Peltigera

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Peltigera
Peltigera leucophlebia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Peltigeraceae
Genus: Peltigera
Willd. (1787)
Type species
Peltigera canina
(L.) Willd. (1787)
Synonyms[1]
  • Antilyssa Haller ex M.Choisy (1929)
  • Byrsalis
    Kremp.
    (1869)
  • Chloropeltigera (
    Gyeln.
    ) Gyeln. (1934)
  • Chloropeltis
    Clem.
    (1909)
  • Hydrothyria
    J.L.Russell
    (1856)
  • Peltidea
    Ach.
    (1803)
  • Peltideomyces E.A.Thomas (1939)
  • Peltigera sect. Chloropeltigera Gyeln. (1932)
  • Peltigeromyces E.A.Thomas ex
    Tomas.
    (1953)
  • Peltophora Clem. (1909)
  • Placodion
    Adans.
    (1763)

Peltigera is a genus of approximately 100 species of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae.[2] Commonly known as the dog or pelt lichens, species of Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil), but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.[3]

Most species of Peltigera have the

cyanobacterium Nostoc as the dominant photobiont but some have the algae Coccomyxa. The presence of both a green alga and a cyanobacterium makes some tripartite; in this case they show cephalodium growths containing the third partner, Nostoc. Because of their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, such lichens are influential in soil
composition and generation.

Description

Species of Peltigera are

hyphae fused to form a network of veins. The reproductive structures isidia, soredia or lobules may be present in some species.[6] All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc.[7][8]

Peltigera can be distinguished from the equally large and leaf-like lichen, Nephroma, by its veined lower cortex; Nephroma, by contrast, has a smooth, unveiled lower cortex.[9]

Habitat

Peltigera are mainly ground-dwelling, but can also be found on mosses or dead wood.[9] Some species are used as forest succession indicators.

Taxonomy

In 1753, Linnaeus first described the species Lichen apthosus and L. caninus back when all known lichens were grouped into the genus Lichen.[10] Later, in 1787, Willdenow circumscribed the genus Peltigera, and redescribed P. aphthosa and P. canina.[11]

The generic name is derived from the Latin language pelta (small shield), and refers to the shield-shaped thallus in these species. The common name, the dog lichen, refers to the perceived resemblance of P. caninus to a dog.[12]

Phylogeny

In a comparative analysis of both morphological and chemical characteristics as well as sequences of large subunit nuclear

monophyletic.[13] Several species, such as P. canina
, have been changed to a group as there appears to be several species clustered under a single name.

Distribution

The Peltigera have a widespread distribution, and are found on all continents. There are 34 North American species, 30 European species, 25 species from South America, and 16 species from New Zealand.[3][4][14][15]

Species

Peltigera aphthosa
Peltigera leucophlebia
Peltigera malacea
Peltigera membranacea

Uses

Peltigera species have been used historically to treat wounds, urinary disorders,

aphthae.[20]
P. furfuracea has shown potent antioxidant activity and reducing power.[21] Similarly, Peltigera specimens from Hawaii and Iceland have also been reported to show pronounced antioxidant activity.[22]

Food source

Although a few reports have described

Cantareus aspersa and Limax species revealed that these snails prefer to eat Peltigera species (such as P. praetextata) that are lacking in secondary metabolites.[26]

Bioactive compounds

antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.[29] The novel non-protein amino acids solorinine and peltigerine have been detected in various species of Peltigera.[30]

References

  1. Species Fungorum
    . Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  2. hdl:10481/61998
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 86553148
    .
  4. ^ a b Vitikainen O. (1994). (1998). Taxonomic notes on neotropical species of Pelitgera. In: Lichenology in Latin America: history, current knowledge and applications. Edited by M. P. Marcelli, and M.R.D. Seaward. CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Estado de Sao Paulo. pp. 135-139.
  5. ^ Fioliose lichens, Lichen Thallus Types, Allan Silverside
  6. ISBN 0-87071-394-9
    .
  7. S2CID 85011483
    .
  8. S2CID 4094256
    .
  9. ^ a b "CNALH - Peltigera". lichenportal.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  10. ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm.
  11. ^ Willdenow 1787
  12. ^
    ISBN 0-300-08249-5
    .
  13. S2CID 21991612. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2020-06-26.
  14. doi:10.1139/b95-012
    .
  15. ^ Galloway DJ (2000). "The lichen genus Peltigera (Peltigerales:Ascomycota) in New Zealand". Tuhinga. 11: 1–45.
  16. S2CID 214097889
    .
  17. ^ Negi HR, Kareem A (1996). "Lichens: the unsung heroes". Amruth. 1 (4): 3–6.
  18. ISBN 0-88192-453-9
    .
  19. S2CID 32376858
    .
  20. ^ Vartia KO. (1950). On the medicinal use of lichens. Academic dissertation. Helsinki: 11–21.
  21. PMID 15752633
    .
  22. S2CID 13768322
    .
  23. PMID 33863029
    .
  24. doi:10.1139/z85-162
    .
  25. ^ Kallman S (1992). "Wild plants as food during survival situations". Sven Bot Tidsk. 86 (2): 49–52.
  26. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00141-8
    .
  27. PMID 12487331
    .
  28. doi:10.2478/som-1993-0001
    .
  29. PMID 3834834
    .
  30. JSTOR 3244359
    .

Further reading

Gilbert, O. Lichens Naturally Scottish. 2004. Scottish Natural Heritage.

ISBN 1-85397-373-4

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