Roman Shukhevych
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Roman Shukhevych | |
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Roman-Taras Yosypovych Shukhevych (
Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians.[3] It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia.[4][5] Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" OUN's role in this.[3]
Life
Shukhevych was born in the city of Lemberg (now Lviv),[6] in the Galicia region of Austria-Hungary (some sources claim his place of birth as Krakovets). Both of his parents were involved with the Ukrainian national revival in the 19th century. The family lays claim to dozens of active community activists in politics, music, science, and art. Shukhevych received his early education outside of Lviv.[citation needed] He returned to Lviv to study at the Lviv Academic Gymnasium,[7] living with his grandfather, an ethnographer Volodymyr Shukhevych. His political formation was influenced by Yevhen Konovalets, the commander of the Ukrainian Military Organization, who rented a room in Yevhen Konovalets's father's house from 1921 to 1922.[8]
Education
In October 1926, Shukhevych entered the
From 1928 to 1929, Shukhevych did his military service in the Polish army. As a tertiary student, he was automatically sent for officer training. However, he was deemed unreliable, and instead completed his military service as a private in the artillery in Volhynia.[citation needed]
Ukrainian Military Organization
In 1925 Shukhevych joined the
In February 1929 the
Shukhevych was a
Shukhevych planned and also participated in terrorist activities and assassinations (sometimes[quantify] claimed by Ukrainian nationalists to be acts of protest against anti-Ukrainian policies). These included:
- the co-ordination of a series of expropriations from Polish government offices in order to fund continued insurrection in the struggle for Ukrainian national determination, i.e. bank robberies and assaults on postal offices or wagons.[15][verify]
- the 1 September 1931 assassination of Tadeusz Hołówko, a moderate Polish politician, who advocated cultural autonomy for Ukrainians. His murder caused a shock and was condemned by both societies.[15][verify]
- the assassination on 22 March 1932 of Police Commissioner Czechowski [citation needed]
- the unsuccessful attempted assassination of the Soviet consul in Lviv as a protest for the Holodomor in Central Ukraine. (Mykola Lemyk mistakenly assassinated the special emissary of the NKVD, Alexiy Mayov, instead.)[16][verify]
- the 30 November 1932 assault on the post office in Gródek Jagielloński with Shukhevych's direct participation, in which a number of civilians were killed.[17][verify]
Shukhevych, with
Shukhevych took an active part in developing a concept regarding the formation of a Ukrainian army. At that time two diametrically opposed arguments existed. The first proposed forming a Ukrainian army of Ukrainian emigrants; the second advocated recruiting a national army in Western Ukraine organized by Ukrainians.[18]
Imprisonment
After the
From 19 January 1935, Shukhevych was confined to the Brygitki prison in Lwów.[21] He was incarcerated for his membership in the Regional executive of the OUN. The lawyer in the trial was his uncle Stepan Shukhevych. Shukhevych was sentenced to three years in jail; however, because of the 1935 amnesty he was released from jail after spending half a year in the Bereza Kartuska[22] and two years in another prison.[23]
During the Warsaw trial against the OUN (18 November 1935 – 13 January 1936), Shukhevych was called as a witness. Shukhevych stood by his right to speak in Ukrainian for which he was fined 200
During the Lwów trial against the OUN (25 May – 27 June 1936), Shukhevych was accused of treason, belonging to anti-government organization of OUN and convicted to three years imprisonment.[6] He was released on amnesty on 27 January 1937.[6]
After being released in 1937, Shukhevych set up an advertising cooperative called "Fama", which became a front for the activities of the OUN. Soon outlets were set up throughout Galicia, Volhynia, and within the rest of Polish territory. The workers of the company were members of the OUN, often recently released political prisoners. The company was very successful and had sections working with the press and film, publishing booklets, printing posters, selling mineral water, and compiling address listings. It also opened its own transportation section.[25]
Carpathian Ukraine
In November 1938, Carpathian Ruthenia gained autonomy within the Czechoslovak state. Shukhevych organized financial aid for the government of the fledgling republic and sent OUN members to set up the Carpathian Sich. In December 1938, he illegally crossed the border from Poland into Czechoslovakia, traveling to the Ruthenian city of Khust.[26] There, with the aid of local OUN members and German intelligence,[27][verify] he set up the general headquarters for the fight against the Czechoslovak central government.
Moreover, in January 1939 the OUN decided to throw off the autonomous government, which seemed too pro-Czechoslovak to them. The
After the occupation of
World War II
The Nazis and Soviets signed the
The leadership of the Ukrainian nationalists could not come to a unified agreement regarding tactics. As a result, on 10 February 1940, the organization in Kraków split into two factions - one led by
A powerful web was formed for the preparation of underground activities in Ukraine. Paramilitary training courses were set up. Military cadres were prepared that were to command a future Ukrainian army. Shukhevych prepared the Second Great Congress of the OUN which took place in April 1941.[30]
Nachtigall Battalion
Prior to
In spring 1941 the legion was reorganized into three units. One of the units became known as
In Lviv, in the evening of 20 June, the
It is estimated that in June–July 1941 over 4,000 Jews were murdered in
Nevertheless, records show that the Nachtigall Battalion subsequently took part in the mass shootings of Jews near Vinnytsia in July 1941.[42] During the march at three villages of the Vinnytsia region, Jews were said[by whom?] to have been shot en masse.[43]
The German refusal to accept the OUN-B's 30 June proclamation of Ukrainian independence in Lviv led to a change of the Nachtigall battalion direction. As a result, Shukhevych together with the battalion were recalled to Germany[when?].[44][45]
Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201
In November 1941, the Ukrainian personnel of the Nachtigall and Roland Battalions were reorganized into Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201. It numbered 650 persons who were given individual contracts that required the combatants to serve for one additional year.[46]
Shukhevych's titles were that of Hauptmann of the first company and deputy Commander of the Battalion, which was commanded by Yevhen Pobihushchyi.[3]
On 19 March 1942, the battalion arrived in
Polish-German historian and Holocaust expert
On 1 December 1942 after the expiration of their contracts, the members of the Battalion refused to promulgate it.[6] As a result, the 201st Battalion personnel was taken into detention and relocated to Lviv.[6] The German command suggested to all those who had been in the Battalion to gather in Lublin to form a new unit, however, none of the Ukrainians signed up, and very few reported to Lublin. Some were arrested and placed in the jail on Lonsky street, while Shukhevych escaped, and went into hiding.[32]
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
After escaping from German custody in late 1942 Shukhevych once again headed the military section of the OUN. In May he became a member of the leadership of the OUN and in time the head. In August 1943 at the Third Special Congress of the OUN, he was elected head of the Direction of the OUN and Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army known as UPA.[6]
Under Shukhevych's leadership the evolution of the program for which the OUN fought was further refined. Its core tenets were:
- Opposition to all forms of totalitarian government
- Construction of a democratic state system in Ukraine
- Guaranteed right for self-determination against empire and imperialism.[50]
According to Ukrainian historian and former UPA soldier Lev Shankovsky, immediately upon assuming the position of commander of UPA Shukhevych issued an order banning participation in anti-Jewish activities. No written record of this order, however, has been found.[51]
The UPA was joined by various people from the Caucasus and Central Asia who had fought in German formations. The rise of non-Ukrainians in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army gave stimulus to the special conference for Captive Nations of Europe and Asia which took place 21–22 November 1943 in Buderazh , not far from Rivne. The agenda included the formation of a unified plan for the attack against occupational forces.[52]
During the period of German occupation Shukhevych spent most of his time fighting in the forests, and from August 1944, following Ukraine's annexation by the Soviet Army, he lived in various villages in Western Ukraine. In order to unite all Ukrainian national forces to fight for Ukrainian independence, Shukhevych organized a meeting between all the Ukrainian political parties. As a result, the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (UHVR) was formed.
Massacres of Poles
In spring 1943, the
The
It is estimated that up to 100,000 Poles were killed by the Ukrainian nationalists during the conflict and another 300,000 made refugees as a result of the ethnic cleansing.[56] Conversely, killings of Ukrainians by Poles resulted in between 10,000 and 12,000 deaths in Volhynia, Eastern Galicia and present-day Polish territory.[57] University of Alberta historian Per Anders Rudling has stated that Shukhevych commanded the UPA since the summer of 1943, when tens of thousands of Poles were massacred.[3]
Rudling has argued that since the early 1950s, the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics have been manufacturing a whitewashed version of Shukhevych's life, in which his role in the massacres of Poles and other war crimes is "ignored, glossed over, or outright denied."[3]
Death
Shukhеvych perished supposedly shooting himself during his arrest by agents of the MGB (Ministry of State Security) in an armed fight with an operational group of the MGB that attacked his hiding place (kryivka) in village Bilohorshcha (today part of the city of Lviv) on 5 March 1950[6] when he was 42. His residence was surrounded by some 700 soldiers of Internal Troops. In a firefight Major Rovenko perished with Shukhevych. Shukhevych was succeeded as leader of UPA by Vasyl Kuk.
After identification, the body of Shukhevych was cremated and its remnants secretly buried.
Family
Soviet authorities applied the rationale of
His son
Legacy
While agreeing that Shukhevych was a radical nationalist fighting for Ukraine independence, historians opinions on his legacy are polarized. As Per Anders Rudling writes, "Shukhevych’s critics portray him as a war criminal; his admirers either overlook this episode or regard his collaboration with Nazi Germany as unproblematic"; "A freedom fighter and martyr for Ukraine to some, a Nazi collaborator to others". As Rudling notes, a historian should question the glorification of Shukhevych without "legitimizing the ideology of the organizations" Shukhevych led. Historians point out ‘the nationalism of the victim’, where Ukrainians were the victims, but also the collaborators with the totalitarian regimes others (and them) were the victims of. Rudling characterizes the glorification of Shukhevych as Ukrainian nationalist propaganda using Soviet propaganda technics.[61]
Following his death, Shukhevych was awarded the Golden Cross of Combat Merit First Class and the Cross of Merit in gold, the highest and second-highest awards of the UPA respectively.[22]
On 23 October 2001, the
Postage stamps and coins were minted in 2007 his honour of the 100th anniversary of his birth.[63][non-primary source needed]
In June 2017, Kyiv City Council renamed the city's General Vatutin Avenue into Roman Shukhevych Avenue.[64][65] (Nikolai Vatutin was a Soviet military commander during World War II who was killed by Shukhevych's Ukrainian Insurgent Army.[66] Also in June 2017, Lviv held a festival in Shukhevych's honour called "Shukhevychfest"; Eduard Dolinsky, the director of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee, condemned the event while Volodymyr Viatrovych, the director of Ukrainian Institute of National Memory, described Shukhevych as an "eminent personality".[67][68]
On 5 March 2021, the
On 1 January 2024, on what would have been the 115th birthday of Stepan Bandera, the museum in Lviv dedicated to Shukhevych was bombed by Russian forces and burned down. Lviv Mayor Andriy Sadovyi characterized the strike on the museum as symbolic and said that the museum will be restored.[70][71]
-
Ukrainian postage stamp honoring Shukhevych on the 100th anniversary (2007) of his birth.
-
Commemorative coin depicting Shukhevych, 2008
Hero of Ukraine award (annulled)
Roman Shukhevych was
See also
- Roman Shukhevych statue, a bust of Shukhevych at the Ukrainian Youth Unity Complex in Edmonton
References
- ^ Anton Shekhovtsov (2011). "The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party" Europe-Asia Studies 63:2, pp. 203–228. . "Although originally the UVO was seen as both a military and a political organisation, its military actions were mostly terrorist, while its political activities failed altogether."
- ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4.
...on the German side and Roman Shukhevych ('Tur', 'Taras Chuprynka') as head of the Ukrainian staff, wore the uniform of the Wehrmacht.
- ^ doi:10.1163/22116257-00501003.; online publication date: 26 May 2016
Source also available at online on the Brill Publishers website in the article The Cult of Roman Shukhevych in Ukraine: Myth Making with Complications - S2CID 165089612.
The OUN-UPA-planned ethnic cleansing continued unabated throughout summer 1943. The crescendo came on the night of July 11–12, 1943 when the UPA planned a highly coordinated attack (known among Poles as the 'Peter and Paul action' for the holiday on which it occurred) against Polish villages in three raions: Kovel', Khorokhiv, and Volodymyr-Volyns'kyi. Over one hundred localities were targeted in this action, and some 4,000 Poles were murdered. Finally, the last wave of attacks came in December 1943 before Shukhevych decided to move the cleansing operations to Galicia where tens of thousands more Galician Poles were murdered. Following the killings in Volhynia, the UPA-North group gave the order to 'destroy all traces of the Poles' by 'destroying all Polish churches and all other Polish places of worship'
. - ^ Motyka 2006, p. 367.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kentiy, A. (2013). "ШУХЕВИЧ РОМАН ОСИПОВИЧ" [Roman Shukhevych]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian).
- ^ (in Ukrainian) "Gymnasium principal: You can regret various canceled celebrations, but the priority of students' health is much more important". Ukrainska Pravda (17 September 2020)
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- ^ ДАЛО. — Ф. 27 (Львівська політехніка). — Оп. 5. — Спр. 18001 (Особова справа студента Львівської політехніки Романа Шухевича). — Арк. 4. (SALO) Lviv Polytechnic sheet 4.
- ^ Гривул Т., Мороз В., Муравський В., Окаринський В. Матеріали до пластового мартиролога. — Львів, 2003. — С. 113. (Hryvul T., Moroz V, Muravsky V. Okarynsky V. materials regarding the matyrology of PLAST - Lviv 2003 p. 113)
- ^ Кравців Б. Людина і вояк // Збірник на пошану ген. Романа Шухевича. — Мюнхен — Лондон: Українська Видавнича Спілка, Український Інститут Освітньої Політики, 1990. — С. 93 — 95. (Kravtsiv B. Person and warrior – Collection in honour of Roman Shukhevych. Munich-London, Ukrainian Publishers union, Ukrainian Institute of Political Education, 1990, p. 93-95)
- ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942–1960, Polish Academy of Sciences PAN, 2006, p. 43. (in Polish)
- ^ ISBN 978-0300125993.
- ISBN 9780415053464.
- ^ a b G. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942–1960, Polish Academy of Sciences PAN, 2006, p. 58. (in Polish)
- ^ G. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960, Polish Academy of Sciences PAN, 2006, p. 60. (in Polish)
- ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska Partyzantka 1942–1960, Polish Academy of Sciences PAN, 2006, p. 59.
- ^ ДАЛО. — Ф. 121 (Львівське воєводське управління поліції). — Оп. 3. — Спр. 1020 (Відомості про діяльність українських націоналістичних організацій УВО і ОУН). — Комунікат № 6: Діяльність Української Військової Організації (УВО), сучасної Організації Українських Націоналістів (ОУН). — Арк. 17; Мірчук П. Нарис історії ОУН… — С. 138 — pp. 139, 296 — 297. (SALO) Fund 121 (Lviv voyevoda direction of Police) Opus 3. Matter 1020 (Materials about the activities of Ukrainian Nationalist Organizations UVO and OUN) - Communication 6; The activities of the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), contemporary Organizations of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) Sheet 17; Mirchuk P., Essays in the history of the OUN, pp. 138–139, 296–297.
- ^ ДАЛО. — Ф. 255 (Львівська кримінально-слідча тюрма). — Оп. 1. — Спр. 1532 (Особова справа арештованого Романа Шухевича). — Арк. 1 — 6; Макар В. Береза Картузька: спомини // Спомини та роздуми. Зібрання творів в 4-х томах / За редакцією М. Кулика, Р. Кулика, П.-Й. Потічного. — Торонто — Київ, 2001. — Т. 4. — С. 26 — 27, 176. (SALO) - Fund 255 (Matters from the Lviv criminal jail - Opus 1, Matter 1532 (Matter regarding the arrested Roman Shukhevych) Sheet 1; Makar V. Bereza Kartuzka - Memoirs - Memoirs and thoughts. Collected works in 4 volumes / edited by M. Kulyk, R. Kulyk, P. Potichny - Toronto-Kyiv, 2001 - Vol. 4 p. 26-27, p. 176.
- ISBN 0786407735.
- ^ ДАЛО. — Ф. 255 (Львівська кримінально-слідча тюрма). — Оп. 1. — Спр. 1744 (Особова справа арештованого Романа Шухевича). — Арк. 1. (SALO) - Fund 255 (Lviv criminal investigative jail) Opus 1, Matter 1744 (Personal matter regarding Roman Shukhevych. Sheet 1)
- ^ a b "Shukhevych, Roman". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ISBN 0-7864-0773-5
- ^ Книш З. Варшавський процес ОУН на підложжі польсько-українських відносин тієї доби. — Торонто: Срібна сурма, 1986. — Т. 1. — С. 273, 340 — 341, 354; Варшавський акт обвинувачення Степана Бандери та товаришів / Упорядник Микола Посівнич. — Львів: Медицина світу, 2005. — С. 10, 159. (Knysh, Z. The Warsaw process of the OUN and the basis for Polish-Ukrainian connections of that era - Toronto; Silver trumpet, 1986, Vol. 1, p. 273, 340–341, 354: The Warsaw Act of incrimination of Stepan Bandera and his colleagues / edited by Mykola Posivnych - Lviv: Medical World, 2005 p. 10, 159
- ^ Чайківський Б. «Фама». Рекламна фірма Романа Шухевича / Науковий редактор і упорядник В. Кук, М. Посівнич. — Львів: Медицина світу, 2005. — С. 39 — 65. (Chaikivsky B. "Fama". The advertising agency of Roman Shukhevych. Edited and collected by V. Kuk, M. Posivnych, Lviv: Medical World, 2005 pp. 39–65)
- ^ (Кук В. Роман Шухевич… — С. 32 — 33).
- ^ Ivan Kazymyrovych Patryliak, Viis'kova diial'nist' OUN(b) u 1940–1942 rokakh (Kyiv: NAN Ukraïny, 2004) p 265
- ISBN 80-7277-237-6
- ^ Чайківський Б. «Фама»... — С. 75 — 76; Стахів Є. Крізь тюрми, підпілля й кордони. Повість мого життя. — Київ: Рада, 1995. — С. 50 (B. Chaikivsky, "Fama," pp. 75–76; Ye. Stakhiv, Through Prisons, Underground and Borders: The story of My Life, Kyiv, Rada, 1995, p. 50.
- ^ Дужий П. Роман Шухевич — політик, воїн, громадянин. — Львів: Галицька видавнича спілка, 1998. — С. 57 — 60. (Duzhyj, P. Roman Shukhevych - Politician, warrior, community leader - Lviv: Galician publishers Union, 1998 p. 57-60
- ^ a b Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України, 2004. Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Archived at the Wayback Machine (archived 17 July 2011)
- ^ a b c d e І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN) p. 273-275.
- ^ Дружини українських націоналістів у 1941 — 1942 роках. — Без місця видання, 1953. — С. 6, 109 — 110. (Teams of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1941-42 - 1953, 109
- ^ ISBN 9781802061413.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-920862-36-0.
- ISBN 978-0-920862-33-9. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ "Довідка: КГБ про підготовку свідків проти "Нахтігалю" на базі відповідних публікацій в пресі". Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ Biuletyn IPN – Kaźń profesorów lwowskich w lipcu 1941 roku], ipn.gov.pl; accessed 4 December 2014.
- ISSN 0889-275X.
- ^ Per Anders Rudling, University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) "The Shukhevych Cult in Ukraine: Myth Making with Complications." World War II and the (Re)Creation of Historical Memory in Contemporary Ukraine An international conference 23–26 September 2009 Kyiv, Ukraine
- ^ Ivan Kazymyrovych Patryliak, Viis'kova diial'nist' OUN(b) u 1940-1942 rokakh (Kyiv: NAN Ukraïny, 2004) p 361-362 - " постріляли всіх стрічних нам жидів"
- ^ "... скрепив нашу ненависть нашу до жидів, що в двох селах ми постріляли всіх стрічних жидів. Під час нашого перемаршу перед одним селом... ми постріляли всіх стрічних там жидів" from Nachtigal third company activity report Центральний державний архів вищих органів влади та управління України (ЦДАВО). — Ф. 3833 . — Оп. 1. — Спр. 157- Л.7
- ^ Дружини українських націоналістів у 1941 — 1942 роках. — Без місця видання, 1953. — С. 110 — 110. (Teams of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1941-42 - 1953, 110 "По нараді з командиром Р.Шухевич вислав письмо до Команди що наша частина не є здібна дальше воювати. Цілий легіон було стягнено з фронту та відправлено назад до Нойгаммеру
- ^ Ivan Kazymyrovych Patryliak, Viis'kova diial'nist' OUN(b) u 1940-1942 rokakh (Kyiv: NAN Ukraïny, 2004) p 361-362
- ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN) pp. 371-372.
- ^ [1] Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Die Kollaboration in der Ukraine", Christoph Dieckmann, Babette Quinkert, Tatjana Tönsmeyer (eds.), Kooperation und Verbrechen. Formen der "Kollaboration" im östlichen Europa 1939-1945 (Göttingen: Wallenstein, 2003), p. 176
- ^ "True and False Episodes from the Nachtigall Episode; op-ed by John Paul Himka". Brama.com. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ Бандера С. Слово до українських націоналістів-революціонерів за кордоном // Бандера С. Перспективи української революції [передрук]. — Мюнхен: ОУН, 1978. — С. 93. (Bandera S. "A word to Ukrainian Nationalists-revolutionaries outside the borders", The perspective of Ukrainian revolution (reprint) - Munich: OUN, 1978, p. 93)
- ^ Phillip Friedman. (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Occupation", Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies, p. 203
- ^ Русначенко А. Народ збурений. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні й національні рухи опору в Білорусії, Литві, Латвії, Естонії у 1940 — 50-х роках. — Київ: Пульсари, 2002. — С. 90 — 94, 100 — 101; Лоґуш О. Командир Чупринка на Конференції поневолених народів. (Уривки зі спогадів) // До зброї. — 1950. — Ч. 9 (22). — С. 6 (Rusnachenko A. The people riled up. The National-self-determination movement in Ukraine and the national movement of opposition in Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia in 1940-50 - Kyiv: Pulsars, 2002 - P.90-94, 100-101; Logush O. Commander Chuprynka at the conference of Captive peoples. (Sections from memoirs) // To Arms - 1950. #9 (22) p. 6)
- ^ a b Timothy Snyder (p. 168): "Both the Polish Home Army and the Ukrainian UPA planned rapid strikes for territorial gains in Galicia and Volhynia. Had there been another Polish-Ukrainian regular war, as in 1918–19, the issue of who began the conflict would be moot. But the preemptive strikes against Poles envisioned by the OUN-Bandera in early 1943 were not military operations but ethnic cleansing." OUN-B was led by Mykola Lebed and later by Roman Shukhevych. Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, pp. 164, 168, 170, 176.
- ^ Omer Bartov: "In Eastern Galicia, the Ukrainians established a short-lived Western Ukrainian Republic. After more fighting between the Poles, the Ukrainians, and the Soviets, Poland annexed all of Eastern Galicia – made up of the provinces of Lwów (L'viv), Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv), and Tarnopol (Ternopil') – as well as the lands of Ukrainian-dominated Volhynia (Wołyń) and Belarusian-dominated Polesie (Western Belarus). These new borders were internationally recognized in 1923." Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine, Princeton University Press. 2007, p. 3.
- ^ Timothy Snyder: "The Polish government in exile and its underground home army ... prosecuted the war in order to restore the Polish Republic within its 1939 frontiers, an aim taken for granted by Polish soldiers and supported by promises from the Western Allies." The Reconstruction of Nations, Yale University Press, 2003, p. 168.
- ^ Pertti Ahonen et al. Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath. Berg. 2008. p. 99.
- ^ "The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres". Volhynia Massacre. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ "Has the final mystery of the UPA been solved?". day.kyiv.ua.
- ^ Vedeneyev, D. How perished Shukhevych and what could have happened with his body. Ukrainska Pravda. 8 August 2011.
- ISBN 0521574579(page 276)
- ISSN 2211-6257.
- ^ Тимчасовий устрій УГВР // Літопис Української Повстанської Армії. — Львів, 1992. — Т. 8: Українська Головна Визвольна Рада. — Книга перша, 1944 — 1945. — С. 31 — 32. The interim government of the UHVR // Chronicles of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 1945, pp. 31-32)
- ^ "Про відзначення 100-річчя від дня народження Романа Шухевича". zakon.rada.gov.ua.
- ^ "Kyiv's General Vatutin Avenue renamed Roman Shukhevych Avenue". Kyiv Post. 1 June 2017.
- ^ "Court leaves avenues named after Bandera, Shukhevych in Kyiv". Kyiv Post. 9 December 2019.
- ^ Russian: Каманин, Н.П., "Летчики и космонавты", М, 1971, p.269. Some sources give the date of the attack as 29 February and the date of Vatutin's death as 15 April.
- ^ "Ukraine city to hold festival in honor of Nazi collaborator". The Jerusalem Post. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine Holds Anti-Semitic Festival". jewishpolicycenter.org. 27 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Local governments name stadiums after Bandera and Shukhevych, provoking protest from Israel and Poland". The Ukrainian Weekly. 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Museum in Lviv completely burned down due to Shahed drone attack". pravda.com.ua.
- ^ "Russian drones hit sites linked to Ukrainian nationalists". Reuters. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "President.Gov.Ua". President.Gov.Ua. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ International, Radio Canada (13 August 2018). "Canadian monument to controversial Ukrainian national hero ignites debate". RCI | English. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ Bandera writes to Yanukovych, Kyiv Post (9 April 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych backs decisions stripping Shukhevych, Bandera of hero titles, Kyiv Post (4 August 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych to strip nationalists of hero status, Kyiv Post (5 March 2010)
- ^ Party of Regions proposes legal move to strip Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title, Kyiv Post (17 February 2010)
- ^ Donetsk court deprives Shukhevych of Ukrainian hero title, Kyiv Post (21 April 2010)
- ^ a b "High Administrative Court dismisses appeals against illegal award of Hero of Ukraine title to Soviet soldiers", Kyiv Post (13 August 2010)
- ^ Фото: Фотот Павла Паламарчука. "Суд остановил рассмотрение дела о лишении Шухевича звания героя". Korrespondent.net. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ Higher Administrative Court rules Shukhevych's Hero of Ukraine title illegal, Kyiv Post (2 August 2011)
- ^ Yushchenko asks court to cancel decision to strip Bandera, Shukhevych off hero titles, Kyiv Post (1 September 2011)
External links
- Isayuk, O. Death of Roman Shukhevych: on the film and outside it. Ukrainska Pravda. 5 March 2015
- Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960. Działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii [Ukrainian partisans 1942-1960. Activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army] (in Polish). Warsaw.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Viatrovych, V. In search of the Shukhevych's burial. In reality it is still not found. Ukrainska Pravda. 10 March 2012