Pilocarpine
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Isopto Carpine, Salagen, Vuity, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a608039 |
License data |
|
Pregnancy category |
|
Miotic (cholinergic)[1] | |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Elimination half-life | 0.76 hours (5 mg), 1.35 hours (10 mg)[3] |
Excretion | urine |
Identifiers | |
| |
JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(verify) |
Pilocarpine is a medication used to reduce
Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation of the eye, increased tearing, headache, and blurry vision.
Pilocarpine was isolated in 1874 by Hardy and Gerrard and has been used to treat glaucoma for more than 100 years.[11][12][13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14] It was originally made from the South American plant Pilocarpus.[11]
Medical uses
Pilocarpine stimulates the secretion of large amounts of
It may be used to help differentiate Adie syndrome from other causes of unequal pupil size.[17][18]
It may be used to treat a form of
Surgery
Pilocarpine is sometimes used immediately before certain types of corneal grafts and cataract surgery.[20][21] It is also used prior to YAG laser iridotomy. In ophthalmology, pilocarpine is also used to reduce symptomatic glare at night from lights when the patient has undergone implantation of phakic intraocular lenses; the use of pilocarpine would reduce the size of the pupils, partially relieving these symptoms.[dubious ] The most common concentration for this use is pilocarpine 1%.[citation needed] Pilocarpine is shown to be just as effective as apraclonidine in preventing intraocular pressure spikes after laser trabeculoplasty.[22]
Presbyopia
In 2021, the
Other
Pilocarpine is used to stimulate sweat glands in a sweat test to measure the concentration of chloride and sodium that is excreted in sweat. It is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.[25]
Adverse effects
Use of pilocarpine may result in a range of adverse effects, most of them related to its
Pharmacology
Pilocarpine is a drug that acts as a muscarinic receptor agonist. It acts on a subtype of muscarinic receptor (
Society and culture
Preparation
Plants in the genus Pilocarpus are the only known sources of pilocarpine, and commercial production is derived entirely from the leaves of Pilocarpus microphyllus (Maranham Jaborandi). This genus grows only in South America, and Pilocarpus microphyllus is native to several states in northern Brazil.[27]
Pilocarpine is extracted from the powdered leaf material in a multi-step process. First the material is treated with ethanol acidified with hydrochloric acid, and the solvents removed under reduced pressure. The resultant aqueous residue is neutralized with ammonia and put aside until the resin has completely settled. It is then filtered and concentrated by sugar solution to a small volume, made alkaline with ammonia, and finally extracted with chloroform. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure.[verification needed]
This section needs to be updated.(September 2020) |
Trade names
Pilocarpine is available under several trade names such as: Diocarpine (Dioptic), Isopto Carpine (Alcon), Miocarpine (CIBA Vision), Ocusert Pilo-20 and -40 (Alza), Pilopine HS (Alcon), Salagen (MGI Pharma), Scheinpharm Pilocarpine (Schein Pharmaceutical), Timpilo (Merck Frosst), and Vuity (AbbVie).
Research
Pilocarpine is used to induce chronic
Veterinary
Pilocarpine is given in moderate doses (about 2 mg) to induce emesis in cats that have ingested foreign plants, foods, or drugs. One feline trial determined it was effective, even though the usual choice of
References
- ^ a b c d e f g "Pilocarpine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Vuity- pilocarpine hydrochloride solution/ drops". DailyMed. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- PMID 15243470.
- ISBN 9781284167542.
- ISBN 9789241547659.
- ^ "Glaucoma and ocular hypertension. NICE guideline 81". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. November 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
Ocular hypertension... alternative options include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as brinzolamide or dorzolamide, a topical sympathomimetic such as apraclonidine or brimonidine tartrate, or a topical miotic such as pilocarpine, given either as monotherapy or as combination therapy.
- S2CID 73438590.
Pilocarpine is no longer routinely used for long term IOP control due to a poor side effect profile
- ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ "Pilocarpine ophthalmic Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-12-29.
- PMID 1811739.
- PMID 397371.
- hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "Pilocarpine". MedLinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2010-03-06.
- PMID 26867879.
- ISBN 9780702055744.
- ISBN 9781483193915.
- OCLC 960165358.
- ^ Parker J (2017). Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK): A Review (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden University.
- ISBN 9789350251751.
- PMID 28231380.
- PMID 35268476.
- ^ Vuity Label, Revised: 10/2021. Linked from FDA page for Vuity
- ISBN 9783743821415.
- ISBN 9780702055416.
- S2CID 26058596.
- ISBN 9781840765229.
- .
- S2CID 36849482.
External links
- "Pilocarpine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.