Persistent left superior vena cava
| Persistent left superior vena cava | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The (right) superior vena cava (on left) and the left brachiocephalic vein (here labeled as left innominate vein). The left superior vena cava is not shown in this image. |
In
venous system.[1][2] It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population,[3][4][5] and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute
.
Presentation
In persistent left superior vena cava, the left
right atrium via the coronary sinus.[5]
In isolation, the variation is considered benign, but is very frequently associated with cardiac abnormalities (e.g.
The (right) superior vena cava is almost always unaffected by the presence of persistent left superior vena cava.[4][5]
Diagnosis
If an anomaly is detected during a routine ultrasound, a fetal echocardiogram is performed to determine whether a fetus has the condition.[8] Otherwise, it is often unnoticed unless an extenuating circumstance warrants further examination of the heart, usually much later in life.[citation needed]
parasagittal section may show a "pipe" sign where the left superior vena cava occurs.[4]
Treatment
If no other cardiac abnormalities are present, persistent left superior vena cava will not be treated, as it is usually
References
- S2CID 37083684.
- PMID 15471164.
- ^ Freedom RM, Culham JAG, Moes CAF (1984). Angiography of Congenital Heart Disease. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-323-44548-1, retrieved 2020-11-16
- ^ ISBN 978-0-323-40126-5, retrieved 2020-11-16
- S2CID 26364072.
- S2CID 22657811.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7, retrieved 2020-11-16