Port Phillip
Port Phillip | ||
---|---|---|
Port Phillip Bay | ||
Primary inflows Yarra River, Patterson River, Werribee River, Little River, Kororoit Creek | | |
Primary outflows | Bass Strait | |
Basin countries | Australia | |
Surface area | 1,930 km2 (750 sq mi) | |
Average depth | 8 m (26 ft) | |
Max. depth | 33 m (108 ft) | |
Water volume | 25 km3 (6.0 cu mi) | |
Shore length1 | 264 km (164 mi) | |
Surface elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | |
Islands | Swan Island, Duck Island, Mud Islands | |
Settlements | Melbourne, Geelong, Frankston, Mornington, Queenscliff, Sorrento | |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
Port Phillip (
Before
History
Prehistory
Port Phillip formed between the end of the
The
A dry period combined with
Seismicity has been observed around the bay continually since the 1800s with earlier earthquakes recorded in local newspaper reports. [7] An earthquake that occurred in July 1885 was described in a newspaper. [8]
"The earth-quake appears to have been confined to the southern portion of the colony, and principally to those places bordering on Bass's Straits and Port Phillip Bay. Telegrams to the Argus from Cowes, Flinders, Kangaroo Grounds, Mornington, Queenscliff, Eltham, Lilydale, Shoreham, and Cape Schanck, all mention the earthquake."
European exploration
In 1800, Lieutenant James Grant was the first known European to pass through Bass Strait from west to east in HMS Lady Nelson. He was also the first to see, and crudely chart, the south coast from Cape Banks in South Australia to Wilsons Promontory in Victoria. Grant gave the name "Governor King's Bay" to the body of water between Cape Otway and Wilsons Promontory, but did not venture in and discover Port Phillip.[12]
The first Europeans to find and enter Port Phillip, were the crew of the
During this voyage, Murray records in his journal his first encounter with local Aboriginal peoples. This initially friendly encounter started with trading, eating, and gifting, and was suddenly interrupted by a violent ambush by a large group of Aboriginal people.
"They were all clothed in opossum skins and in each basket a certain quantity of gum was found. ... if we may judge from the number of their fires and other marks this part of the country is not thin of inhabitants. Their spears are of various kinds and all of them more dangerous than any I have yet seen."
The crew in response shot at the Aboriginal people, and continued to shoot at them as they fled, inflicting likely mortal wounds on two of the Aboriginal people. Watching from the boat, Murray ordered
About ten weeks after Murray,
British settlement
King decided to place a convict settlement at Port Phillip, mainly to stake a claim to southern Australia ahead of the French. On 10 October 1803 a convoy of two ships HMS Calcutta and Ocean led by Captain David Collins carrying 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives and a child, and 307 convicts with 17 convicts' wives and 7 children) entered Port Phillip.[20] After some investigation it was decided to establish the settlement at a spot known as Sullivan Bay, very close to where Sorrento now exists. The expedition landed at Sullivan Bay on 17 October 1803, and the first of the "orders" issued by Collins bears that date. On 25 October, the King's birthday, the British flag was hoisted over the tiny settlement and a little salvo of musketry celebrated the royal occasion.[21]
On 25 November the first white child was born in Victoria and was baptised on
Port Phillip was then left mostly undisturbed until 1835, when settlers from Tasmania led by
Growth and development of Melbourne
As
In the 21st century, property along the Port Phillip coastline continues to be highly sought after. Port Phillip continues to be extensively used for recreational pursuits such as swimming, cycling, boating, and fishing. The bay also features a number of historical walks and fauna reserves.[25] The traditional land owners of the area have also been acknowledged at a number of sites.
Geography
Port Phillip lies in southern Victoria, separated from
The eastern side of the bay is characterised by sandy beaches extending from
Climate
The region has an
Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect", similar to the "
Beaches
Port Phillip hosts many beaches, most of which are flat, shallow and long, with very small breaks making swimming quite safe. This attracts many tourists, mostly families, to the beaches of Port Phillip during the summer months and school holidays. Water sports such as
- Major beaches include: St. Kilda Beach, Brighton Beach, Sandringham Beach, Dromana Beach
Rivers and creeks
- Rivers: Yarra River, Maribyrnong River, Patterson River, Little River, Werribee River.
- Creeks: Elwood Canal, Mordialloc Creek, Cowies Creek, Hovells Creek, Kororoit Creek.
Islands
Due to its shallow depth, several artificial islands and forts have been built; however, despite the depth, it only hosts a few true islands. Many sandy, muddy banks and shallows exist in its southern reaches, such as Mud Islands, but most islands are located in the marshy shallows of Swan Bay. Some of the bay's major islands include:
- Swan Island
- Mud Islands
- Duck Island
- South Channel Fort (artificial)
- Pope's Eye (artificial)
Surrounding mountains and hills
- Arthurs Seat 314 m
- Mount Martha 160 m
- Mount Eliza
- Olivers Hill
- Flinders Peak 364 m
Surrounding lakes
- Albert Park Lake
- Cherry Lake
- Lake Borrie
- Lake Carramar, Lake Illawong and Lake Legana of Patterson Lakes
- Lake Connewarre
- Lake Victoria
- RAAF Lake
- Sanctuary Lakes (artificial)
- Salt Lagoon
Ecology
Port Phillip contains 3 Marine Sanctuaries managed by Parks Victoria to protect and conserve the bay's biodiversity, ecological processes and the natural and heritage features.
Port Phillip's marine water quality is monitored by the Environment Protection Authority of Victoria[33] and was fluctuating between Good to Very Good across the bay in 2021-2022.[34]
Original flora and fauna
In 1906, George Gordon McCrae wrote two letters to a local schoolmaster at Dromana, Mr G.H. Rogers. His subject was his earliest recollections of an idyllic boyhood spent at Arthur's Seat Run, location of the historic McCrae Homestead on the southern shore of the bay, part of the Mornington Peninsula. In the letters he described in detail the natural history of the area in the 1840s, and the species he particularly remembered 60 years later. In 1939, Charles Daley read an article before the Royal Historical Society of Victoria based on these letters, which was published in its journal in 1940 the year after a large bushfire in January 1939 hastened the disappearance of much of the original surviving wildlife from the area. The names of the species reflect the titles given to them by the original European settlers of the bay.[35]
The animals he observed as a young boy were "immense droves of kangaroos, brush kangaroos or wallaby, paddy-melon, bandicoots (two varieties), great opossum (two varieties), ring tail, flying squirrel, flying mouse, dingoes or wild dogs in the gullies, that were caught in box traps with sliding doors, porcupine ant eater or echidna that were at the back of Arthur's Seat mountain, the great iguana, tree lizard- 5 feet, python, and the rock or sleeping lizard."
The trees were coast banksia, honey suckle, and grass trees "with crowns for thatching". The gum of Xanthorrhoea australis was used for carriage varnish.
In the waters of the bay he described "scallop shells which were used as an oil lamp with a bulrush wick, banks of cockles covered with birds, grey and white gulls, a 13-16 lb size schnapper ground off Mt Martha Point, mutton fish or venus ear- bait,[36] coatfish, parrot fish, leather jackets,[37] flathead, dog fish,[38] sting rays,[39] shark tailed rays,[40] and pig fish[41] that he thought to be "very old".
On the beaches could be sighted pelicans, penguins, grey and grey white gull, called "bungan" by aborigines (the
In the swamps (which have since been filled in) were "The Nankeen bird with one long white feather behind the ear, The rail, The bittern, The snipe and jack snipe, Several ducks- wood duck, black duck, Teal, Spoonbill, Black swan Geese, Cranes, Blue and white coots, Water hens, Kingfishers here and there and swamp or ground parrot with the barred tail feathers."
In the scrub by the waterholes were "honey eaters, warblers, red coat robins, emu wren with 2 long feathers in tail, Laughing jack ass- everywhere, butcher bird, also known as shrike or whistling jackass, Quail where coverage good in bottom of scrub, turkey at Boneo and the big swamp off the property."
On the flats were found spur wing plovers, minas, and leatherheads.
In timbers near the flats were "many varieties of parrots, Lorry, Rosella, Blue mountain or honeysuckle parrot, Sulphur –crested white cockatoo, Black cockatoo of two kinds, Grey cockatoo with scarlet crest and Corella or cockatoo parrot."
Among the cherry trees in the garden at the homestead were "bronzewing pigeon and satin birds, love birds and honeyeating parakeets."
Birds of prey were "eagle hawks, falcons, and owls, some white and of great size".
Cetaceans
Small numbers of common dolphins have become residents in eastern parts of the bay since the late 2000s.[42] In recent years, the numbers of southern humpback and southern right whales entering the bay of Port Phillip have shown increases.[43] Unlike in Portland and on Great Ocean Road, Southern Rights in eastern Victorian waters are still critically endangered[27] and in very small numbers; however, presences of cow-calf pairs in the bay in recent years indicate that Port Phillip was possibly once a wintering/calving ground for these whales.[44][45] They swim very close to shores to take rests in shallow, sheltered waters, sometimes just next to piers in Frankston.[46]
Burrunan dolphins
The bay is home to about 100 to 150 of the recently described species of bottlenose dolphin, the Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis). The other 50 or so of this rare species are to be found in the Gippsland Lakes.[47]
Shellfish reefs
Port Phillip has lost over 95% of native flat oyster and blue mussel reefs since European settlement.[48] In 2014 the Port Phillip Shellfish Reef restoration project set about restoring shellfish reefs at two locations off Hobsons Bay near St Kilda, and off Corio Bay near Avalon. 300,000 native Angasi oysters were laid on limestone rubble over a 600 square metre area. The project aimed to improve marine biodiversity, water quality and fish habitat.[49][50][51]
Environmental issues
Like the Yarra which flows into it, Port Phillip faces the environmental concerns of pollution and water quality. Litter, silt and toxins can affect the beaches to the point where they are shut down by EPA Victoria.[52]
In 2008, the owner and master of Hong Kong-registered container vessel MV Sky Lucky were found liable for illegally disposing garbage into Port Phillip, convicted and fined $35,000.[53]
An Environmental Management Plan has been adopted for 2017-2027 in order to improve and ensure the water quality is helping the marine life flourish as well as divide the supervising of the Bay between the government, community and industries.[54]
Shipping
History
The southern section of the Bay near the Heads is covered by extensive sand banks, known as the "Great Sand". A shipping channel was dredged in an east–west direction from the Heads to near Arthur's Seat late in the nineteenth century, and maintained ever since. Early shipping used piers at Sandridge (Port Melbourne), but later moved to various wharves along the Yarra River, which make up today's Port of Melbourne.[55] The Melbourne Harbor Trust and Geelong Harbor Trust were responsible for the piers and wharves in their respective cities — they are now the government owned Port of Melbourne Corporation and the privately operated GeelongPort.
Today, the Port of Melbourne has grown to become Australia's busiest commercial port, serving Australia's second largest city and handling an enormous amount of imports and exports into and out of the country. The Port of Geelong also handles a large volume of dry bulk and oil, while nearby Port of Hastings on Western Port handles steel and oil products.
In 2004 the Victorian Government launched the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project to deepen the existing shipping channels and the lower Yarra to accommodate deeper draft vessels. The lower Yarra sediments were identified as likely to be contaminated with toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and were to be contained within a sealed berm clear of the shipping channels south of the Yarra entrance. The vessel chosen for the dredging is the Queen of the Netherlands. 52 environmental groups, recreational fishing groups, and divers' groups formed the "Blue Wedges" group to oppose the proposed channel deepening and dredging with organised protests carried out, culminating in the group taking action in the Federal Court in January 2008 against the Commonwealth to stop it signing off on the project.[56] On 15 January 2008 it was announced that their appeal was dismissed,[57] with dredging starting soon after. The government announced the completion of works in November 2009, ahead of schedule and $200 million under budget.[58]
Shipping channels
- South Channel – Extends from the area of the rip in an easterly direction where it terminates off the coast of Arthurs Seat. Vessels with a draught of 14.0m can be navigated through the channel at all tides. This is the main commercial shipping channel in the south of the bay allowing large ships access between the entrance of the bay and its middle regions.
- West Channel – Extends from the area of the rip, heads towards the north-west and ends off the coast of St Leonards. The depth varies, in May 1998 there was a minimum of 4.1 metres. Non-commercial vessels are still navigated through the channel; however, it is no longer used for commercial shipping.
- The Rip – Also referred to as "the heads" for shipping purposes, vessels with a draught of 14.0m can be navigated through the Heads during any height of tide. However, the passage of vessels can be restricted when the current through the rip is too strong. The flow through the Rip can be up to 8 knots dependent on the range of tide and environmental conditions.
- Melbourne Channels – Extends northwards through Hobsons Bay towards Station Pier and the entrance to the Yarra River. It is dredged to a depth of 15.5 metres and is the main shipping channel through the north of the bay into Melbourne's ports and docks. The channels include:
- Melbourne Channel
- Williamstown Channel
- Port Melbourne Channel
- Geelong Channels – Begins off the coast of Point Richards and runs in a westerly direction through Outer Harbour and into Corio Bay where it splits in two heading north towards the modern Port of Geelong and south towards Cunningham Pier. The main Geelong channels are dredged to 12.3m. The City Channel while once used for wool exports is no longer used for commercial shipping. The channels include:
- Point Richards Shipping Channel
- Wilson Spit Shipping Channel
- Hopetoun Shipping Channel
- City Channel
- Corio Channel
Shipping and cargo docks
- Bulk Grain Pier
- Corio Quay
- Cunningham Pier
- Gellibrand Pier
- Lascelles Wharf
- Point Henry Pier
- Point Wilson Pier
- Princes Pier
- Refinery Pier
- Station Pier
- Webb Dock
Ferries
- Searoad Ferries operates a vehicular ferry service across the mouth of the bay between Queenscliff and Sorrento using two roll-on roll-off vessels.
- Between: Sorrento Pier, Sorrento
- And: The Cut Pier, Queenscliff
- Port Phillip Ferries run twice daily fast ferry services between Melbourne Docklands and Portarlington on the Bellarine Peninsula and Docklands and Geelong. In 2017 they commissioned a new Incat ferry Bellarine Express. In 2019 it was joined by another Incat ferry of the same design Geelong Flyer which runs the service to Geelong.
- Ferries also run from St Kilda to Williamstown, Victoria across Hobsons Bay. These ferries, like the many recreational cruises, mostly operate for tourists and run around the bay in various locations.
- Spirit of Tasmania Ferry (passenger and vehicles)
- Between: Spirit of Tasmania Quay, Geelong
- And: Devonport, Tasmania
Other features
Flagship
- Enterprize (1830), the tall ship that brought the first European settlers to Melbourne. She sails around Port Phillip throughout the year, visiting ports at Geelong, Williamstown, Portarlington, Rye and Blairgowrie.
Lighthouses
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Shipwrecks
Some of the more significant and historic shipwrecks in the bay include:
- William Salthouse – sunk 600 metres northeast of Pope's Eye (1841)
- Clarence – sunk after running aground (1850)
- Will O' the Wisp – sunk after running onto the sandbank William Sand, West Channel (1853)
- Mountain Maid – sunk off Swan Island after a collision with SS Queen (1856)
- Joanna – sunk after going around on the West Bank (1857)
- City of Launceston – sunk after a collision with Penola (1865)
- Eliza Ramsden – sunk near the South Channel (1875)
- Wauchope – beached at Portsea after she caught fire and part of her cargo exploded (1919)
- Indented Head(1925)
- Half Moon Bay, Black Rock(1926)
- HMAS J3 – scuttled in Swan Bay (1926)
- HMAS J7 – scuttled off Hampton Beach (1926)
- River Burnett – the first ship to survive hitting Corsair Rock (1955)
Tourism
The bay is one of Victoria's most popular tourist destinations. Many residents of Melbourne holiday on the shorelines of the bay, particularly the Bellarine (South west, near Geelong) and Mornington (south east of Melbourne) Peninsulas, most annually, either camping in tents, caravan or villas in
Recreation and sport
Port Phillip's mostly flat topography and moderate waves make perfect conditions for recreational
, stand up paddle boarding (SUP) and other sports.Port Phillip is home to 36
Dozens of
. These clubs provide volunteer lifesaving services and conduct sporting carnivals.Port Phillip is also known as a temperate water scuba diving destination. The shore dives from beaches and piers around the Bay provide a wide variety of experiences on day and night dives. Boat diving in Port Phillip provides access to a remarkable variety of diving environments including wrecks, reefs, drift dives, scallop dives, seal dives and wall dives. Of particular interest are the five scuttled J-Class World War 1 submarines and the Ships' Graveyard off Torquay. With 3 Marine Sanctuaries and easily accessible piers, Port Phillip is also popular for recreational snorkeling.
There are also a number of bike paths, including the Bayside Trail and the Hobsons Bay Coastal Trail.
See also
References
- ISBN 9780992290405.
- ^ "Parks Victoria". Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Bowler, J.M. (1966). "Port Phillip Survey 1957-1963: The Geology & Geomorphology" (PDF). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria. Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ "Marine geology of Port Phillip, Victoria". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (3). 8 November 2010.
- ^ Eidelson, Meyer (2015), Yalukit Willam, The River People of Port Phillip, Melbourne: City of Port Phillip, p. 58
- ^ Gary, Stuart (14 April 2011). "Port Phillip Bay once high and dry". news in Science. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ Historical earthquakes in Victoria, Kevin McCue, Rockhampton, CQU, Queensland. See Fig.1, Map, seismicity of Victoria to 2009, Payne and others. [1]
- ^ The Earthquake in Victoria The Maitland Mercury, and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW) : Thu 9 July 1885 Page 2 [2]
- ^ Victorian resources online Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance on the Coast of Port Phillip Bay (1988) by Neville Rosengren [3]
- ^ Soil/Landform Mapping Mornington Peninsula Shire
- ^ Researchgate, Marine Geology of Port Phillip, Victoria. G.R, Holdgate, B.Geurin, M.W. Wallace, and S.J.Gallagher [4]
- OL 6580132M
- ^ Lee 1915, pp. 134–149
- ^ a b Norman Houghton – 'The Story of Geelong' Archived 28 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Memorable incidents in Australian history". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 October 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 13 December 2012 – via Trove.
- ^ Port Phillip Conservation Council: Excerpts from the 'Port Phillip Survey 1957-1963' Archived 20 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lee 1915, Chapter 6.
- ^ Ernest Scott. Terre Napoleon: A history of French explorations and projects in Australia at Project Gutenberg
- ISBN 978-0-949586-10-0, archived from the original(PDF) on 28 March 2020, retrieved 3 April 2020
- ^ "Correspondence". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 14 October 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 17 January 2012 – via Trove.
- ^ "Buckley, Wild White Man, Lived with Blacks". The Queenslander. 18 March 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 17 January 2012 – via Trove.
- ^ "History of the Mornington Peninsula". Mornington Standard. Mornington. 12 August 1905. p. 5 Edition: Morning. Retrieved 17 January 2012 – via Trove.
- ^ Tuckey, James Hingston (1805). An account of a voyage to establish a colony at Port Philip in Bass's Strait on the south coast of New South Wales, in His Majesty's Ship Calcutta, in the years 1802-3-4. London: Longman.
- ^ "Risdon Cove, first landing place". The Mercury. Hobart. 12 September 1903. p. 1 Supplement: Centenary of Tasmania. Retrieved 17 January 2012 – via Trove.
- ^ Parks Victoria. "Port Phillip". Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
- ^ a b c "Jason Gedamke, "Australia. Progress report on cetacean research, January 2006 to December 2006, with statistical data for the calendar year 2006."" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ Museum Victoria. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ Melbourne's Wildlife (Museum Victoria, 2006), 324.
- ^ Port Phillip Baykeeper 2011 Stray sea lion lobs in Brighton Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ Fitzgerald E., Jefferies R., 2011. Class – Otariidae. Taxonomic Toolkit for marine life of Port Phillip Bay, Museum Victoria. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ Edwards, Lorna (22 March 2006). "Seal's death prompts wildlife protection call". The Age. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ T. M. Pyk, A. Bunce, and F. I. Norman, "The influence of age on reproductive success and diet in Australasian gannets (Morus serrator) breeding at Pope's Eye, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria", Australian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 55 No. 5, 2007, pp. 267–274.
- ^ Victoria, Environment Protection Authority. "Marine monitoring | Environment Protection Authority Victoria". www.epa.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Environment Protection Authority Victoria (May 2023). Report Card 2021-2022 - Port Philipp, Western Port and Gippsland Lakes. Environment Protection Authority Victoria. p. 5.
- ^ Daley, Charles (1940). "Arthur's Seat in the 'forties [1840s]: from letters of George Gordon McCrae". Victorian Historical Journal. 18 (71). Royal Historical Society of Victoria: 57–64. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ "What Species. Venus Ear, Scientific Name: Haliotis spadicea". Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ Fish Species NZ, Leatherjacket fish, Scientific Name :Parika scaber
- ^ Australian Museum, Prickly dogfish, oxynotus bruniensis
- ^ Port Phillip Marinelife, Smooth Stingray Scientific Name :Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) [5]
- ^ The Australian Museum , Shark Ray, Scientific Name: Rhina ancylostoma, Bloch & Schneider, 1801 [6]
- ^ The Australian Museum Eastern Pigfish,(Gunther, 1862) Scientific name: Bodianus unimaculatus [7]
- ^ The Dolphin Research Institute, Our Dolphins are Unique Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ Fowles S., 2012 Spectators have a whale of a time. Apollos View Accommodation. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ January 2014 – Southern Right Whales. ABC News. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ "Southern Right Whale". www.swifft.net.au. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ Minear T., 2014 Whale spotted swimming close to shore in Port Phillip Bay off Bonbeach, Chelsea and Aspendale. Herald Sun. Retrieved on 20 June 2014
- ^ Researcher discovers new dolphin species in Victoria, Monash University, 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Where did Port Phillip Bay's shellfish reefs go?". Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Victoria. 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ Darren, Gray (1 August 2014). "Shellfish reefs to be restored in Port Phillip Bay". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ "Shellfish reefs". Shellfish reef restoration. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ Choahan, Neelima (8 April 2017). "Port Phillip Shellfish Reef restoration project underway". Illawarra Mercury. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ Ryan, Kellie. Summer deluges leave Port Phillip Bay filthy. Herald Sun. 9 January 2012
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ coasts, Marine and (27 June 2023). "Port Phillip Bay Environmental Management Plan 2017-2027 (EMP)". Marine and coasts. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ "History of the port". portofmelbourne.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (5 December 2007). "Court threat to channel deepening". The Age.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (16 January 2008). "Bay dredge gets go-ahead". The Age.
- ^ Dowling, Jason (26 November 2009). "Labor hails dredging success, says bay is clean". The Age. theage.com.au. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ "The Eastern Lighthouse at McCrae". Lighthouse.net.au. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ 1956 Summer Olympics official report. Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine pp. 46-7.