Chukchi language
Chukchi | |
---|---|
ԓыгъоравэтԓьэн йиԓыйиԓ Ḷŭg̣’orawetḷʹen[1] | |
Pronunciation | [ɬəɣˀorawetɬˀɛn jiɬəjiɬ] |
Native to | Russia |
Region | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
Ethnicity | Chukchi |
Native speakers | 8,526, 52.6% of ethnic population (2020 census)[2] |
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
| |
Cyrillic script Tenevil (Historically) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ckt |
Glottolog | chuk1273 |
ELP | Chukchi |
Pre-contact distribution of Chukchi (orange) and other Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages | |
Chukchi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[3] | |
Chukchi (
Chukchi and Chukchee are
Although Chukchi language is taught in 28 elementary schools in Chukotka Autonomous Region to 1616 children (according to 2015-2016 data),
Scope
Many Chukchis use the language as their primary means of communication both within the family and while engaged in their traditional pastoral economic activity (reindeer herding). The language is also used in media (including
A Chukchi writer, Yuri Rytkheu (1930–2008), has earned a measure of renown in both Russia and Western Europe, although much of his published work was written in Russian, rather than Chukchi. Chukchi poet Antonina Kymytval wrote in her native language.
Orthography
Chukchi is one of few languages to have autonomously produced its own written script, and the northernmost language in the world to have done so. The script was invented by a man named Tenevil, but never saw widespread use.[7]
Until 1931, the Chukchi language had no official orthography, in spite of attempts in the 1800s to write religious texts in it.
At the beginning of the 1900s, Vladimir Bogoraz discovered specimens of pictographic/logographic writing by the Chukchi herdsman Tenevil (see ru:File:Luoravetl.jpg). Tenevil's writing system was entirely his own invention.[7] It was nearly lost during the initial period of Soviet contact and subsequent Russian Arctic expeditions. The first official Chukchi alphabet was devised by Bogoraz in 1931 and was based on the Latin script:
А а | Ā ā | B b | C c | D d | Е е | Ē ē | Ə ə |
Ə̄ ə̄ | F f | G g | H h | I i | Ī ī | J j | K k |
L l | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Ō ō | P p | Q q |
R r | S s | T t | U u | Ū ū | V v | W w | Z z |
Ь ь |
In 1937, this alphabet, along with all of the other alphabets of the non-Slavic peoples of the USSR, was
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
З з | И и | Й й
|
К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Ԓ ԓ | М м |
Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у |
Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | ʼ |
Romanization of Chukchi
The romanization of Chukchi is the representation of the Chukchi language using Latin letters.
The following is the ISO 9 system of Romanization:[8]
Cyrillic | Latin |
---|---|
А а | A a |
Б б | B b |
В в | V v |
Г г | G g |
Д д | D d |
Е е | E e |
Ё ё | Ë ë |
Ж ж | Ž ž |
З з | Z z |
И и | I i |
Й й | J j |
К к | K k |
Ӄ ӄ | Ḳ ḳ |
Л л | L l |
Ԓ ԓ | Ḷ ḷ |
М м | M m |
Н н | N n |
Ӈ ӈ | Ň ň |
О о | O o |
Cyrillic | Latin (ISO 9) |
---|---|
П п | P p |
Р р | R r |
С с | S s |
Т т | T t |
У у | U u |
Ф ф | F f |
Х х | H h |
Ц ц | C c |
Ч ч | Č č |
Ш ш | Š š |
Щ щ | Ŝ ŝ |
Ъ ъ | ʺ |
Ы ы | Y y |
Ь ь | ʹ |
Э э | È è |
Ю ю | Û û |
Я я | Â â |
ʼ | ʼ |
Phonology
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ŋ | ||||
Stop
|
p | t
|
t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ | |
Fricative
|
β | s | ɣ | ||||
Lateral | ɬ
|
||||||
Approximant
|
ɻ | j |
- [ɸ, x, ɻ̊, j̊] are heard as allophones of /β, ɣ, ɻ, j/ after voiceless stops.[9]
- /ɻ/ is mostly heard as an alveolar trill [r], when in between vowels.[10]
- /s/ is phonetically [s~t͡ʃ] in free variation and only occurs in the men's dialect.
- /t͡ʃ/ becomes [s] before /q/ and only occurs in the women's dialect.
- /s/, /t͡ʃ/ and /ɻ/ have different distributions between men's and women's dialects.[11]
There are no voiced
The vowels are /i/, /u/, /e₁/, /e₂/, /o/, /a/, and /ə/. /e₁/ and /e₂/ are pronounced identically but behave differently in the phonology. (Cf. the two kinds of /i/ in
A notable feature of Chukchi is its
Initial and final consonant clusters are not tolerated, and schwa epenthesis is pervasive.
Stress tends to: 1. be penultimate; 2. stay within the stem; 3. avoid
Grammar
Chukchi is a largely
In the nominals, there are two numbers and about 13 morphological cases: absolutive, ergative/instrumental, equative (copula), locative, allative, ablative, orientative, inessive, perlative, sublative, comitative, associative, and privative.[15] Nouns are split into three declensions influenced by animacy: the first declension, which contains non-humans, has plural marking only in the absolutive case; the second one, which contains personal names and certain words for mainly older relatives, has obligatory plural marking in all forms; the third one, which contains other humans than those in the second declension, has optional plural marking. These nominal cases are used to identify the number of nouns, as well as their purpose and function in a sentence.[13]
Verbs distinguish three persons, two numbers, three moods (declarative, imperative and conditional), two voices (active and
Both subject and direct object are cross-referenced in the verbal chain, and
The word order is rather free, though
Chukchi as a language often proves difficult to categorize. This is primarily due to the fact that it does not always follow a typical linguistic and syntactical pattern. These exceptions allow Chukchi to fit into more than one linguistic type.[13]
Numbers
The numeral system was originally purely vigesimal and went up to 400, but a decimal system was introduced for numerals above 100 via Russian influence. Many of the names of the basic numbers can be traced etymologically to words referring to the human body ("finger", "hand" etc.) or to arithmetic operations (6 = "1 + 5" etc.).
Number | Name | Transliteration |
---|---|---|
1 | Ыннэн | Ynnèn |
2 | Ӈирэӄ | Ňirek |
3 | Ӈыроӄ | Ňyrok |
4 | Ӈыраӄ | Ňyrak |
5 | Мэтԓыӈэн | Metļyňen |
6 | Ыннанмытԓыӈэн (1 + 5) | Ynnanmytļyňèn |
7 | Ӈэръамытԓыӈэн (2 + 5) | Ňer'amytļyňèn |
8 | Амӈырооткэн (ӈыръомытԓыӈэн) (3 + 5) | Amňyrootkèn (ňyr'omytļyňèn) |
9 | Ӄонъачгынкэн (ӈыръамытԓыӈэн) (4 + 5) | Qon'ačgynkèn (ňyr'amytļyňèn) |
10 | Мынгыткэн | Myngytkèn |
11 | Мынгыткэн ыннэн пароԓ (10, 1 extra) | Myngytkèn ynnèn paroļ |
12 | Мынгыткэн ӈиръэ пароԓ (10, 2 extra) | Myngytkèn ňir'è paroļ |
13 | Мынгыткэн ӈыръо пароԓ (10, 3 extra) | Myngytkèn ňyr'a paroļ |
14 | Мынгыткэн ӈыръа пароԓ (10, 4 extra) | Myngytkèn ňyr'a paroļ |
15 | Кыԓгынкэн | Kyļgynkèn |
16 | Кыԓгынкэн ыннэн пароԓ (15, 1 extra) | Kyļgynkèn ynnèn paroļ |
17 | Кыԓгынкэн ӈиръэ пароԓ (15, 2 extra) | Kylgynkèn ňir'è paroļ |
18 | Кыԓгынкэн ӈыръо пароԓ (15, 3 extra) | Kylgynkèn ňyr'o paroļ |
19 | Кыԓгынкэн ӈыръа пароԓ (15, 4 extra) | Kylgynkèn ňyr'a paroļ |
20 | Ӄԓиккин | Qļikkin |
21 | Ӄԓиккин ыннэн пароԓ (20, 1 extra) | Qļikkin ynnèn paroļ |
30 | Ӄԓиккин мынгыткэн пароԓ (20, 10 extra) | Qļikkin myngytkèn paroļ |
40 | Ӈирэӄӄԓиккин (20 × 2) | Ňireqqļikkin |
50 | Ӈирэӄӄԓиккин мынгыткэн пароԓ (40, 10 extra) | Ňireqqļikkin myngytkèn paroļ |
60 | Ӈыроӄӄԓеккэн (3 × 20) | Ňiroqqļikkin |
70 | Ӈыроӄӄԓеккэн мынгыт пароԓ (60, 10 extra) | Ňireqqļikkin myngytkèn paroļ |
80 | Ӈыраӄӄԓеккэн (4 × 20) | Ňiraqqļekken |
90 | Ӈыраӄӄԓеккэн мынгыткэн пароԓ (80, 10 extra) | Ňiraqqļekken myngytkèn paroļ |
100 | Мытԓыӈӄԓеккэн | Mytļyňqļekkèn |
111 | Мытԓыӈӄԓеккэн ыннэн пароԓ | Mytļyňqļekkèn ynnèn paroļ |
131 | Мытԓыӈӄԓеккэн мынгыт ыннэн пароԓ | Mytļyňqļekkèn myngyt ynnèn paroļ |
200 | Мынгытӄԓеккэн (10 × 20) | Myngytqļekkèn |
300 | Кыԓгынӄԓеккэн (15 × 20) | Kyļgynļekkèn |
400 | Ӄԓиӄӄԓиккин (20 × 20) | Qļiqqļikkin |
500 | Мытԓыӈча мытԓыӈӄԓеккэн пароԓ (400, 100 extra) | Mytļyňča mytļyňqļekkèn paroļ |
600 | Ыннанмытԓынча мытԓыӈӄԓеккэн пароԓ (400, 200 extra) | Ynnanmytļynča mytļyňqļekkèn paroļ |
700 | Ӄԓиӄӄԓиккин кыԓгынӄԓеккэн пароԓ (400, 300 extra) | Qļiqqļikkin kyļgynļekkèn paroļ |
800 | Ӈирэче ӄԓиӄӄԓиккин (2 × 400) | Ňirèče qļiqqļikkin |
900 | Ӈирэче ӄԓиӄӄԓиккин мынгытӄԓеккэн пароԓ (2 × 400, 100 extra) | Ňirèče qļiqqļikkin mytļyňqļekkèn paroļ |
Ordinary numbers are formed with the suffix -ӄeв (after close vowels) or -ӄaв (after open vowels).
Vocabulary
A large number of words in the Chukchi language are
People
The Chukchi people have a rich history and culture, which have traditionally centered around war.[17] The Chukchi prize warriors and the fighting spirit that they embody. This emphasis on conflict can be seen in the interactions between the Chukchi and the Russians, which date back to the middle of the seventeenth century and tell of glorious battles between the two groups.[17] The Chukchi have also been known to battle nearby tribes, particularly the Tánñit, which comprise fellow Siberian peoples known as the Koryaks. However, over the last century, the Chukchi people have engaged in far fewer conflicts and have focused more on trading. Today, the Chukchi economy relies heavily on trade, particularly with Russia.[18]
Besides trading with Russia, the Chukchi make their living off of herding reindeer and bartering with other tribes.[17] There is also a group of Chukchi that do not herd reindeer and instead live along the coast, trading more with tribes who live along the pacific coast. Some Chukchi people even choose to go back and forth between the two divisions, trading with both. These people tend to control more of the trade and have been called Kavrálît or “Rangers”.
Notably, Chukchi men and women use different pronunciation for the same words. While men say "r" or "rk", women say "ts" or "tsts" is the same word.[19]
External influence
The external influences of Chukchi have not been well-studied. In particular, the degree of contacts between the Chukchi and
References
- ^ Waldemar Bogoras, Chukchee: essay of a comparative study of Chukchee group of languages, Washington: Government Printing Office 1922
- ^ "All-Russian population census 2020 (in Russian)". rosstat.gov.ru. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ "ckt | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ^ "Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Native language" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ ISBN 0-203-99003-X.
- ^ "ISO 9:1995: Information and documentation — Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters — Slavic and non-Slavic languages". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "chapter2_9". 2013-10-30. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
- ^ Skorik (1961)
- ^ Dunn (1999)
- ^ "Chukchi language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- ^ JSTOR 416217.
- S2CID 27120598.
- hdl:1885/10769.
- ^ "Ландшафт". charles.weinstein.free.fr. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
- ^ .
- ^ Kolga, M. (2001). The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book.
- ^ Богораз В. Г. Материалы по изучению чукотского языка и фольклора. — СПб., 1900.
Bibliography
- Alevtina N. Zhukova, Tokusu Kurebito,"A Basic Topical Dictionary of the Koryak-Chukchi Languages (Asian and African Lexicon Series, 46)",ILCAA, Tokyo Univ. of Foreign Studies (2004), ISBN 978-4872978964
- Bogoras, W (1901). "The Chukchi of Northeastern Asia". American Anthropologist. 3 (1): 80–108. .
- Bogoras, W., 1922. "Chukchee". In Handbook of American Indian Languages II, ed. F. Boas, Washington, D.C.
- Comrie, B., 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union, Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-29877-6(paperback)
- De Reuse, Willem Joseph, 1994. Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi, Univ. of Utah Press, ISBN 0-87480-397-7
- Dunn, Michael John (1999). A Grammar of Chukchi (PhD Thesis). Australian National University.
- Dunn, Michael, 2000. "Chukchi Women's Language: A Historical-Comparative Perspective", Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Fall, 2000), pp. 305–328
- Kolga, M. (2001). The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book.
- Krause, Scott R. (1980). Topics in Chukchee Phonology and Morphology. Ann Arbor: UMI.
- Nedjalkov, V. P., 1976. "Diathesen und Satzstruktur im Tschuktschischen" [in German]. In: Ronald Lötzsch (ed.), Satzstruktur und Genus verbi (Studia Grammatica 13). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, pp. 181–211.
- Priest, Lorna A. (2005). "Proposal to Encode Additional Cyrillic Characters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10.
- Skorik, P[etr] Ja., 1961. Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka 1: Fonetika i morfologija imennych častej reči (Grammar of the Chukchi Language: Phonetics and morphology of the nominal parts of speech) [in Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Skorik, P[etr] Ja., 1977. Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka 2: Glagol, narečie, služebnye slova (Grammar of the Chuckchi Language: Verb, adverb, function words) [in Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka:
- Weinstein, Charles, 2010. Parlons tchouktche [in French]. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-10412-9
External links
- Spencer, Andrew (1999). "Chukchee homepage [Grammatical sketch based on Skorik 1961–1977]". Archived from the original on 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2005-07-20.
- Muravyova I. A.; Daniel M. A.; Zhdanova T. Ju. (2001). "Chukchi language and folklore in texts collected by V. G.Bogoraz. Part two: grammar".[permanent dead link]
- "Endangered Languages of Siberia – The Chukchi language". Archived from the original on 2007-10-20.
- "Russian-Chukchi Phrasebook". Archived from the original on 2007-11-02.
- "Chukchi fairy tales in Chukchi and English". Archived from the original on 2010-03-15.
- "The Gospel of Luke in Chukchi" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-04.
- "A Chukchi language appendix to the newspaper "Krayny Sever"". Archived from the original on 2009-09-16.
- "Population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia in 1897". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
- Siegel, Wolfram. "Chukchi (Луоравэтлан/Luoravetlan)". Omniglot.
- Volodin, A. P.; Skorik, P. Ja. (1997). "Čukotskyj jazyk" [The Chukchi language]. Jazyki mira: Paleoaziatskije jazyki [Languages of the World: Paleoasiatic Languages),] (in Russian). Moskva: Indrik. pp. 23–39.
- Skorik, P. J. (1961). Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka [Grammar of the Chukchi Language] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Skorik, P. J. (1977). Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka [Grammar of the Chukchi Language] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Leningrad: Nauka.