Otto fuel II

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MK-46 torpedo, which uses Otto fuel II

Otto fuel II is a monopropellant mixture of chiefly propylene glycol dinitrate (an ester of nitric acid and propylene glycol, and structurally similar to nitroglycerin) that is used to drive torpedoes and other weapon systems. It was invented by Otto Reitlinger in 1963 (although tests with the substance had taken place before, for example in 1960[1]). Otto fuel II, sometimes known simply as Otto fuel, is not related to the Otto cycle; it is named after Reitlinger and for being the second iteration of the fuel. It was developed by the US Navy and the first torpedo to use it was the Mark 48 torpedo in the 1960s.[2][3]

Properties

Otto fuel II is a distinct-smelling (described by submariners as being similar in smell to

vapour pressure of the fuel is low (i.e., it is not volatile), minimizing toxic hazards. Finally, the fuel's energy density far surpasses the capacity of the electric battery
used in other torpedoes, maximizing range.

Major ingredients

Named after its inventor, Otto Reitlinger,

2-nitrodiphenylamine) have been added. The chief component, propylene glycol dinitrate, accounts for approximately 76% of the mixture, while dibutyl sebacate and 2-nitrodiphenylamine account for approximately 22.5% and 1.5% (by weight), respectively.[6]

The principal current use of propylene glycol dinitrate is as a propellant in Otto fuel II.

angina pectoris, and as explosives
since the mid-nineteenth century.

In addition to its use by the United States Navy as a stabilizer in the manufacture of Otto fuel II, 2-nitrodiphenylamine is employed for similar purposes by the United States Army in the manufacture of double base solid propellants. It also has civilian applications as a solvent dye.

Dibutyl sebacate is a desensitizer in Otto fuel II. However, its major use is as a

non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream
, ices, candy, and baked goods.

Toxicity

Otto fuel II is a toxic substance found in EPA National Priorities List. Ingestion of contaminated food or direct exposure at worksites can cause headaches, poor eye–hand coordination, eye irritation, congested noses, nausea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing.[4] An MSA Demand Mask is mandatory for cleanup/mitigation efforts.

Used in

References

  1. ^ U.S. Naval Propellant Plant (c. 1964). Otto Fuel II (Technical Film Report). Indian Head, Maryland: Bureau of Naval Weapons. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  2. ^ "OTTOFUELII CAS#: 106602-80-6".
  3. ^ "Otto fuel II - Everything2.com".
  4. ^ a b "ToxFAQs for Otto fuel II and Its Components". Toxic Substances Portal. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Otto Reitlinger Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search".
  6. PMID 16887628
    .

External links
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