Punctelia hypoleucites

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Punctelia hypoleucites
Growing on the bark of
apothecia is visible in the center of the thallus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Species:
P. hypoleucites
Binomial name
Punctelia hypoleucites
Synonyms
  • Parmelia hypoleucites Nyl. (1858)
  • Parmelia borreri subsp. hypoleucites (Nyl.) Nyl. (1860)

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of

apothecia (sexual reproductive organs), the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex
help distinguish it from lookalikes.

Taxonomy

The

species group.[5]

A few years later,

Chicita Culberson reported their observations on the differences in the length of the conidia in populations of P. hypoleucites collected from Arizona and Mexico. They noted that the long-form conidia morphs (P. hypoleucites) grew on bark and had a range restricted to woodlands of the Mexican highlands, while the short-form conidia morphs grew on rocks and were widespread in south-central North America, with few occurrences in regions with the long-form morph. They used this dimorphism to distinguish the short-form morph as a distinct species, P. semansiana, using the larger of Müller's specimens as the type of this new species, and designated the smaller, corticolous specimen as the type for Parmelia hypoleucites.[3] Later, in a 2003 study, Robert Shaw Egan found P. semansiana to be identical with P. graminicola.[6]

Krog transferred Parmelia hypoleucites and 21 other Parmelia species with rounded (punctate) pseudocyphellae (tiny pores that facilitate gas exchange) to the newly circumscribed genus Punctelia in 1982.[7] The lichen is known colloquially as the "southwestern speckled shield lichen".[8]

Description

apothecia of a herbarium
specimen

Punctelia hypoleucites has a leafy (foliose) thallus measuring 7 cm (2.8 in) or more in diameter,

Ascospores, which number eight per ascus, have an ellipsoid shape, lack septa, and are smooth, translucent (hyaline), and thin-walled; they measure 14.4–17.6 by 8.8–9.6 μm. The conidia are threadlike (filiform) and hyaline, typically measuring 9.6 by 12 μm.[9]

Standard chemical spot tests can be used to help identify Punctelia hypoleucites. In the medulla, the results of these tests are K-, KC+ (red), and C+ (red). The last of these indicates the presence of lecanoric acid. The cortex contains atranorin, which results in a K+ (yellow) reaction.[9]

Punctelia hypoleucites is quite similar in appearance to P. bolliana; both have a brown underside, have apothecia, and lack soralia and isidia, but P. hypoleucites contains lecanoric acid while the medulla of P. bolliana contains lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acid. Another lookalike is Punctelia subpraesignis, which can be distinguished from P. hypoleucites by its dark brown to almost black thallus undersurface, and chemically by the presence of gyrophoric acid rather than lecanoric acid. Because of its abundant pseudocyphellae and similar overall appearance, Flavopunctelia praesignis is another lichen that could be mistaken for P. hypoleucites, but this species has a black undersurface and an overall yellowish-green coloring resulting from usnic acid.[8]

Habitat and distribution

Individual growing on bark in Madera Canyon, Arizona, at an elevation of 1,839 m (6,033 ft); the greener lichen growing next to it is Flavopunctelia

In Mexico, Punctelia hypoleucites has been recorded from the states of Mexico,[11] Guerrero, Puebla,[9] Hidalgo, Veracruz,[12] Jalisco,[13] Michoacán,[14] Colima, Nayarit, and Zacatecas. It is one of the most abundant foliose lichens in the Nueva Galicia region.[9] In the United States, where it is relatively rare, the lichen is found in the southwestern region of the country;[8] specifically, it has been recorded from Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.[15] First recorded from East Africa in 1977,[5] it has been found in Ethiopia and Kenya.[9] In South America it occurs in Argentina,[16] and Bolivia.[17]

The lichen grows on bark, usually of

Pinus, and Pseudotsuga.[10]

Because of the widespread occurrence of Punctelia hypoleucites in both urban and industrial sites in and around

biomonitor of air pollution in that city.[18]

A study on the post‐fire recolonization of dominant epiphytic lichen species on Quercus hypoleucoides determined that the primary means of recolonization for P. hypoleucites is spore dispersal.[19]

References

  1. ^ Nylander, W. (1858). "Lichenes collecti in Mexico a Fr. Müller" [Lichens collected in Mexico by Fr. Müller]. Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 41: 377–386.
  2. ISBN 978-0691200170
    .
  3. ^
    JSTOR 3759425
    .
  4. ^ Hale, Mason E. (1965). "Studies on the Parmelia borreri group". Svensky Botanika Svidskrift. 59: 37–48.
  5. ^ a b Krog, H.; Swinscow, T.D.V. (1977). "The Parmelia borreri group in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 24 (3): 167–177.
  6. S2CID 85711091
    .
  7. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Álvarez, Isela; Guzmán–Dávalos, Laura (2009). "Flavopunctelia y Punctelia (Ascomycetes liquenizados) de Nueva Galicia, México" [Flavopunctelia and Punctelia (lichenized Ascomycetes) from Nueva Galicia, Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 29: 15–29.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9716759-1-9
    .
  11. ^ Guzmán, H. (1972). "Algunos macromicetos, liquenes y mixomicetos importantes en la zona del Volcan Popocatepetl (Amecameca-Tlamacas, Mex.)" [Some important macromycetes, lichens and myxomycetes in the area of the Popocatepetl Volcano (Amecameca-Tlamacas, Mex.)]. Guias Botanicas de Excursiones en Mexico (in Spanish). Mexico City: Sociedad Botanica de Mexico. pp. 17–42.
  12. ^ Coutiño, B.; Mojica, A. (1985). "Líquenes de la región del Cofre de Perote–Xalapa" [Lichens from the Cofre de Perote–Xalapa region]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 1: 379–400.
  13. ^ Guzmán–Dávalos, L.; Álvarez, I. (1987). "Observaciones sobre los líquenes de Jalisco y de Chiapas" [Observations on the lichens of Jalisco and Chiapas]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 3: 217–230.
  14. doi:10.21829/abm18.1992.642
    .
  15. ^ Ham, V. (30 April 2021). "Punctelia hypoleucites: Southwestern Speckled Shield Lichen". NatureServe. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  16. ^ Quiroga, Luis Gonzalo; Estrabou, Cecilia; Rodriguez, Juan Manuel (2008). "Lichen community response to different management situations in a protected forest of Córdoba, Argentina". Lazaroa. 29: 131–138. Open access icon
  17. doi:10.2478/pbj-2014-0020
    .
  18. PMID 22982554
    .
  19. PMID 11118419
    .
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