Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan language
Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages |
Era | 2000 BCE |
Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan is the reconstructed common ancestor of the
A reconstruction is presented by Michael Fortescue in his Comparative Dictionary of Chukotko-Kamchatkan (2005).
Phonology
According to Fortescue, Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan had the following phonemes, expressed in IPA symbols.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop
|
*p | *t | *c | *k | *q |
Fricative
|
*v | *ð | *ɣ | *ʁ | |
Nasal
|
*m | *n | *ŋ | ||
Approximant
|
*w | *l | *j | ||
Rhotic | *r |
*/c/ is a true
*/v/ is a voiced labiodental fricative (like v in English). */ɣ/ is a voiced velar fricative (like the g in Dutch ogen, modern Greek gamma, Persian qāf, etc.). */ʁ/ is a voiced uvular fricative (like r in French).
The entire */t ð n l r/ series is alveolar — i.e. */t ð n/ are not dentals.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Open | æ | a |
Grammar
It is generally accepted that Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan had an eleven-case system for nouns, but Dibella Wdzenczny has hypothesised that these evolved from only six cases in Pre-Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan.[1] Below is the reconstructed case system of Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan.[2]
Case | Declension 1 (singular) | Declension 2 (singular) | Declension 1 (plural)1 | Declension 2 (plural) |
---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive
|
-∅/-(ə)n/-ŋæ/-lŋǝn | -(ǝ)n | -t | -(ǝ)nti |
dative
|
-(ǝ)ŋ | -(ǝ)naŋ | -(ǝ)ðɣǝnaŋ | |
locative
|
-(ǝ)k | -(ǝ)næk | -(ǝ)ðǝk | |
instrumental | -tæ | -(ǝ)næk | -(ǝ)ðǝk | |
comitative
|
kæ- -tæ | - | - | |
associative | ka- -ma | - | - | |
referential | -kjit | -(ǝ)nækjit | -(ǝ)ðǝkækjit | |
ablative
|
-ŋqo(rǝŋ) | -(ǝ)naŋqo(rǝŋ) | -(ǝ)ðǝkaŋqo(rǝŋ) | |
vialis
|
-jǝpǝŋ | -(ǝ)najpǝŋ | -(ǝ)ðǝkajpǝŋ | |
allative
|
-jǝtǝŋ | -(ǝ)najtǝŋ | -(ǝ)ðǝkajtǝŋ | |
attributive | -nu | -(ǝ)nu | -(ǝ)ðɣǝnu |
1Note that the (mostly inanimate) nouns of the first declension only marked plurality in the absolutive case.
The protolanguage is thought to have been a
See also
References
- ^ a b Dibella Wdzenczny. "The Case for Fewer Cases in Pre-ChukotkoKamchatkan: Grammaticalization and Semantics in Internal Reconstruction". Commons.emich.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
- )
- ^ Fortescue, Michael. 2005. Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. Trends in Linguistics 23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.