c d Alston, 1877, p. 756
- ^ a b c d Thomas, 1893, p. 403
- ^ Hall, 1960, p. 173
- ^ a b Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 117
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, p. 342
- ^ Weksler et al., 2006, table 1
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 3
- ^ Musser and Carleton, 2005
- ^ Alston, 1877, pp. 756–757; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1189, for placement in Tylomys
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 275
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 16, 28–29
- ^ Hall, 1960, pp. 172–173
- ^ Goldman, 1918, fig. 3
- ^ Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1152; Weksler et al., 2006, table 1, footnote e
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 94
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 116
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 107
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, p. 337
- ^ a b Hanson et al., 2010, figs. 1–2, table 1
- ^ a b Hanson et al., 2010, p. 341
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, figs. 1, 3–4
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 5
- ^ a b Hanson et al., 2010, pp. 342–343
- ^ Allen, 1897, p. 53
- ^ a b c Burt, 1934, p. 107
- ^ Allen, 1897, p. 52
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 287
- ^ a b c Merriam, 1901b, p. 285
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 2, p. 343, appendix I
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, table 1
- ^ a b Hanson et al., 2010, p. 343
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 2, table 1, appendix I
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 119
- ^ a b Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 120
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, pp. 118, 121–122
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, pp. 118–120; Goldman, 1918, p. 34
- ^ Burt, 1934, p. 108
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 34
- ^ a b Merriam, 1901b, p. 286
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 33
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, figs. 1–2, appendix I
- ^ Burt and Stirton, 1961, p. 61
- ^ a b Merriam, 1901b, p. 282
- ^ a b Merriam, 1901b, p. 281
- ^ a b Goldman, 1915, p. 129
- ^ a b c Goldman, 1918, p. 37
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 279
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 35
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 36
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 38
- ^ a b c d e Goldman, 1918, plate I
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 118
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 113
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 1, appendix I
- ^ a b Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 1
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, pp. 113–114
- ^ Thomas, 1893, p. 404
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 282
- ^ Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 114
- ^ Eliot, 1904, p. 266
- ^ Allen, 1891, p. 289
- ^ Merriam, 1901a, p. 103
- ^ Merriam, 1901a, p. 103; Merriam, 1901b, p. 280
- ^ Poole and Schantz, 1942, p. 306
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 288
- ^ Allen and Chapman, 1897, p. 206
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 283
- ^ Murie, 1932, p. 1
- ^ Allen, 1910, p. 99
- ^ Merriam, 1901b, p. 284
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 1, table 1
- ^ Goldman, 1918, fig. 3; Murie, 1932, p. 1; Handon et al., 2010, fig. 1
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 39–40; Hanson et al., 2010, appendix A
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 914
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, pp. 916–917
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, pp. 915–916
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 920
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 40
- ^ Baker, 1951, p. 215
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, fig. 2
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 39; Jones et al., 1983, p. 379; Hall and Dalquest, 1963, p. 289
- ^ Dalquest and Roth, 1970, pp. 220, 226
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 39
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 29–30
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 31
- ^ Murie, 1932, pp. 1–2; Murie, 1935, p. 26
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 43
- ^ Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 413
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1989, p. 414
- ^ Vega et al., 2004, p. 210
- ^ Platt et al., 2000, p. 167
- ^ Koopman, 1959, p. 237
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 32
- ^ Jones and Engstrom, 1986, p. 10
- ^ Genoways and Jones, 1971, p. 834
- ^ Jones and Engstrom, 1986, pp. 10, 12
- ^ Jones and Engstrom, 1986, p. 7
- ^ a b Bole, 1937, p. 165
- ^ a b Goldman, 1912, p. 7
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 31; Harris, 1943, p. 12
- ^ Hanson et al., 2010, p. 343, appendix A
- ^ a b c d e Reid, 2009, p. 207
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 42–43
- ^ a b Bole, 1937, p. 166
- ^ Bole, 1937, p. 167
- ^ Handley, 1966, p. 781
- ^ Hershkovitz, 1987, p. 152
- ^ Hershkovitz, 1987, p. 154
- ^ Eliot, 1905, pp. 182–186
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 29–43
- ^ Eliot, 1905, p. 186; Goldman, 1918, p. 29; Linzey et al., 2008; Duff and Lawson, 2004, p. 54
- ^ a b Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, table 2
- ^ Burt and Stirton, 1961, p. 60
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 41
- ^ Goldman, 1918, pp. 30–31
- ^ a b Goldman, 1918, p. 30
- ^ Murie, 1932, table I
- ^ a b c Jones and Engstrom, 1986, p. 12
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 42
- ^ a b c d e f Medellín and Medellín, 2006, p. 710
- ^ Goldman, 1918, p. 29; Reid, 2009, p. 206
- ^ a b Reid, 2009, p. 206
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 19, 23, table 5
- ^ Carleton and Musser, 1989, p. 24; Weksler, 2006, pp. 23–25
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 79, 81
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 17, table 5
- ^ Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 226; Burt and Stirton, 1961, p. 60
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 59
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 58–59
- ^ Haiduk et al., 1979, p. 612
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 916; Hanson et al., 2010, pp. 342–343
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 55–56
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 56–57
- ^ Hooper and Musser, 1964, p. 13; Weksler, 2006, p. 57
- ^ Hooper and Musser, 1964, p. 7
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 57
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 27, table 5
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 31–32
- ^ a b Weksler, 2006, p. 32
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 32, table 5
- ^ Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 917
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 28, table 5
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 30
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 31
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 34–35
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 35
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 37; Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 117; Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 210
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 38, table 5
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 37
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 38–39
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 40
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 40–41
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 41, table 5
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 42
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 41–42
- ^ Carleton and Musser, 1984, p. 292
- ^ a b c Weksler, 2006, p. 43
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 43–44
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 44–49
- ^ a b Weksler, 2006, p. 44
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 44–45
- ^ a b Weksler, 2006, p. 49
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 52
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 53
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 52, table 5
- ^ Weksler, 2006, pp. 52–53
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 53; fig. 28
- ^ Weksler, 2006, p. 54
- ^ Woodman, 1995, table 1, p. 225; Woodman and Croft, 2005, table 4; Dalquest and Roth, 1970, pp. 220, 226
- ^ Reid, 2009, p. 207; Hall and Dalquest, 1963, p. 287
- ^ Schmidly and Davis, 2004, p. 381; Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 228
- ^ a b Hall and Dalquest, 1963, p. 287
- ^ Fuentes-Montemayor et al., 2009, p. 865
- ^ a b Vega et al., 2004, p. 217
- ^ Alston, 1877, p. 757
- ^ Murie, 1935, p. 26; Reid, 2009, p. 207
- ^ Cook et al., 2001
- ^ Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 227; Reid, 2009, p. 207; Schmidly and Davis, 2004, p. 281
- ^ Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 227
- ^ a b Hall and Dalquest, 1963, p. 288
- ^ a b Vega et al., 2004, p. 218
- ^ Vázquez et al., 2000, table 1
- ^ Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 226
- ^ Medellín and Medellín, 2006, p. 710; Reid, 2006, p. 303; 2009, p. 207
- ^ Eckerlin, 2005, p. 155
- ^ Underwood et al., 1986
- ^ Estébanes-González and Cervantes, 2005, p. 27
- ^ Emerson, 1971, p. 334
- ^ Estébanes-González et al., 2011, table 1
- ^ Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1294
- ^ Chu et al., 2008; Milazzo et al., 2006
- ^ Deardoff et al., 2009, p. 519; 2010, p. 350
- ^ Medellín and Medellín, 2006, p. 710; Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 113
- ^ Schmidly and Davis, 2004, p. 381
- ^ Benson and Gehlbach, 1979, p. 228
- ^ Cameron and Scheel, 2001, p. 676
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- Bole, B.J. Jr. 1937. Annotated list of the mammals of the Mariato River District of the Azuero Peninsula. Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History 7:140–196.
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External links
- Media related to Oryzomys couesi at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Oryzomys couesi at Wikispecies