Puroresu

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Puroresu (プロレス) is the predominant style of

Japanese pronunciation of "professional wrestling" (プロフェッショナル・レスリング, purofesshonaru resuringu), which is shortened to puroresu. The term became popular among English-speaking fans due to Hisaharu Tanabe's activities in the online Usenet community.[1][2]
Growing out of origins in the traditional US style of wrestling, it has become an entity in itself. Japanese pro wrestling is distinct in its
submission holds are implemented. Pro wrestling in Japan led to the development of shoot wrestling and has been closely related to mixed martial arts (MMA) starting with Shooto and Pancrase, organizations which predate the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), along with influencing subsequent promotions such as RINGS and PRIDE. It is common for pro wrestlers and MMA fighters in Japan to cross over
.

Overview

Despite some similarities to the popular style of

angles or gimmicks. Japanese wrestling is also known for its relationship with fellow mixed martial arts promotions. Puroresu remains popular, and it draws huge crowds from the major promotions. With this and its relationship with other martial arts disciplines, the audiences and wrestlers treat puroresu as a combat sport.[4]

It should be also noted that the term "Puroresu" in Japan refers to all professional wrestling, regardless of country of origin. For example, American promotions WWE and Ring of Honor are referred to as "Puroresu" in Japan. Japanese wrestling historian Fumi Saito noted: "Puroresu is completely Japanese-English, and in the U.S. the same word is used for both pro and amateur wrestling. It may be easier to understand if you think of wrestling in the U.S. as having the same nuance as 'sumo' in Japanese. You call both 'wrestling' even if it's competitive or professional wrestling."[5]

Rules

Puroresu has a variety of different rules, which can differ greatly from wrestling in other countries. While there is no governing authority for puroresu, there is a general standard which has developed. Each promotion has its own variation, but all are similar enough to avoid confusion. Any convention described here is simply a standard, and may or may not correspond exactly with any given promotion's codified rules.

General structure

Matches are held between two or more sides ("corners"). Each corner may consist of one wrestler, or a team of two or more. Most team matches are governed by tag team rules (see below).

The match is won by scoring a "fall", which is generally consistent with standard professional wrestling:

  • Pinning an opponent's shoulders to the mat for the referee's count of three
  • Submission victory, which sees the wrestler either tap out or verbally submit to their opponent
  • Knockout, the failure to regain composure at the referee's command
  • Countout, the failure of a party to return to the ring at the referee's command, which is determined by a count of twenty (some federations use ten, but in Japanese wrestling they use twenty)
  • Disqualification, the act of one wrestler breaking the rules
  • Referee stoppage, when an official deems a participant unfit to continue wrestling (either pre-planned or due to legitimate injury)[6]

Additional rules govern how the outcome of the match is to take place. One such example would be the Japanese Universal Wrestling Federation, as it does not allow pinfall victories in favor of submissions and knockouts; this is seen as an early influence of mixed martial arts, as some wrestlers broke away from traditional wrestling endings to matches in favor of legitimate outcomes. Another example is that most promotions disallow punches, so many wrestlers utilize open handed strikes and stiff forearms; this rule was also applied in the early stages of Pancrase.

Styles

Strong style

Caesar Takeshi founded Shootboxing. Funaki, Suzuki and others would found Pancrase and hold their first event almost two months before UFC 1. Maeda founded RINGS in 1991 as a shoot-style promotion, which began transitioning to legitimate MMA competition in 1995. Takada was a co-founder of PRIDE and Rizin
.

Ōdō ("King's Road")

Ōdō ("King's Road"; also translated as "Royal Road") is a style which originated in

Kawada and Taue, was referred to as the "completed form" of the style by Tokyo Sports in 2014.[14] According to Kawada, ōdō matches, which placed a heavy emphasis on fighting spirit, were about "breaking the limit you set in the last".[12][11] AJPW referee Kyohei Wada, who recounted that Baba told his talent "whatever you want to do, do it, and whatever you can show the people, show it", would later compare his job officiating these matches to "conducting a symphony".[15]

However, this escalation eventually manifested through the use of dangerous maneuvers that focused on the head and neck,[8] particularly during the finishing stretches of ōdō matches.[12] The physical consequences of this style, or at least its use of head drops, has often been cited as the underlying reason for Misawa's death after an in-ring accident in 2009.[12][16] Professional wrestling journalist and historian Dave Meltzer noted after his death that Misawa "regularly took psychotic bumps", including back suplexes where he would land on his head.[17][nb 1] AJPW would steer away from ōdō after Misawa led a mass exodus to form Pro Wrestling Noah, particularly when Motoko Baba sold her stock to Keiji Mutoh, but Noah would continue to practice ōdō in its booking.[12] This element of ōdō has been criticized for its negative influence on professional wrestling,[20] and 1990s All Japan been cited as a cautionary tale in response to legitimately dangerous maneuvers.[21] Meltzer wrote in 2009 that head drops were "never necessary" as Misawa and his peers in AJPW were already "having the best matches in wrestling" before they incorporated these maneuvers into their style.[18]

Other styles

Throughout the 1990s, three individual styles—

independent promotions
, but as a result of interpromoting, it is not unusual to see all three styles on the same card.

Joshi puroresu

Puroresu done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu (女子プロレス) or joshi puro for short.

cards
.

Dump Matsumoto and her "Gokuaku Domei" ("Atrocious Alliance") stable would become extremely popular in Japan during the 1980s, with their televised matches resulting in some of the highest rated broadcasts in Japanese television as well as the promotion regularly selling out arenas.[23]

In 1985, Japan's second women's wrestling promotion formed in Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling. The promotion ran their first show on August 17, 1986. It featured Jackie Sato who returned from retirement and future stars such as Shinobu Kandori, Mayumi Ozaki, Cutie Suzuki and Dynamite Kansai, who would go on to be top stars in LLPW and JWP.[24][25]

In 1992, Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling dissolved, splitting into LLPW and JWP.[26] These promotions worked together with FMW and All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling to create a critically acclaimed era with several classic matches authorized by the American wrestling publication Wrestling Observer Newsletter featuring wrestlers such as Manami Toyota, Aja Kong, Kyoko Inoue, Bull Nakano, Mayumi Ozaki, Megumi Kudo, Dynamite Kansai amongst others. This era was also notable for multiple wrestlers returning from retirement such as Chigusa Nagayo, Lioness Asuka, Jaguar Yokota, Devil Masami and Bison Kimura, which increased interest.

In 2022,

New Japan Pro Wrestling inaugurated their own IWGP Women's Championship
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Meltzer credits the popularization of the "head dropping back suplex" in ōdō to a Triple Crown title match between Kobashi and Steve Williams on September 3, 1994.[18][19]

References

  1. ^ Tanabe, Hisaharu (1992-11-12). "Chono vs. Takada (one of the earliest reference to "puroresu" by Hisaharu Tanabe)". Google Groups. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  2. ^ a b c "Puroresu Dojo Introduction". Puroresu.com. 1995. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  3. ^ "Puroresu - Pro Wrestling Japanese Style". BBC - h2g2. 2003-08-05.
  4. ^ Allen, Ethan. "Travel, Teach, Live in Japan - Professional Wrestling In Japan: A Brief History of Puroresu". ESL Teachers Board.
  5. ^ Saito, Fumi (November 18, 2021). "Q&A: Fumi Saito, for DROPKICK Magazine". Monthly Puroresu. Monthly Puroresu/Dropkick Magazine. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  6. ^ "Kazuchika Okada wins NJPW G1 Climax 31 after Kota Ibushi injury". October 21, 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  7. ^
    ISBN 9784990865856
    .
  8. ^ a b "現場責任者・渕正信が語る四天王プロレスの深層". Sportsnavi (in Japanese). September 29, 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b Lindsay, Mat (August 15, 2016). "King's Road: The Rise and Fall of All Japan Pro Wrestling - Part 1". VultureHound. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  10. ^ Meltzer, Dave (February 26, 1996). "UFC IX nearly shut down, Tommy Morrison and the blood issue in pro-wrestling, WWE's latest In Your House PPV, tons more". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 13 January 2020.(subscription required)
  11. ^ a b "90 Nendai no Zen Nihon Puroresu". G Spirits (in Japanese). Tatsumi Publishing. August 5, 2011.
  12. ^ a b c d e Charlton 2018.
  13. ISBN 978-4777809219
    .
  14. ^ "「すごい試合だった…」馬場さんが絶句した"四天王プロレス"の完成形". Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). November 9, 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  15. ISBN 484011188X
    .
  16. ^ Lindsay, Mat (August 21, 2016). "King's Road: The Rise and Fall of All Japan Pro Wrestling - Part 2". VultureHound. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  17. ISSN 1083-9593
    . Retrieved 21 December 2019.(subscription required)
  18. ^ a b Meltzer, Dave (July 1, 2009). "Part II of Misawa bio, big match history, news updates on TNA, WWE". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 8 January 2020.(subscription required)
  19. ^ Meltzer, Dave (May 21, 2013). "Kenta Kobashi retirement and career history, Budokan Hall history, WWE annual directory, tons more, second issue of the week". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 30 December 2019.(subscription required)
  20. ISBN 978-4777807154
    .
  21. ^ Meltzer, Dave (June 17, 2019). "SCARY INCIDENTS IN THE RING, NJPW DOMINION REVIEW, MORE". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 28 January 2020.(subscription required)
  22. ISBN 978-4946428814
    ) for a full study.
  23. ^ "All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling". Puroresu Dojo. August 2001.
  24. ^ "【無料公開】僕たちはハーレー斉藤を忘れない…". Lady's Ring Online (in Japanese). March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  25. ^ "VICTORYアスリート名鑑". Victory Sports News (in Japanese). n.d. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  26. ^ "Japan Woman Pro Wrestling". wrestling-titles.com. Retrieved 2019-03-16.

External links

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