Paleo-Siberian languages
| Paleo-Siberian | |
|---|---|
| (geographic) | |
| Geographic distribution | Siberia |
| Linguistic classification | Not a single family |
| Subdivisions | |
The Paleo-Siberian languages are several
genetic relationship to each other; their only common link is that they are held to have antedated the more dominant languages, particularly Tungusic and latterly Turkic languages, that have largely displaced them. Even more recently, Turkic (at least in Siberia) and especially Tungusic have been displaced in their turn by Russian
.
Classifications
Four small
- The Alutor and Kerek. Itelmen, also known as Kamchadal, is also distantly related. Chukchi, Koryak and Alutor are spoken in easternmost Siberia by communities numbering in the thousands (Chukchi) or hundreds (Koryak and Alutor). Kerek is extinct, and Itelmen is now spoken by fewer than 5 people, mostly elderly, on the west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
- Amur basin and on the northern half of Sakhalinisland. It has a recent modern literature.
- The Yenisei River and its tributaries, but are now represented only by Ket, spoken in the Turukhansk district of Krasnoyarsk Kraiby no more than 200 people.
- Chuvantsy, spoken further inland and further east, are now extinct. Yukaghir is held by some to be related to the Uralic languages.
On the basis of morphological, typological, and lexical evidence,
Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric language family. Fortescue does not consider Yeniseian and Yukaghir to be genetically related to Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric.[2]
Relationships
The purpose of the existence of Paleo-Siberian itself lies in its practicability and remains a grouping of convenience for a variety of unclassifiable language isolates located in Northeast Eurasia. Some proposals for the relationship of languages located within the Paleo-Siberian group have been made by some scholars, including
Eskimo–Aleut families of Alaska and northern Canada. This would correlate with the widespread idea that North America's aboriginal peoples
migrated from present-day Siberia and other regions of Asia when the two continents were joined during the last ice age.
Ket, or more precisely the now largely extinct Yeniseian family, has been linked to the Na-Dené languages of North America.genealogical link between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical linguistics".[4] In the past, attempts to connect it to Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian and Burushaski have been made.
Kim Bang-han proposed that placename glosses in the Samguk sagi reflect the original language of the Korean peninsula and a component in the formation of both Korean and Japanese. It is suggested that this language was related to Nivkh in some form.[5][6][7] Juha Janhunen suggests the possibility that similar consonant stop systems in Koreanic and Nivkh may be due to ancient contact.[8] Martine Robbeets suggests that Proto-Korean had a Nivkh substrate influence. Further parallel developments in their sound inventory (Old to Middle Korean and Proto-Nivkh to Nivkh) as well as commonalities in the syntax between Koreanic and Nivkh specifically have been observed.[9]
The
Uralic-Yukaghir languages, as well as Eskimo-Aleut as part of the Uralo-Siberian languages.[10]
However, these hypotheses are controversial and not universally accepted.
Vocabulary comparison
Below are selected basic vocabulary items in proto-languages reconstructed for Paleo-Siberian languages and language families.
Proto-Japanese
are also given for comparison.
| gloss | Proto-Yeniseian[11] | Proto-Uralic[12] |
Proto-Eskimo[13] |
Proto-Yukaghir[14] | Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan[15] |
Proto-Nivkh[16][17] | Proto-Ainu[20] | Ainu[17] | Proto-Japanese[21]
| |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | *cɨʔɢ-; *kəŕga- | *ojwa | *nay(ə)quʀ | *joː | C *læwət | *d’oŋkr | *matuy | *pa; *sa | pa | *tumu-; *kàsìrà |
| hair | *cəŋe | *apte | *nuyaʀ | *manilə/*monilə | C *kəðwir | *ŋamrki | *kar(ák); tǝrǝk | *numa | *ká-Ci | |
| eye | *de-s | *śilmä | *əðə | *waŋ-/*woŋ-; *jöː- | *ləlæ | *n’(ə)ŋaɣ | *nún | *sik; *nuu | shik | *mà-n |
| ear | *ʔɔqtʌ ~ *ʔɔgde | *peljä | *ciɣun | *unemə | *vilu | *mla; *nor | *kúj | *kisAr | kisar | *mìmì |
| nose | *ʔolk-; *xaŋ | *nere (*nēre) | *qəqaʀ | *jöː- | *qiN(qiN); C *jeqa | *wiɣ | *kóh | *Etu | etu | *páná |
| tooth | *piŋe | *kəɣun | *toð-; *sal’qəriː | C *wannə | *ŋaɣzər | *ni(s) | *nii; *ima(=)k | nimaki | *pà | |
| tongue | *ʔej | *kele (*kēle) | I *uqaq(-) | *wonor | *jilə(jil) ? | *hilɣ | *hyet/*hita | *agu | parumbe | *sìtà |
| mouth | *χowe | *śuwe | *qanəʀ(-) | *aŋa | *rəkərNə(n) | *amɣ | *ip/*kút | *prAA= | par | *kútú-Ci |
| hand | *pʌg- | *käte | *aðɣa(ʀ), *aðɣaɣ | *ńuŋkən/*ńuŋen | *kæɣ(ə) | *damk | *són/tar | *tE(=)k | tek | *tà-Ci |
| foot | *kiʔs; *bul | *jalka | *itəɣaʀ | *noj-; *ar- | *kətka | *ŋazl | *pál | *urE; *kEma; *tikir | ure | *pànkì |
| breast | *təga | *poŋe | *əvyaŋ(ŋ)iʀ | *sis-; *mel- | *loloʀ(ə) | *məc(ɣ) | *cǝc | *tOO[C] | *ti/*titi | |
| meat | *ʔise | *pećä; *siwɜ-ĺɜ | *kəməɣ; *uvinəɣ | *čuː- | C *kinuNi; C *tərɣətər | *dur | *kòkí | *kam | kam | shishi |
| blood | *sur | *wire | *aðuɣ, *kanuɣ | *lep(k)-; *čeːmə | *mullə(mul) | cʰoχ; ŋær̥ | *pVhi | *kEm | kem | *tí |
| bone | *ʔaʔd | *luwe | I *caunəq | *am- | *qətʀəm | ŋɨɲf | *sùpyé | *ponE | pone | *pone |
| person | *keʔt; *pixe | *inše | (*inguɣ; *taʁu 'shamanic') | *köntə; *soromə | *qəlavol ?; *qəlik 'male'; C *ʀoraNvərr(at)əlʀən | *n’iɣvŋ | *sarʌm | *kur | (ainu) | *pítò̱ |
| name | *ʔiɢ | *nime | *atəʀ; *acciʀ- | *ńuː; *kirijə | C *nənnə | *qa(-) | *ìlh(kòt)tá/*na | *dEE | rei | *ná |
| dog | *čip ~ *čib | *pene | *qikmiʀ | *laːmə | *qətʀə(n) | *ɢanŋ | *kahi | *gita | seta | *ìnù |
| fish | *kala | *iqałuɣ | *an-/*wan-; *anjə ? | *ənnə | *co | *mǝlkòkí | *tiqEp | chep | *(d)íwó | |
| louse | *jog- ~ *jok 'nit' | *täje | *kumaɣ | *peme/*pime | *mə(l)məl | *dar, *hirk; *amrak | *ni | *ki | ki | *sìrámí |
| tree | *puwɜ | *uqviɣ; *napa(ʀ)aqtuʀ | *saː- | *ut(tə) | *d’iɣar | *nàmò̱k(ó) | *nii; *tiku= | ni | *kò̱- < *ko̱no̱r | |
| leaf | *jə̄pe | *lešte; *lȣ̈pɜ (*lepɜ) | *pəłu | *pöɣ- | *wətwət | *blaŋ(q), *d’omr | *nip | *hrA= | ham | *pá |
| flower | *ćȣrɜ (Mansi) | *polčičə | ɤŋvk | *kòcʌ́ | *Epuy | epuige | *páná | |||
| water | *xur | *wete | *imaqtəq- | *law- | *(m)iməl ? | *caʀ | *mǝí | *hdak=ka | wakka | *mí |
| fire | *boʔk | *tule | *ək(ə)nəʀ | *loč- | *jən ?; *milɣə(mil) | *tuɣ(u)r | *pɨr | *apE | abe | *pò-Ci |
| stone | *čɨʔs | *kiwe | *qaluʀ; *uyaʀaɣ | *söj-/*sej- | *ɣəv(ɣəv) | *baʀ | *tərək | *suma; *pOqina | shuma | *(d)ísò |
| earth | *baʔŋ | *maγe | *nuna, *nunałit- | *luk-; *öninč’ə | *nutæ ? 'land' | *miv | *nu(r)i | *tOy | toi | *tùtì 'land' |
| salt | *čəʔ | *salɜ (*sala) | *taʀ(ə)yuʀ | *davc(iŋ) | *sokom | *sippO | shippo | |||
| road | *qoʔt | *teje | *čuɣö; *jaw- | *rəʀet; *təlanvə 'way' | *d’iv | *kil | *truu | ru | *mítí < honorific prefix mi- + ti 'road' | |
| eat | *siɢ- | *sewe- (*seγe-) | *leɣ- | *nu- | *n’i- | *mǝk- | *EE | ibe | *kup- | |
| die | *qɔ- | *kola- | *tuqu(-) | *am-/*wam- | C *viʀ- | *mu | *cuk- | *day | rai | *sín- |
| I | *ʔadᶻ | *mȣ̈ | *uvaŋa; (*vi) | *mət | *kəm | *n’i | *na/uri | *ku= | kuani | *bàn[u] |
| you | *ʔaw ~ ʔu; *kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk- | *tȣ̈ | *əlpət, *əłvət | *tit | *kəð; *tur(i) | *ci | *ne | *E= | eani | *si/*so̱-; *na |
Notes: C = Proto-Chukotian; I = Proto-Inuit
See also
- Ostyak, a Russian name for indigenous languages of Siberia
- Uralo-Siberian languages
- Eurasiatic languages
- Dene-Yeniseian languages
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-7486-2378-5.
- .
- ^ "The Dene–Yeniseian Connection". Alaska Native Language Center. 2010.
- ^ Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.
- ^ "원시한반도어 (原始韓半島語)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ Miyano, Satoshi. "Nivkh Loanwords in Japanese and Korean (English)".
- ISBN 978-90-04-13949-7.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha (2016). "Reconstructio externa linguae Ghiliacorum". Studia Orientalia. 117: 3–27. Retrieved 15 May 2020. p. 8.
- ^ Miyano, Satoshi. "A Chronological Sketch of the Amuro-Koreanic Parallelism [slides]".
- ISBN 0-304-70330-3.
- ^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
- ^ Uralic Etymological Database (UED)
- ISBN 1-55500-051-7
- ^ Nikolaeva, Irina. 2006. A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ Fortescue, Michael. 2005. Comparative Chukotko–Kamchatkan Dictionary. Trends in Linguistics 23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ Fortescue, Michael. 2016. Comparative Nivkh Dictionary. Munich: Lincom Europa.
- ^ a b Dellert, J., Daneyko, T., Münch, A. et al. NorthEuraLex: a wide-coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia. Lang Resources & Evaluation 54, 273–301 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09480-6
- ^ Francis-Ratte, A. (2016). Proto-Korean–Japanese: A new reconstruction of the common origin of the Japanese and Korean languages. PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
- ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
- ^ Vovin, Alexander. 1993. A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Vovin, Alexander. 1994. "Long-distance Relationships, Reconstruction Methodology, and the Origins of Japanese". Diachronica 11(1): 95–114.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-521-29877-6.
External links
Wiktionary has word lists at Appendix:Paleosiberian word lists
- Вернер Г. К. Палеоазиатские языки // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. — М.: СЭ, 1990. (in Russian)
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan |
| .svg) | ||||
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| Yeniseian |
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| Yukaghir | ||||||
| Nivkh | ||||||
| Others | ||||||
Italics indicate extinct languages | ||||||
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| National | |
| Other | |
