Respirator
Respirator | |
---|---|
EN 14387 | |
] |
A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including

Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive, single-use, disposable face masks, known as
History
Earliest records to 19th century

The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far as the first century, when Pliny the Elder (c. 23 AD–79) described using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust.[1] In the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci suggested that a finely woven cloth dipped in water could protect sailors from a toxic weapon made of powder that he had designed.[2]
Alexander von Humboldt introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia.[3]
Julius Jeffreys first used the word "respirator" as a mask in 1836.[4]

In 1848, the first US patent for an air-purifying respirator was granted to
Inventors in Europe included
In the 1890s, the German surgeon Johannes Mikulicz began using a "mundbinde" ("mouth bandage") of sterilized cloth as a barrier against microorganisms moving from him to his patients. Along with his surgical assistant Wilhelm Hübener, he adapted a chloroform mask with two layers of cotton mull. Experiments conducted by Hübener showed that the "mouth bandage" or "surgical mask" (German: Operationsmaske, as Hübener called it) blocked bacteria.[12][13]
20th century

In the winter of 1910, Wu was given instructions from the Foreign Office of the Imperial Qing court[14] in Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate an unknown disease that killed 99.9% of its victims.[15] This was the beginning of the large pneumonic plague epidemic of Manchuria and Mongolia, which ultimately claimed 60,000 lives.[16]
Wu was able to conduct aWorld War I
The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of extensive use of chemical weapons. The German army successfully used poison gas for the first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium on April 22, 1915.[22] An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator, invented by John Scott Haldane, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.[23]
Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator,United States

Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the US Bureau of Mines (USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time.[29] After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three, under 30 CFR 14 Schedule 21.[30]
The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act establishing MESA (later MSHA),[31] the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, establishing NIOSH,[32] as well as other regulations established around the time, reshuffled regulatory authority for respirators, and moved regulations from Part 14 to Part 11 by 1972,[N2] but nonetheless continued the use of USBM-era regulations.[30]In the 1970s, the successor to the United States Bureau of Mines and NIOSH developed standards for single-use respirators, and the first single-use respirator was developed by 3M and approved in 1972.[33] 3M used a melt blowing process that it had developed decades prior and used in products such as ready-made ribbon bows and bra cups; its use in a wide array of products had been pioneered by designer Sara Little Turnbull.[34]
1990s
On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including the N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period,[C4] ending on July 10, 1998.[N2] The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer[C4] 200 milligram test load of sodium chloride. Standards and specifications are also subject to change.[35][N2]
Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from the approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining).[C1][36]
-
Respirator guidelines for TB were created by NIOSH as a result of the HIV/AIDS-induced outbreak in US hospitals
(Read on Wikisource) -
N95 standard development is documented in the Federal Register, and the Code of Federal Regulations
-
NIOSHvideo on TB respirator usage, from the year 2000
21st century
Continuing mesothelioma litigation
One reason is due to the fact that respirator manufacturers are not allowed to modify a respirator once it is certified by NIOSH. In one case, a jury ruled against 3M for a respirator that was initially approved for asbestos, but was quickly disapproved once
Nonetheless, the costs of litigation reduced the margins for respirators, which was blamed for supply shortages for N95 respirators for anticipated pandemics, like avian influenza, during the 2000s.[38]
2020
China normally makes 10 million masks per day, about half of the world production. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily.[39]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people in the United States, and in a lot of countries in the world, were urged to make their own cloth masks due to the widespread shortage of commercial masks.[40]
2024
Summary of modern respirators

All respirators have some type of facepiece held to the wearer's head with straps, a cloth harness, or some other method. Facepieces come in many different styles and sizes to accommodate all types of face shapes.
A full facepiece covers the mouth, nose and eyes and if sealed, is sealed round the perimeter of the face. Unsealed versions may be used when air is supplied at a rate which prevents ambient gas from reaching the nose or mouth during inhalation.
Respirators can have half-face forms that cover the bottom half of the face including the nose and mouth, and full-face forms that cover the entire face. Half-face respirators are only effective in environments where the contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or facial area.
An
For hazardous environments, like confined spaces, atmosphere-supplying respirators, like SCBAs, should be used.
A wide range of industries use respirators including healthcare & pharmaceuticals, defense & public safety services (defense, firefighting & law enforcement), oil and gas industries, manufacturing (automotive, chemical, metal fabrication, food and beverage, wood working, paper and pulp), mining, construction, agriculture and forestry, cement production, power generation, painting, shipbuilding, and the textile industry.[44]
Respirators require user training in order to provide proper protection.
Use
User seal check

Each time a wearer dons a respirator, they must perform a seal check to be sure that they have an airtight seal to the face so that air does not leak around the edges of the respirator. (PAPR respirators may not require this because they don't necessarily seal to the face.) This check is different than the periodic fit test that is performed using testing equipment. Filtering facepiece respirators are typically checked by cupping the hands over the facepiece while exhaling (positive pressure check) or inhaling (negative pressure check) and observing any air leakage around the facepiece. Elastomeric respirators are checked in a similar manner, except the wearer blocks the airways through the inlet valves (negative pressure check) or exhalation valves (positive pressure check) while observing the flexing of the respirator or air leakage. Manufacturers have different methods for performing seal checks and wearers should consult the specific instructions for the model of respirator they are wearing. Some models of respirators or filter cartridges have special buttons or other mechanisms built into them to facilitate seal checks.[45][46]
Fit testing
A respirator fit test checks whether a respirator properly fits the face of a user. A fitting respirator must be able to separate a user's respiratory system from ambient air.
The test involves tightly pressing the mask flush against the face (without gaps) to ensure an efficient seal on the mask perimeter. Protection depends on an airtight seal, making testing necessary before entering contaminated air.Contrast with surgical mask

A
A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to the lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.[47] The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% and 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that 80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12 and 25% leakage.[48]
A CDC study found that in public indoor settings, consistently wearing a respirator was linked to a 83% lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19, as compared to a 66% reduction when using surgical masks, and 56% for cloth.[49]Surgical N95

Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally a specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the Food and Drug Administration as a medical device similar to a surgical mask.[50] These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators".[51] The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue.[52] In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040.[53]
In the United States, theRespirator selection
Air-purifying respirators are respirators that draw in the surrounding air and purify it before it is breathed (unlike air-supplying respirators, which are sealed systems, with no air intake, like those used underwater). Air-purifying respirators filter particulates, gases, and vapors from the air, and may be negative-pressure respirators driven by the wearer's inhalation and exhalation, or positive-pressure units such as powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs).
According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, air-purifying respirators are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the relevant
Types of filtration
Mechanical filter
- Main Article: Mechanical filter respirator (and regulatory ratings)
Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in several ways: interception when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it; impaction, when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity; by diffusion, where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter, increasing the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the previous two mechanisms; and by using an
There are many different filtration standards that vary by jurisdiction. In the
Other categories filter 99% or 99.97% of particles, or have varying degrees of resistance to oil.[57]
In the
According to
Canister or chemical cartridge
If the concentration of harmful gases is
Air-purifying respirators
Filtering facepiece

Elastomeric
Elastomeric respirators, also called reusable air-purifying respirators,[65] seal to the face with elastomeric material, which may be a natural or synthetic rubber. They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes.[66]
Elastomeric respirators consist of a reusable mask that seals to the face, with exchangeable filters.Powered air-purifying respirators
Atmosphere-supplying respirators
These respirators do not purify the ambient air, but supply breathing gas from another source. The three types are the self contained breathing apparatus, in which a compressed air cylinder is worn by the wearer; the supplied air respirators, where a hose supplies air from a stationary source; and combination supplied-air respirators, with an emergency backup tank.[70]
Self-contained breathing apparatus
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a respirator worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life or health from a gas cylinder.[71] They are typically used in firefighting and industry. The term self-contained means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of breathing gas (e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called industrial breathing sets. Some types are also referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) or simply breathing apparatus (BA). Unofficial names include air pack, air tank, oxygen cylinder or simply pack, terms used mostly in firefighting. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a scuba set (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500 psi (15,280 to 37,920 kPa), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on a framed carrying harness.[72]
A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into one of three categories: open-circuit, closed-circuit,[73] or continuous-flow.[74]Supplied air respirator
Escape respirators

Smoke hood
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Continuous-flow
Self-rescue device
A self-contained self-rescue device, SCSR, self-contained self-rescuer, or air pack is a type of closed-circuit SCBA[86] with a portable oxygen source for providing breathable air when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gases, e.g. carbon monoxide.
Self-rescuers are intended for use in environments such as coal mines where there is a risk of fire or explosion, and in a location where no external rescue may be available for some time – the wearer must make their own way to safety, or to some pre-equipped underground refuge. The main hazard here is from large quantities of carbon monoxide or whitedamp, often produced by an explosion of firedamp. In some industries, the hazard may be from anoxic asphyxia, or a lack of oxygen, rather than poisoning by something toxic.
Self-rescuers are small, lightweight belt or harness-worn devices, enclosed in a rugged metal case. They are designed to have a long service life of around 10 years (longer for shelf storage) and to be worn every day by each miner. Once used, they have a working life of a few hours and are discarded after opening.Issues
This article is part of a series on |
Respirators in the United States and Canada |
---|
US executive agencies involved |
Non-government bodies |
Canadian ministries and departments |
Respirator regulation |
|
Diseases mitigated by respirators |
Misuse |
Related topics involving respirators |
Under 30 CFR 11
In 1992, NIOSH published a draft report on the effectiveness of respirator regulations under the then-current
Respirator risk modelling
Assigned protection factors (APF) are predicated on the assumption that users are trained in the use of their respirators, and that 100% of users exceed the APF.[88] This "simulated workplace protection factor" (SWPF) was said to be problematic:
By inference, these data are equally at odds with the protection factors established by OSHA for various types of respirator, which were based on QNFT [quantitative fit testing] data obtained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1970s. Until recently, the SWPFs gathered during QNFT were more or less assumed to translate directly into the protection afforded by a particular respirator, or class of respirators, while worn in the workplace.
Apparently this is now a questionable assumption which has thrown the entire concept of fit testing into doubt.[89]
The ideal assumption of all respirator users exceeding the APF is termed the zero control failure rate by NIOSH. The term control failure rate here refers to the number of respirator users, per 100 users, that fail to reach the APF.[90] The risk of user error affecting the failure rate, and the studies quantifying it, was, according to NIOSH, akin to the study of contraception failure rates.[91]
This is despite there being a "reasonable expectation, of both purchasers and users, [that] none of the users will receive less protection than the class APF (when the masks are properly selected, fit tested by the employer, and properly worn by the users)". NIOSH expands on the methods for measuring this error in Chapter 7 of the draft report.[90]
Qualitative fit testing
Qualitative fit testing with isoamyl acetate, irritant smoke, and saccharin were proposed as alternatives to quantitative fit testing in the 1980s, but doubts were raised as to its efficacy.[92]
With regards to the effectiveness of fit testing in general, others have said:[92]
First of all, it is unfortunate that fit testing results apparently cannot be used as a reliable indication of respirator performance in the workplace. Life would be simpler if the converse were to continue to be true...
In my opinion, we are left with respirator fit testing, whether qualitative or quantitative, playing the role as a means of obtaining the best possible fit of a given respirator on a given person at a given time. We should not make any representation as to the ultimate efficiency in the workplace.[89]
Exercise protocols
With regards to fit test protocols, it was noted by NIOSH that "time pressures" resulted in the exclusion of intense exercises meant to simulate workplace use:[93]
Part of the original test procedure called for test subjects to be stressed by treadmill, while undergoing a quantitative respirator leak evaluation. The purpose of this stressing was to simulate actual workplace use of the respirators. We accordingly abandoned the "stress" portion of the exercises, and substituted a period to be spent in a hot humid chamber, to work up a sweat, as a substitute for physical activity.[94]
Neither exercise was included in the
The exercise time limits are very short. The required exercises are sedentary and do not replicate movements of workers that may occur in workplaces.[95]
Noncompliance with regulation
In spite of the requirement to fit test by OSHA, the following observations of noncompliance with respirator regulations were made by NIOSH and OSHA:[96]
- Almost 80% of negative-pressure respirator wearers were not receiving fit testing.
- Over 70% of 123,000 manufacturing plants did not perform exposure-level monitoring, when selecting respirators to use in the plants.
- Noncompliance increased to almost 90% for the smallest plants.
- 75% of manufacturing plants did not have a written program.
- 56% of manufacturing plants did not have a professional respirator-program administrator (i.e., qualified individual supervising the program).
- Almost 50% of wearers in manufacturing plants did not receive an annual examination by a physician.
- Almost 50% of wearers in manufacturing plants did not receive respirator-use training.
- 80% of wearers in manufacturing plants did not have access to more than one facial-size mask, even though nearly all reusable masks were available in at least three sizes.[96]
These noncompliance errors make up what NIOSH calls the program protection factor:[97]
...NIOSH has concluded that all respirator workplace studies reported in the 1980s and early 1990s are respirator-performance studies, not respirator program evaluation studies. That is, they evaluate workplace protection factors, not program protection factors.
WPF studies frequently are conducted primarily to demonstrate "adequate protection" from a particular make and model respirator. Thus, in effect, WPF studies generally are designed and conducted to measure only respirator performance in the most favorable light possible. This is done to avoid reducing or "biasing" (i.e., systematically distorting) the observed respirator protection resulting from poorly-performed or inadequately-performed respirator program elements that are typically found in actual programs. A major objective in respirator-performance (WPF) studies is to minimize the effects of human errors, even though these errors may typically occur in actual workplace use of respirators...[97]
Adherence to the regulatory minimum

APFs may be based on the filtration performance from one or two manufacturers that barely pass the regulation. When the DM and DFM respirator filter standards at the time were found to have an unacceptably high filter leakage, NIOSH proposed lowering the APF for DM respirators from 10 to 2. On this scale, 1 is a completely ineffective respirator. Some respirator manufacturers, like 3M, complained that DM and DFM respirators with superior filtration, that would normally receive an APF well above 2, were being "held hostage" by poorly-performing respirators.[98] While NIOSH acknowledged the predicament poorly-performing respirators were having on superior respirators in the same class, they concluded that the APFs, for respirator classes like DFM halfmask respirators, should be lowered to at least 6, despite APFs of 6 through 10 being allowed previously for DFM halfmasks.[99]
Hierarchy of Controls point of view under 42 CFR 84

The Hierarchy of Controls, noted as part of the Prevention Through Design initiative started by
However, some HOC implementations, notably MSHA's, have been criticized for allowing mining operators to skirt engineering control noncompliance by requiring miners to wear respirators instead if the permissible exposure limit (PEL) is exceeded, without work stoppages, breaking the hierarchy of engineering controls. Another concern was fraud related to the inability to scrutinize engineering controls,[106][107] unlike NIOSH-approved respirators, like the N95, which can be fit tested by anyone, are subject to the scrutiny of NIOSH, and are trademarked and protected under US federal law.[108] NIOSH also noted, in a 2002 video about TB respirator use, that "engineering controls, like negative pressure isolation rooms may not control the TB hazard completely. The use of respirators is necessary".[109]
Respirator non-compliance
With regards to people complying with requirements to wear respirators, various papers note high respirator non-compliance across industries,[110][111] with a survey noting non-compliance was due in large part due to discomfort from temperature increases along the face, and a large amount of respondents also noting the social unacceptability of provided N95 respirators during the survey.[112] For reasons like mishandling, ill-fitting respirators and lack of training, the Hierarchy of Controls dictates respirators be evaluated last while other controls exist and are working. Alternative controls like hazard elimination, administrative controls, and engineering controls like ventilation are less likely to fail due to user discomfort or error.[113][114]
A U.S. Department of Labor study[115] showed that in almost 40 thousand American enterprises, the requirements for the correct use of respirators are not always met. Experts note that in practice it is difficult to achieve elimination of occupational morbidity with the help of respirators:
It is well known how ineffective ... trying to compensate the harmful workplace conditions with ... the use of respirators by employees.[116] Unfortunately, the only certain way of reducing the exceedance fraction to zero is to ensure that Co (note: Co - concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone) never exceeds the PEL value.[117]
Beards

Certain types of facial hair can reduce fit to a significant degree. For this reason, there are facial hair guidelines for respirator users.[118]
Counterfeiting, modification, and revocation of regulated respirators
Another disadvantage of respirators is that the onus is on the respirator user to determine if their respirator is counterfeit or has had its certification revoked.[108] Customers and employers can inadvertently purchase non-OEM parts for a NIOSH-approved respirator which void the NIOSH approval and violate OSHA laws, in addition to potentially compromising the fit of the respirator.[119]
-
A counterfeit N95 respirator with no TC#
-
Compared to the official 3M
-
OSHA video on modified and counterfeit respirators
Issues with fit testing
If respirators must be used, under 29 CFR 1910.134, OSHA requires respirator users to conduct a respirator fit test, with a safety factor of 10 to offset lower fit during real world use.[104] However, NIOSH notes the large amount of time required for fit testing has been a point of contention for employers.[120]
Other opinions concern the change in performance of respirators in use compared to when fit testing, and compared to engineering control alternatives:
The
very limited field tests of air-purifying respirator performance in the workplace show that respirators may perform far less well under actual use conditions than is indicated by laboratory fit factors. We are not yet able to predict the level of protection accurately; it will vary from person to person, and it may also vary from one use to the next for the same individual. In contrast, we can predict the effectiveness of engineering controls, and we can monitor their performance with commercially available state-of-the-art devices.[121]
Issues with respirator design
Extended or off-label use of certain negative-pressure respirators, like a
Complaints have been leveled at early LANL NIOSH fit test panels (which included primarily military personnel) as being unrepresentative of the broader American populace.[128] However, later fit test panels, based on a NIOSH facial survey conducted in 2003, were able to reach 95% representation of working US population surveyed.[129] Despite these developments, 42 CFR 84, the US regulation NIOSH follows for respirator approval, allows for respirators that don't follow the NIOSH fit test panel provided that: more than one facepiece size is provided, and no chemical cartridges are made available.[130]
Issues with lack of regulation
Respirators designed to non-US standards may not be subject to as much or any scrutiny:
- In China, under GB2626-2019, which includes standards like KN95, there is no procedure for fit testing.[131]
Some jurisdictions allow for respirator filtration ratings lower than 95%, respirators which are not rated to prevent respiratory infection, asbestos, or other dangerous occupational hazards. These respirators are sometimes known as dust masks for their almost exclusive approval only against dust nuisances:
- In Europe, regulation allows for FFP1, where 20% inward leakage is allowed, with a minimum filtration efficiency of 80%.[132]
- South Korea allows 20% filter leakage under KF80.
In the US, NIOSH noted that under standards predating the N95, 'Dust/Mist' rated respirators could not prevent the spread of TB.[133]
Regulation
The choice and use of respirators in developed countries is regulated by national legislation. To ensure that employers choose respirators correctly, and perform high-quality respiratory protection programs, various guides and textbooks have been developed:
Textbooks and guidelines for the selection and use of respirators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Language | Year of publication | Pages | Institution (hyperlink to document) |
US | English | 1987 | 305 | NIOSH ([134]) |
US | English | 2005 | 32 | NIOSH ([135]) |
US | English | 1999 | 120 | NIOSH ([136]) |
US | English | 2017 | 48 | Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC) ([137]) |
US | English & Spanish | - | - | OSHA ([138]) |
US | English | 2011 | 124 | OSHA ([139]) |
US | English | 2015 | 96 | OSHA ([140]) |
US | English | 2012 | 44 | OSHA ([141]) |
US | English | 2014 | 44 | OSHA ([142]) |
US | English | 2016 | 32 | OSHA ([143]) |
US | English | 2014 | 38 | OSHA ([144]) |
US | English | 2017 | 51 | OSHA ([145]) |
US | English | 2001 | 166 | NRC ([146]) |
US | English | 1986 | 173 | NIOSH & EPA ([147]) |
Canada | French | 2013, 2002 | 60 | Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) ([148]) |
Canada | English | 2015 | - | Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ([149]) |
Canada | French | 2015 | - | Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ([150]) |
France | French | 2017 | 68 | Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) ([151]) |
Germany | German | 2011 | 174 | Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) ([152]) |
UK | English | 2013 | 59 | The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) ([153]) |
UK | English | 2016 | 29 | The UK Nuclear Industry Good PracIndustry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (IRPCG) ([154]) |
Ireland | English | 2010 | 19 | The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) ([155]) |
New Zealand | English | 1999 | 51 | Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSHS) ([156]) |
Chile | Spanish | 2009 | 40 | Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile (ISPCH) ([157]) |
Spain | Spanish | - | 16 | Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST) ([158]) |
For standard filter classes used in respirators, see Mechanical filter (respirator)#Filtration standards.
Voluntary respirator use
United States
When in an environment where no designated hazards are present,
See also
- Dust mask – Pad held over the nose and mouth to protect against dust
- Face shield – Device used to protect the wearer's face from hazards
- Gas mask – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases
- Health belief model – Psychological model for potentially detrimental attitudes and actions on their health
- Minimum efficiency reporting value – Measurement scale for the effectiveness of air filters
- Respirator assigned protection factors
- Permissible exposure limit – Workplace environmental standard
- Personal protective equipment – Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards (PPE)
- Surgical mask – Mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols
- Workplace respirator testing – Testing of respirators in real life conditions
References
- ^ Wikisource. (in Latin) – via
- ^ "Women in the US Military – History of Gas Masks". Chnm.gmu.edu. 11 September 2001. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). "Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ David Zuck (1990). "Julius Jeffreys: Pioneer of humidification" (PDF). Proceedings of the History of Anaesthesia Society. 8b: 70–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ISBN 9780313385520.
- ^ US patent 6529A, Lewis P. Haslett, "Lung Protector", published 12 June 1849, issued 12 June 1849 Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [1], "Improvement in inhaler and respirator", issued 26 August 1879
- ^ Britain, Royal Institution of Great (1858). Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution, with Abstracts of the Discourses. W. Nicol, Printer to the Royal Institution. p. 53.
- JSTOR 112853.
- ^ "Gas Mask Development (1926)". 67.225.133.110. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ US patent 148868A, Samuel Barton, "Respirator", published 24 March 1874, issued 24 March 1874 Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- PMID 18898288.
- ^ Schlich T, Strasser BJ. Making the medical mask: surgery, bacteriology, and the control of infection (1870s–1920s). Medical History. 2022;66(2):116-134. doi:10.1017/mdh.2022.5
- ^ "The Chinese Doctor Who Beat the Plague". China Channel. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- PMC 1966655.
- PMID 11613294.
- ^ PMID 24570319.
- ^ PMID 26825808.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Mark (24 March 2020). "The untold origin story of the N95 mask". Fast Company. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Wu Lien-te; World Health Organization (1926). A Treatise on Pneumonic Plague. Berger-Levrault.
- PMID 30427733.
- ^ "First Usage of Poison Gas". National WWI Museum and Memorial. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Wetherell & Mathers 2007, p. 157.
- ISBN 0-585-23269-5.
- ^ "Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222". The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL). Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015.
- ^ "Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)". livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "The UK". The Gas Mask Database. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008.
- ^ Howard W., Spencer. "The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER" (PDF). American Society of Safety Professionals.
- ^ PMID 32572305.
- ^ "Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act of 1969". US Department of Labor, US Mine Safety and Health Administration.
- ^ US EPA, OP (22 February 2013). "Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ Wilson, Mark (24 March 2020). "The untold origin story of the N95 mask". Fast Company. Fast Company and Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Rees, Paula; Eisenbach, Larry (2020). "Ask Why: Sara Little Turnbull". Design Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Note: the following source cites July 1, 1998 as the end date for the transition period, contradicting official NIOSH publications. Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). "42 CFR Part 84: It's time to change respirators... but how?". Engineer's Digest. pp. 14–23.
- ^ "Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease" (Press release). NIOSH. 2 June 1995. Archived from the original on 31 December 1996.
- ^ Brickman, Lester (2004). "Fraud and Abuse in Mesothelioma Litigation". Tul. L. Rev. 31 (33): 47–48.
- ^ a b c Schwartz, Victor E.; Silverman, Cary; Appel., Christopher E. (2009). "Respirators to the Rescue: Why Tort Law Should Encourage, Not Deter, the Manufacture of Products that Make Us Safer" (PDF). Am. J. Trial Advoc. 33 (13): 48–51.
- ^ Xie, John (19 March 2020). "World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?". Voice of America. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020.
- ^ Dwyer, Colin (3 April 2020). "CDC Now Recommends Americans Consider Wearing Cloth Face Coverings In Public". NPR.
- ^ "Key Public Health Prevention Recommendations for HPAI A(H5N1)". United States CDC. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ "Protect Yourself From H5N1 When Working With Farm Animals" (PDF). United States CDC. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ Nix, Jessica; Griffin, Riley; Gale, Jason (8 May 2024). "Just One Human Is Infected by Bird Flu in the US. More Cases Are Likely". Bloomberg.
- ^ "Respirator use and practices". U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ "Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection, User Seal Check (2018)" (PDF). NIOSH. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ ANSI Z88.2 2015
- ^ a b "N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.[dead link]
- ^ Brosseau, Lisa; Ann, Roland Berry (October 14, 2009). "N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks". NIOSH Science Blog. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- PMID 35143470. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ "A Comparison of Surgical Masks, Surgical N95 Respirators, and Industrial N95 Respirators". Occupational Health & Safety. May 1, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Respirator Trusted-Source Information: Ancillary Respirator Information". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. January 26, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
- ^ "Surgical N95 vs. Standard N95 – Which to Consider?" (PDF). 3M Company. March 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "N95 Respirators, Surgical Masks, Face Masks, and Barrier Face Coverings". US Food and Drug Administration. 10 March 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Bach, Michael (July 6, 2017). "Understanding respiratory protection options in healthcare: the overlooked elastomeric". NIOSH Science Blog. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (PDF). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2019. pp. 55–56. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ "A Guide to Respiratory Protective Equipment" (PDF). hsa.ie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ "Technical Bulletin: Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes" (PDF). 3M Personal Safety Division. January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ The document describes the methods used previously and currently used to perform the timely replacement of cartridges in air purifying respirators.
- ^ OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.134 Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine "Respiratory Protection"
- from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ "Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ "PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management". www.remm.nlm.gov.
- ^ "Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Bach, Michael (6 July 2017). "Understanding respiratory protection options in Healthcare: The Overlooked Elastomeric". NIOSH Science Blog. CDC.
- ^ "Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b Liverman CT, Yost OC, Rogers BM, et al., eds. (6 December 2018). "Elastomeric Respirators". Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use. National Academies Press.
- ^ "Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators". U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Bollinger 1987, p. 184
- ^ IFSTA 2008, p. 190.
- ^ IFSTA 2008, p. 191.
- ^ a b Bollinger 1987, pp. 7–8
- ^ "Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators". U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management". www.remm.nlm.gov.
- ^ ASTM E2952 (2023 ed.). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (published June 2023). 1 May 2023.
- ^ New Scientist. 24–31 December 1987.
- ^ Greer, Erin. "Government Procurement April/May". American City and County. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Fire Preparedness - Smoke Masks and Fire Hoods Can Save Lives". Every Life Secure!. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Bland, Karina. "10-year-old Julio is teaching his family about Black History Month". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ Brewer, Mary Jane; Clevel, Special to; .com (12 February 2020). "Curator speaks about Medina's Little Wiz Fire Museum". cleveland. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ Bollinger 1987, p. 207
- ^ Bollinger 1987, p. 65
- ^ Bollinger 1987, pp. 59–64
- ^ Bollinger 1987, p. 56
- ^ NIOSH 1992
- ^ "NIOSH has concluded that APFS based on APF definitions from Myers et al. and the Guy Committee are derived from WPF data that were obtained after each test subject has been properly fitted and trained"... NIOSH 1992, p. 34
- ^ a b Quote from: Open Forum: Respirator Testing-Old Values, Ind. Safety and Hyg. News, May 1989
- ^ a b NIOSH 1992, p. 52
- ^ NIOSH 1992, p. 51
- ^ a b NIOSH 1992, pp. 35–36
- ^ a b NIOSH 1992, p. 37
- ^ Douglas, D. D. (August 1976), Respirator Studies for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, July 1, 1974-June 30, 1975, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Progress Report LA-6386-PR, Los Alamos, New Mexico: Office of Scientific and Technical Information, pp. 35–36
- ^ Revoir, W. H. (30 May 1990), Comments on OSHA's Proposal to Modify Existing Provisions for Controlling Employee Exposure to Toxic Substances Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000(3) and 29 CFR 1910.134(a)(1). Comments submitted to OSHA, p. 20
- ^ a b NIOSH 1992, p. 45-46
- ^ a b NIOSH 1992, p. 47
- ^ NIOSH 1992, p. 127
- ^ NIOSH 1992, p. 128
- ^ NIOSH 1992, pp. 132–133
- ^ NIOSH 1992, p. 135
- ^ NIOSH 1992, p. 136
- ^ "The State of the National Initiative on Prevention through Design" (PDF). NIOSH. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ a b "MAJOR REQUIREMENTS OF OSHA'S RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD 29 CFR 1910.134" (PDF). United States Department of Labor, OSHA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "Summary of Key MSHA Requirements for a Respiratory Protection Program" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "RE: Lowering Miners' Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica and Improving Respiratory Protection (RIN 1219-AB36)" (PDF). 11 September 2023.
- ^ "MSHA's proposed rule on silica has 'shortcomings,' lawmakers say". 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH Approval". NIOSH. 23 May 2024.
- ^ Wikisource. . NIOSH. 2002 – via
- PMID 21968940.
- PMID 38373246.
- PMID 20036443.
- ^ "The Hierarchy of Controls, Part Four: Personal Protective Equipment". Simplified Safety. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Protect the Worker with PPE". NIOSH. 5 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001 (PDF). Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. p. 273. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ "To Beard or not to Beard? That's a good Question!". NIOSH. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Transcript for the OSHA Training Video Entitled Counterfeit & Altered Respirators: The Importance of Checking for NIOSH Certification". US Department of Labor, OSHA. January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ Zhuang, Ziqing; Bergman, Michael; Krah, Jaclyn (5 January 2016). "New NIOSH Study Supports the OSHA Annual Fit Testing Requirements for Filtering Facepiece Respirators". NIOSH.
- from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ PMID 23108786.
- from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- PMID 33858372.
- PMID 34129112.
- PMID 17026695.
- ^ "Determination of Sample Size and Passing Criteria for Fit Test Panels" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- PMID 17613722.
- ^ §135, §198, and §205. "PART 84—APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES". Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "国家标准|Gb 2626-2019". Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "Protection levels: FFP1 masks, FFP2 masks, FFP3 masks". Moldex Europe. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994" (PDF). US Federal Register. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
- from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Kathleen Kincade; Garnet Cooke; Kaci Buhl; et al. (2017). Janet Fults (ed.). Respiratory Protection Guide. Requirements for Employers of Pesticide Handlers. Worker Protection Standard (WPS). California: Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC). p. 48. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 8 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1998). "Respiratory Protection eTool". OSHA (in English and Spanish). Washington, DC: OSHA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Hilda L. Solis; et al. (2011). Small Entity Compliance Guide for the Respiratory Protection Standard. OSHA 3384-09. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 124. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ OSHA; et al. (2015). Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit. OSHA 3767. Resources for Respirator Program Administrators. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 96. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ J. Edgar Geddie (2012). A Guide to Respiratory Protection. Industry Guide 44 (2 ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: Occupational Safety and Health Division, N.C. Department of Labor. p. 54. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Patricia Young; Phillip Fehrenbacher; Mark Peterson (2014). Breathe Right! Oregon OSHA's guide to developing a respiratory protection program for small-business owners and managers. Publications: Guides 440-3330. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 44. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 13 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Patricia Young; Mark Peterson (2016). Air you breathe: Oregon OSHA's respiratory protection guide for agricultural employers. Publications: Guides 440-3654. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 32. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Oregon OSHA (2014). "Section VIII / Chapter 2: Respiratory Protection". Oregon OSHA Technical Manual. Rules. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA. p. 38. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ California Department of Industrial Relations. Respiratory Protection in the Workplace. A Practical Guide for Small-Business Employers (3 ed.). Santa Ana, California: California Department of Industrial Relations. p. 51. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 19 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ K. Paul Steinmeyer; et al. (2001). Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Material. NUREG/CR-0041, Revision 1. Washington, DC: Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. p. 166. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gary P. Noonan; Herbert L. Linn; Laurence D. Reed; et al. (1986). Susan V. Vogt (ed.). A guide to respiratory protection for the asbestos abatement industry. NIOSH IA 85-06; EPA DW 75932235-01-1. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). p. 173. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ISBN 978-2-550-37465-7. Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.; 2 edition: Jaime Lara; Mireille Vennes (26 August 2013). Guide pratique de protection respiratoire. DC 200-1635 2CORR (in French) (2 ed.). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec. p. 60.ISBN 978-2-550-40403-3. Archived from the originalon 22 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2018.; online version: Jaime Lara; Mireille Vennes (2016). "Appareils de protection respiratoire". www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Quebec (Quebec, Canada): Commission des normes, de l'equite, de la sante et de la securite du travail. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Jacques Lavoie; Maximilien Debia; Eve Neesham-Grenon; Genevieve Marchand; Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015). "A support tool for choosing respiratory protection against bioaerosols". www.irsst.qc.ca. Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Publication no.: UT-024; Research Project: 0099-9230.
- ^ Jacques Lavoie; Maximilien Debia; Eve Neesham-Grenon; Genevieve Marchand; Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015). "Un outil d'aide a la prise de decision pour choisir une protection respiratoire contre les bioaerosols". www.irsst.qc.ca (in French). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. N° de publication : UT-024; Projet de recherche: 0099-9230.
- ISBN 978-2-7389-2303-5. Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) (2011). BGR/GUV-R 190. Benutzung von Atemschutzgeräten (in German). Berlin: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Medienproduktion. p. 174. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 10 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-71766-454-2. Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ The UK Nuclear Industry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (2016). Respiratory Protective Equipment (PDF). Good Practice Guide. London (UK): IRPCG. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-84496-144-3. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 19 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-477-03625-2. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Christian Albornoz, Hugo Cataldo (2009). Guia para la seleccion y control de proteccion respiratoria. Guia tecnica (in Spanish). Santiago (Chile): Departamento de salud occupational, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile. p. 40. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2018. PDF Archived 28 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST). Guia orientativa para la seleccion y utilizacion de protectores respiratorios. Documentos técnicos INSST. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST).
- ^ "Transcript for the OSHA Training Video Entitled Voluntary Use of Respirators". 2012.
Works cited on this page
ND2. | "STANDARD APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF RESPIRATORS" (PDF). CDC NIOSH. January 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2003.
|
C1. |
C4. |
C5. | – via |
N1. | . NIOSH. June 1995 – via |
N2. | . NIOSH. January 1996 – via |
- A Performance Evaluation of DM and DFM Filter Respirators Certified for Protection Against Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists WORKING DRAFT. CDC NIOSH. 1992. (Commons link)
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.), Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174, ISBN 978-0470013595
- Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015), British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars, Crowood
- Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations (5th ed.). IFSTA. 2008. ISBN 978-0135151112.
- Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987). NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection.
- ANSI/ASSE Z88.2 - 2015 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection (PDF), April 2015
Further reading
- A Sideline Mushroomed - Summary of LANL involvement in respirators
- Schwartz, Victor E.; Silverman, Cary; Appel., Christopher E. (2009). "Respirators to the Rescue: Why Tort Law Should Encourage, Not Deter, the Manufacture of Products that Make Us Safer" (PDF). Am. J. Trial Advoc. 33 (13).
- 3M COMPANY f/k/a MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY v. SIMEON JOHNSON, JAMES CURRY, BOBBY JOE LAWRENCE AND PHILLIP PATE, 2002-CA-01651-SCT (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2002-01-30) ("dismissed with prejudice").
- Cheremisinoff, Nicholas (1999). Handbook of Industrial Toxicology and Hazardous Materials. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1935-7.
- NIOSH-Approved Disposable Particulate Respirators (Filtering Facepieces)
- TSI Application note ITI-041: Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters Archived 29 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- British StandardBS EN 143:2000: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking
- British StandardBS EN 149:2001: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking
Related media at Wikimedia Commons:
External links
- Mine Safety Appliance Company (MSA) Respirator Classification Guide MSA.com
- OSHA videos on respiratory protection Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine osha.gov