Red-ruffed fruitcrow
Red-ruffed fruitcrow | |
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at São Paulo state, Brazil
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Cotingidae |
Genus: | Pyroderus G.R. Gray, 1840 |
Species: | P. scutatus
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Binomial name | |
Pyroderus scutatus (Shaw, 1792)
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Synonyms | |
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The red-ruffed fruitcrow (Pyroderus scutatus) is a species of
Description
It has a relatively heavy pale bluish bill, and the
Subspecies description
Pyroderus scutatus scutatus is the nominated subspecies with a glossy black back with some iridescence. A crimson patch is present covering the throat while some coverts are a dull chestnut. The feet are wholly black and the bill is a light grey. Females are almost identical, but slightly smaller and with a slightly duller ruff.[5][6]
Pyroderus scutatus orenocensis is more dull instead of the glossy black seen in P. s. scutatus. It also has a fully chestnut breast.[5]
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis has the same appearance as P. s. scutatus, but is significantly smaller with length 14 in, wing 8.5 in and tail 5 in.[5]
Pyroderus scutatus masoni is black above and a dull dark brown/chestnut below that turns mottled to black as it approaches the undertail coverts. The chin and chest are a crimson with a black strip dividing the bright chest from the chestnut belly.[7]
Pyroderus scutatus occidentalsis appears very similar to P. s. masoni, but the color is more bright and uniform with the chestnut belly complete instead of mottled.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Its distribution is highly
The largest population of P. s. scutatus can be found in the Atlantic Forest in SE Brazil. The high population is speculated due to a lack of competition in the area[6] Other P. s. scutatus are found in east Paraguay and northeast Argentina in Misiones.[8][2][9]
Pyroderus scutatus orenocensis is only found in northeast Bolívar, a state in east Venezuela.[8][2][9]
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis lives in the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela. Specifically, it is found in the east Andes, eastern slope of the central Andes in Colombia, Serranía de Perijá, east of Distrito Federal along the mountains, and the Andes in Venezuela.[8][3][2]
Pyroderus scutatus masoni is located in the Andes of northern and central Peru. It has been recently confirmed in southeast Ecuador in Cordillera del Cóndor.[8][7][9][2]
Pyroderus scutatus occidentalsis is found in the west Andes in Colombia and in the western slope of the central Andes in Colombia to northwest Ecuador, specifically Imbabura, Carchi, and Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas.[9][7][8][2]
Behavior and ecology
Breeding
The nest is cup shaped, normally shallow, and is made of twigs which may be lined with fern fronds. These materials allow light to pass through. Normal clutch size is one egg. There has been very little research on the reproductive biology of P. scutatus. The literature is incomplete on the breeding strategies of all the subspecies, but P. s. granadensis and P. s. scutatus have been described.[6]
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis Shallow open cup shaped nests consist of twigs, with the inter lined with fern fronds.[6] Nests are found near streams in steep drainages. Clutch sizes consistently a single egg with an average incubation time of 22.3 days.[3]
Pyroderus scutatus scutatus Nest of this subspecies are unusually well made compared to all other subspecies described. The nest is bulky and substantial, not allowing light to pass through. The inside nest diameter of the cup is 16.5 cm, and height 5 cm, with the outside nest diameter 38 cm, and height 11.3 cm. Nests have been found on honey wood trees (Alchornea triplinervia) and though the nests do not have any camouflage built into them, they are built within ferns on an inaccessible branch, hiding and protecting the nest. Though normal clutch size for P. scutatus is one, and always one for P. s. granadensis, two nestlings have been observed for P. s. scutatus. Young nestlings appear with brown, thick down, which is mainly missing from throat, but is concentrated on the head. The nearly bare skin on the throat is a bright pink and the beak is yellow.[6]
Food and feeding
Pyroderus scutatus are omnivores, feeding on fruit, insects, and lizards with fruit making up the majority of the adults diet.[3]
Pyroderus scutatus granadensis feeding patterns of the nestlings change with age. When the nestlings first start eating the parents will bring them mainly insects (66.7%) and lizards (25%) with fruit only making up about 8.3%. Only in the late stages of the nestling period does the diet change to mainly fruit (82.4%) with insects making up the minority (17.6%).[3]
Survival
The nest defense strategy of P. scutatus is to leave the nest and chase the potential threat away. A common threat is a predator like a hawk or another Red-ruffed Fruitcrow entering the territory near the nest.[6] P. s. scutatus has been observed diligently check the surrounding area for several seconds on a branch around 10 to 15 meters away from the nest before feeding the nestlings. It is thought that it is checking for predators as to not lead any to the nest.[6]
Relation to humans
The local people have been known to treat Cotingas as game birds, especially the red-ruffed Fruitcrow who is one of the largest in the family.[10]
Status and conservation
While generally a low-density species, it remains widespread and is locally not rare, but many of the populations are in decline, most likely due to
References
- . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Avibase - The World Bird Database". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ^ S2CID 17374949.
- S2CID 229176172.
- ^ a b c Sharpe, Richard B. (1898). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum: Volume XIV. London, UK: Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 397–398.
- ^ S2CID 85117150.
- ^ ISSN 1809-127X.
- ^ a b c d e f Stotz, Douglas F. (1996). Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation. Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b c d Clements, James (2007). Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition. New York, USA: Cornell University Press.
- ISBN 8520908160.
- .
- S2CID 2051132.