1950s

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The 1950s (pronounced nineteen-fifties; commonly abbreviated as the "Fifties" or the "'50s") (among other variants) was a decade that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959.

Throughout the decade, the world continued its recovery from

In the United States, a wave of anti-communist sentiment known as the Second Red Scare aka McCarthyism resulted in Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress. In the Soviet Union, the death of Joseph Stalin would lead to a political campaign and reforms known as "de-Stalinization" initiated by Nikita Khrushchev leading to the deterioration between the relationship of the Soviet Union and China in the 1950s.

The beginning of the Cold War lead to beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 and the United States would create NASA in response in 1958. Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons (such as RDS-37 and Upshot–Knothole) called the arms race, the tense geopolitical situation created a politically conservative climate.

The beginning of

Television, became a common innovation in American homes during the 1950s culminating in the Golden Age of TV. This led many to purchase more products and upgrade whatever they currently had resulting in mass consumerism. While outside of America, it would take a few decades for TV to become commonplace in other countries.

The 1950s saw a turning point for polio with the successful discovery of the polio vaccine. Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined rapidly in many industrialized countries while it would gradually decline for the next few decades in developing countries reducing the number of death rates from this disease.

During the 1950s, the world population increased from 2.5 to 3.0 billion, with approximately 1 billion births and 500 million deaths.

Politics and wars

Wars

• Cold War conflicts involving the influence of the rival superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States.
  • Operation Chromite, an amphibious landing at the city of Inchon (Song Do port). The North Korean army collapsed, and within a few days, MacArthur's army retook Seoul (South Korea's capital). He then pushed north, capturing Pyongyang in October. Chinese intervention the following month drove UN forces south again. MacArthur then planned for a full-scale invasion of China, but this was against the wishes of President Truman and others who wanted a limited war. He was dismissed and replaced by General Matthew Ridgway. The war then became a bloody stalemate for the next two and a half years while peace negotiations dragged on.

    The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 80,000 missing in action (MIA) or prisoner of war (POW). Estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties
    at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW.
  • First Indochina War (1946-1954).
  • The
    Bernard Fall published in July 1958 concluded that a new war had begun. The first official large unit military action was on September 26, 1959, when the Viet Cong ambushed two ARVN companies.^[1]
• Arab–Israeli conflict (from the early 20th century)

• Suez Crisis (1956) – The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. Following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the United Kingdom, France and Israel subsequently invaded. The operation was a military success, but after the United States and Soviet Union united in opposition to the invasion, the invaders were forced to withdraw. This was seen as a major humiliation, especially for the two Western European countries, and symbolizes the beginning of the end of colonialism and the weakening of European global importance, specifically the collapse of the British Empire.
• counter-terrorism operations by the French Army. The war eventually led to the independence of Algeria
  from France.

• Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) – a guerrilla war in British Malaya that led to the independence of the Federation of Malaya.
• Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) – The 1959 overthrow of Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and other forces resulted in the creation of the first communist government in the Western hemisphere.
• The
  concentration camps in Kenya, a British military victory, and the election of moderate nationalist Jomo Kenyatta
  as leader of Kenya.
• First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972)
• The Wind of Destruction began in Rwanda in 1959 following the assault of Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa by Tutsi forces. This was the beginning of decades of ethnic violence in the country, which culminated in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
• Soviet Bloc
  , and its violent suppression served to further discredit the Soviet Union even among its erstwhile supporters.
• 1951 Nepalese revolution – The overthrow of the autocratic Rana regime in Nepal and the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

Coups

Prominent

• Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk and the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
  in July 1952.
• On March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista led a bloodless coup to topple the democratically elected government in Cuba.
• Mohammed Mosaddeq
  .
• Ayub Khan, dismissed the prime minister and dissolved the Constituent Assembly
  .
• Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was ousted by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas in an operation organized by the American Central Intelligence Agency
  .
• The 1954 Paraguayan coup brings Alfredo Stroessner to power.
• Abd al-Karim Qasim
  as Prime Minister.
• May 1958 crisis in France: General Jacques Massu took over Algiers and threatened to invade Paris unless Charles de Gaulle became head of state.
• The
  Ayub Khan
  .

Decolonization and independence

• Cambodia and the Kingdom of Laos also gained independence, effectively ending French presence in Southeast Asia. Elsewhere, the Belgian Congo
  and other African nations gained their independence from France, Belgium, and the United Kingdom.
• Large-scale decolonization in Africa first began in the 1950s. In 1951,
  sub-saharan African
  nation to gain independence.

• European Common Market – The European Communities (or Common Markets), the precursor of the European Union, was established with the Treaty of Rome
  in 1957.
• On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists staged an attempted assassination on U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The leader of the team Griselio Torresola had firearm experience and Oscar Collazo was his accomplice. They made their assault at the Blair House where President Truman and his family were staying. Torresola mortally wounded a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt, who shot Torresola dead before expiring himself. Collazo, as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into a homicide, was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death in 1952 but then his sentence was later commuted to life in prison.
• On July 7, 1950, the first Group Areas Act was promulgated by the Parliament of South Africa and implemented over a period of several years. The passing of the Act contributed significantly to the period of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa known as Apartheid, which lasted from 1948 to 1991. One of the most famous uses of the Group Areas Act was the destruction of Sophiatown, a suburb of Johannesburg, which began on 9 February 1955.
• Establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement, through the Bandung Conference of 1955, consisting of nations not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

• Africa experienced the beginning of large-scale top-down economic interventions in the 1950s that failed to cause improvement and led to charitable exhaustion by the West as the century went on. The widespread corruption was not dealt with and war, disease, and famine continued to be constant problems in the region.
• Egyptian general
  Gamel Abdel Nasser overthrew the Egyptian monarchy, establishing himself as President of Egypt. Nasser became an influential leader in the Middle East in the 1950s, leading Arab states into war with Israel, becoming a major leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and promoting pan-Arab unification
  .
• In 1957, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, after a series of negotiations with the then British empire, secured the independence of Ghana. Ghana was hitherto referred to as Gold Coast, a colony of the British Empire.

Americas

• In 1950,
  Kingdom of Denmark. North Greenland and South Greenland were united with one governor.^[2]
• In 1953, Greenland (5 June) was made an equal and integral part of Denmark as an amt.
• In 1954, the
  Jacobo Arbenz and installed Carlos Castillo Armas
  .
• In 1956, the Montgomery bus boycott occurred against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama, US. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement, sparked by activist Rosa Parks, and officially ended when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect and led to a Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.^[3]
• In 1957, Dr. François Duvalier came to power in an election in Haiti. He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971.
• In 1958, the military dictatorship of Venezuela was overthrown.
• In 1959, Alaska (3 January) and Hawaii (21 August) became the 49th and 50th states respectively of the United States.
• In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, establishing a communist government in the country. Although Castro initially sought aid from the US, he was rebuffed and later turned to the Soviet Union.
• NORAD signed in 1959 by Canada and the United States creating a unified North American air defense system.
• Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956, and on April 21, 1960, became the capital of Brazil

Europe

• With the help of the Marshall Plan, post-war reconstruction succeeded, with some countries (including West Germany) adopting free market capitalism while others adopted Keynesian-policy welfare states. Europe continued to be divided into Western and Soviet bloc countries. The geographical point of this division came to be called the Iron Curtain.
• Because previous attempts for a unified state failed, Germany remained divided into two states: the capitalist
  Russophobic
  sentiment lingering in the post-Nazi society resulted in increased emigration to the west.
• While the United States military maintained its bases in western Europe, the Soviet Union maintained its bases in the east. In 1953, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, died. This led to the rise of Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced Stalin and pursued a more liberal domestic and foreign policy, stressing peaceful competition with the West rather than overt hostility. There were anti-Stalinist uprisings in East Germany and Poland in 1953 and Hungary in 1956.
• The
  Commonwealth realms at Westminster Abbey in London
  in a first ever televised broadcast.

Natural:

• On August 15, 1950, the 8.6
  Mercalli intensity
  of XI (Extreme), killing between 1,500 and 3,300 people.
• On January 18, 1951, Mount Lamington erupted in Papua New Guinea, killing 3,000 people.
• On January 31, 1953, the North Sea flood of 1953 killed 1,835 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland) and 307 in the United Kingdom^[4]
• On September 9, 1954, the 6.7
  Orléansville
  , left 1,243–1,409 dead, and 5,000 injured.
• On October 11, 1954, Hurricane Hazel crossed over Haiti, killing 1,000.
• On August 19, 1955, Hurricane Diane hit the northeastern United States, killing over 200 people, and causing over $1.0 billion in damage.
• On June 27, 1957, Hurricane Audrey demolished Cameron, Louisiana, US, killing 400 people.
• In April 1959, the
  Río Negro flooded central Uruguay
  .
• Honshū on September 26, 1959, killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000 homeless. Most of the damage was centered in the Nagoya
  area.
• On December 2, 1959,
  Malpasset Dam in southern France collapsed and water flowed over the town of Fréjus
  , killing 412.

• On March 12, 1950, an Avro Tudor plane carrying a rugby team crashed in Wales, killing 80 people.
• In early December 1952, the Great Smog of London caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severely than previous smog events, called "pea-soupers". Government medical reports in the weeks following the event estimated that up to 4,000 people had died as a direct result of the smog and 100,000 more were made ill by the smog's effects on the human respiratory tract.
• On June 18, 1953, a
  Tachikawa
  , Japan, killing all 129 on board.
• On January 10, 1954, BOAC Flight 781, a new de Havilland Comet jetliner, disintegrated in mid-air due to structural failure and crashed off the Italian coast, killing all 35 on board.
• On June 30, 1956, a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 and a Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation collided above the Grand Canyon in Arizona, killing all 128 people on board both aircraft.
• On July 25, 1956, the Italian ocean liner
  Nantucket, Massachusetts
  , coastline. 51 people were killed and the Andrea Doria sank the next morning.
• On February 6, 1958, in an incident known as the
  soccer
  team).
• On April 21, 1958, a mid-air collision between
  United Airlines Flight 736 and a USAF
  fighter jet killed 49 people.
• On August 14, 1958, a KLM Lockheed Constellation crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland, killing all 99 people aboard.

Economics

• The United States was the most influential economic power in the world after World War II under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Inflation was moderate during the decade of the 1950s. The first few months had a deflationary hangover from the 1940s but the first full year ended with what looked like the beginnings of massive inflation with annual inflation rates ranging from 8% to 9% a year. By 1952 inflation subsided. 1954 and 1955 flirted with deflation again but the remainder of the decade had moderate inflation ranging from 1% to 3.7%. The average annual inflation for the entire decade was only 2.04%.^[5]

Assassinations and attempts

Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

Science and technology

Technology

The recently invented bipolar transistor, though initially quite feeble, had clear potential and was rapidly improved and developed at the beginning of the 1950s by companies such as GE, RCA, and Philco. The first commercial transistor production started at the Western Electric plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in October, 1951 with the point contact germanium transistor. It was not until around 1954 that transistor products began to achieve real commercial success with small portable radios.

A breakthrough in

In 1957, a 184-pound (83 kg) satellite named Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviets. The space race began four months later as the United States launched a smaller satellite.

• Charles H. Townes builds the Maser in 1953 at the Columbia University
  .
• The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite
  to orbit the Earth on October 4, 1957.
• The United States conducts its first
  hydrogen bomb explosion test
  .
• The invention of the modern Solar cell.
• The first
  Passenger jets
  enter service.
• The U.S. uses Federal prisons, mental institutions and
  transorbital lobotomy
  .
• President Harry S. Truman inaugurated transcontinental television service on September 4, 1951, when he made a speech to the nation. AT&T carried his address from San Francisco and it was viewed from the west coast to the east coast at the same time.
• the Moon
  , making it the first spacecraft to land on lunar surface, and the first to make contact with another celestial body on September 13, 1959.

Science

• James Watson discover the double-helix structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin
  contributed to the discovery of the double-helix structure.
• An immunization vaccine is produced for polio.
• The first successful
  ultrasound test
  of the heart activity.
• CERN is established.
• The world's first nuclear power plant is opened in Obninsk near Moscow.
• NASA is organized.
• The first human cervical cancer cells were cultured outside a body in 1951, from Henrietta Lacks. The cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line.
• First transistor computer, built at the University of Manchester in November 1953.

Popular culture

• 
  Pez candies were released in the 1950s, and became well known in pop culture.
• 
  In the 1950s lengthy

  leather jackets

  with men. Pictured is a 1950s leather jacket label.
• 
  The jukebox was particularly popular in the 1950s, and was used as entertainment in public establishments such as diners and malt/soda shops.
• 
  TV shows like I Love Lucy, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and Father Knows Best were popular during the original Golden Age of Television era.
• 
  The 1950s were the true birth of the rock and roll music genre, led by figures such as Chuck Berry (pictured), Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis and others.
• 
  Two Summer Olympic Games were held in the 1950s, Helsinki in 1952 and Melbourne in 1956 (both during the Cold War).
• 
  Motorcycle clubs became more prominent in the 1950s. Pictured is a vintage 1950s motorcycle toy.
• 
  The 1950s was the beginning period of rapid television ownership. In their infancy, television screens existed in many forms, including round.
• 
  The creation and expansion of many multinational restaurant chains still in existence today, including the likes of McDonald's (as a franchise), IHOP, Pizza Hut and Burger King, all occurred in the 1950s.
• 
  Many famous children's books released in the 1950s, including Beezus and Ramona and The Cat in the Hat.

Music

The new music differed from previous styles in that it was primarily targeted at the teenager market, which became a distinct entity for the first time in the 1950s as growing prosperity meant that young people did not have to grow up as quickly or be expected to support a family. Rock-and-roll proved to be a difficult phenomenon for older Americans to accept and there were widespread accusations of its being a communist-orchestrated scheme to corrupt the youth, although rock and roll was extremely market-based and capitalistic.

The 1950s are known as the Golden Age of Television by some people. Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had a television set. Americans devoted most of their free time to watching television broadcasts. People spent so much time watching TV, that movie attendance dropped and so did the number of radio listeners.^[14] Television revolutionized the way Americans see themselves and the world around them. TV affects all aspects of American culture. "Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and the news we receive."^[15]

Film

Similarly with the mid 1950s rush of Rock and Roll and teenage rebellion, the filns of Marlon Brando and James Dean had a profound effect on American culture.

In

Beginning in 1953, with Shane and The Robe, widescreen motion pictures became the norm.

The "Golden Era" of 3D cinematography transpired during the 1950s.

Animated films in the 1950s presented by Walt Disney included Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp, followed by Sleeping Beauty.

Art movements

In the early 1950s

The 1950s saw the birth of the

Cristobal Balenciaga: Cristobal Balenciaga a Spanish designer who opened his first couture house in 1915. In 1936, he went to Paris in order to avoid the Spanish Civil War, there he had inspiration for his fashion collections. His designs were an inspiration for emerging designers of the time. His legacy is as important as the one from Dior, revolutionaries.^[17] He was known for creating sack dresses, heavy volumes and balloon skirts.^[18] For him everything started when he worked for Marquesa de Casa Torre who became his patron and main source of inspiration. Marquesa de Casa Torre helped Balenciaga enter the world of couture.^[17] His first suit was very dramatic. The suit consisted on cutout and cut-ins the waist over a slim skirt, something not seen before.^[17] Balenciaga was a revolutionary designer who was not afraid to cut and let loose because he had everything under control. In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture. He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles.^[19] He was known for moving from tailored designs to shapeless allowing him to show portion and balance on the bodies.^[17] Showing that his designs evolved with time and maintained his ideologies.

Coco Chanel: Her style was well known over the world and her idea of having functional luxurious clothing influenced other designers from the era. Chanel believed that luxurious should come from being comfortable that is why her designers were so unique and different from the time period, she also achieved her looks by adding accessories such as pearl necklaces.^[20] Chanel believed that even though Dior designs were revolutionary for the time period they did not managed to represent the women of the time. She believed women had to wear something to represent their survival to another war and their active roles in society.^[21] Coming back from a closed house of fashion was not easy for Chanel and competing against younger designers.^[21] The Chanel suit was known as a status symbol for wealthy and powerful women.^[21] Chanel influenced over the years and her brand is still one of the most influential brands for fashion.

Sports

• Inaugural season of Formula One

Olympics

• 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland
• 1952 Winter Olympics held in Oslo, Norway
• 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia
• 1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

FIFA World Cups

• 1950 World Cup hosted by Brazil, won by Uruguay
• 1954 World Cup hosted by Switzerland, won by West Germany
• 1958 World Cup hosted by Sweden, won by Brazil

The 1958 World Cup is notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé.

People

Politics

• Aleksey Innokentevich Antonov, Chief of General Staff of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization
• Eugene R. Black
  , President World Bank
• William Sterling Cole
  , Director-general International Atomic Energy Agency
• Manuel Fraga Iribarne
  , Secretary-general Latin Union
• André François-Poncet, Chairman of the Standing Commission International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
• Louis Goffin, Secretary-general Western European Union
• Walter Hallstein, President of the European Commission
• Fritz Hess, Director Universal Postal Union
• Ivan Stepanovich Konev
  , Commander-in-chief of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization
• Henri St. Leger, Secretary-general International Organization for Standardization
• Robert C. Lonati, Secretary-general World Tourism Organization
• David A. Morse, Director-general International Labour Organization
• Arnold Duncan McNair, Baron McNair, President of the European Court of Human Rights
• Ove Nielsen, Secretary-general International Maritime Organization
• Maurice Pate, Executive Director United Nations Children's Fund
• Robert Schuman, President of the European Parliamentary Assembly
• Gustav Swoboda, Chief of the Secretariat World Meteorological Organization
• José Guillermo Trabanino Guerrero, Secretary-general Organization of Central American States
• Eric Wyndham White, Executive Secretary World Trade Organization

Actors and entertainers

• 
  Marlon Brando 1951
• 
  John Wayne 1952
• 
  Marilyn Monroe 1953
• 
  James Dean 1955
• 
  Sophia Loren 1959

• Abbott and Costello
• Julie Adams
• Eddie Albert
• Jack Albertson
• Steve Allen
• June Allyson
• Dev Anand
• Desi Arnaz
• James Arness
• Edward Arnold
• Fred Astaire
• Gene Autry
• Richard Attenborough
• Lauren Bacall
• Carroll Baker
• Lucille Ball
• Martin Balsam
• Anne Bancroft
• Brigitte Bardot
• Richard Basehart
• Anne Baxter
• Kathryn Beaumont
• Harry Belafonte
• Jean-Paul Belmondo
• Jack Benny
• Milton Berle
• Ingrid Bergman
• Charles Bickford
• Vivian Blaine
• Robert Blake
• Ann Blyth
• Richard Boone
• Stephen Boyd
• Ray Bolger
• Dirk Bogarde
• Humphrey Bogart
• Ernest Borgnine
• Marlon Brando
• Walter Brennan
• Lloyd Bridges
• Charles Bronson
• Mel Brooks
• Lenny Bruce
• Yul Brynner
• Edgar Buchanan
• Richard Burton
• George Burns
• Raymond Burr
• Sid Caesar
• James Cagney
• Rory Calhoun
• Claudia Cardinale
• Yvonne De Carlo
• Leslie Caron
• Art Carney
• John Carradine
• Diahann Carroll
• Johnny Carson
• John Cassavetes
• Jeff Chandler
• Carol Channing
• Charlie Chaplin
• Cyd Charisse
• Lee Van Cleef
• Montgomery Clift
• Rosemary Clooney
• Lee J. Cobb
• Claudette Colbert
• Nat "King" Cole
• Joan Collins
• Sean Connery
• Gary Cooper
• William Conrad
• Mary Costa
• Joseph Cotten
• Jeanne Crain
• Joan Crawford
• Bing Crosby
• Tony Curtis
• Peter Cushing
• Robert Cummings
• Arlene Dahl
• Dorothy Dandridge
• Danielle Darrieux
• Linda Darnell
• Bette Davis
• Nancy Davis
• Sammy Davis Jr.
• Doris Day
• James Dean
• Ruby Dee
• Sandra Dee
• William Demarest
• Richard Denning
• Brandon deWilde
• Angie Dickinson
• Marlene Dietrich
• Troy Donahue
• Mamie Van Doren
• Diana Dors
• Bobby Driscoll
• Kirk Douglas
• Clint Eastwood
• Barbara Eden
• Anita Ekberg
• María Félix
• Verna Felton
• Mel Ferrer
• José Ferrer
• Peter Finch
• Barry Fitzgerald
• Rhonda Fleming
• Jo Van Fleet
• Errol Flynn
• Nina Foch
• Henry Fonda
• Joan Fontaine
• John Forsythe
• Glenn Ford
• Anne Francis
• William Frawley
• Annette Funicello
• Louis de Funès
• Clark Gable
• Eva Gabor
• Zsa Zsa Gabor
• Ava Gardner
• James Garner
• Judy Garland
• Vittorio Gassman
• John Gielgud
• Lillian Gish
• Jackie Gleason
• Paulette Goddard
• Betty Grable
• Gloria Grahame
• Cary Grant
• Farley Granger
• Stewart Granger
• Kathryn Grayson
• Lorne Greene
• John Gregson
• Virginia Grey
• Alec Guinness
• Edmund Gwenn
• Tony Hancock
• Julie Harris
• Rex Harrison
• Laurence Harvey
• Olivia de Havilland
• Jack Hawkins
• Sterling Hayden
• Helen Hayes
• Susan Hayward
• Rita Hayworth
• Van Heflin
• Audrey Hepburn
• Katharine Hepburn
• Haya Harareet
• Charlton Heston
• William Holden
• Judy Holliday
• Stanley Holloway
• Dennis Hopper
• Bob Hope
• Rock Hudson
• Jeffrey Hunter
• Tab Hunter
• Burl Ives
• Pedro Infante
• John Ireland
• Anne Jeffreys
• Van Johnson
• Glynis Johns
• Carolyn Jones
• Jennifer Jones
• Shirley Jones
• Katy Jurado
• Boris Karloff
• Danny Kaye
• Howard Keel
• Brian Keith
• Gene Kelly
• Grace Kelly
• Deborah Kerr
• Eartha Kitt
• Jack Klugman
• Don Knotts
• Dilip Kumar
• Kishore Kumar
• Meena Kumari
• Alan Ladd
• Burt Lancaster
• Angela Lansbury
• Piper Laurie
• Peter Lawford
• Cloris Leachman
• Christopher Lee
• Ruta Lee
• Janet Leigh
• Jack Lemmon
• Jerry Lewis
• Norman Lloyd
• June Lockhart
• Gina Lollobrigida
• Julie London
• Sophia Loren
• Peter Lorre
• Jack Lord
• Ida Lupino
• Darren McGavin
• Gordon MacRae
• Fred MacMurray
• Shirley MacLaine
• Jayne Mansfield
• Karl Malden
• Dorothy Malone
• Jean Marais
• Fredric March
• Dean Martin
• Lee Marvin
• Groucho Marx
• Giulietta Masina
• James Mason
• Marcello Mastroianni
• Jerry Mathers
• Walter Matthau
• Victor Mature
• Virginia Mayo
• Joel McCrea
• Dorothy McGuire
• John McIntire
• Steve McQueen
• Audrey Meadows
• Jayne Meadows
• Ralph Meeker
• Adolphe Menjou
• Burgess Meredith
• Toshiro Mifune
• Ray Milland
• John Mills
• Vera Miles
• Sal Mineo
• Carmen Miranda
• Cameron Mitchell
• Robert Mitchum
• Marilyn Monroe
• Yves Montand
• Ricardo Montalbán
• Agnes Moorehead
• Elizabeth Montgomery
• Roger Moore
• Jeanne Moreau
• Rita Moreno
• Harry Morgan
• Vic Morrow
• Audie Murphy
• Don Murray
• Patricia Neal
• Jorge Negrete
• Ricky Nelson
• Paul Newman
• Barbara Nichols
• Leslie Nielsen
• David Niven
• Kim Novak
• Edmond O'Brien
• Donald O'Connor
• Maureen O'Hara
• Maureen O'Sullivan
• Laurence Olivier
• Geraldine Page
• Janis Paige
• Eleanor Parker
• Jack Palance
• Gregory Peck
• George Peppard
• Anthony Perkins
• Jean Peters
• Donald Pleasence
• Christopher Plummer
• Sidney Poitier
• Dick Powell
• Jane Powell
• Tyrone Power
• Elvis Presley
• Robert Preston
• Vincent Price
• Jon Provost
• Anthony Quinn
• Tony Randall
• Ronald Reagan
• Donna Reed
• George Reeves
• Steve Reeves
• Carl Reiner
• Tommy Rettig
• Debbie Reynolds
• Thelma Ritter
• Jason Robards
• Cliff Robertson
• Edward G. Robinson
• Ginger Rogers
• Roy Rogers
• Cesar Romero
• Mickey Rooney
• Barbara Rush
• Jane Russell
• Rosalind Russell
• Eva Marie Saint
• George Sanders
• John Saxon
• Maximilian Schell
• Romy Schneider
• Gordon Scott
• Lizabeth Scott
• Randolph Scott
• Peter Sellers
• Omar Sharif
• Dinah Shore
• Takashi Shimura
• Vittorio De Sica
• Simone Signoret
• Jean Simmons
• Frank Sinatra
• Red Skelton
• Ann Sothern
• Alberto Sordi
• Robert Stack
• Kim Stanley
• Barbara Stanwyck
• Rod Steiger
• Jan Sterling
• James Stewart
• Dean Stockwell
• Lewis Stone
• Woody Strode
• Barry Sullivan
• Ed Sullivan
• Max von Sydow
• Lyle Talbot
• Russ Tamblyn
• Elizabeth Taylor
• Robert Taylor
• Rod Taylor
• Gene Tierney
• Spencer Tracy
• Lana Turner
• Vivian Vance
• Robert Wagner
• Eli Wallach
• John Wayne
• Jack Webb
• Orson Welles
• Betty White
• Stuart Whitman
• James Whitmore
• Richard Widmark
• Esther Williams
• Marie Windsor
• Shelley Winters
• Natalie Wood
• Joanne Woodward
• Teresa Wright
• Jane Wyman
• Keenan Wynn
• Loretta Young
• Robert Young
• Efrem Zimbalist Jr.

Filmmakers

• 
  John Ford
• 
  Elia Kazan
• 
  Akira Kurosawa
• 
  Billy Wilder

• Michelangelo Antonioni
• Mario Bava
• Ingmar Bergman
• Luis Buñuel
• Jean Cocteau
• Luigi Comencini
• Charles Crichton
• George Cukor
• Michael Curtiz
• Jean Delannoy
• Walt Disney
• Stanley Donen
• Blake Edwards
• Federico Fellini
• Richard Fleischer
• John Frankenheimer
• John Ford
• Lucio Fulci
• Pietro Germi
• Jean-Luc Godard
• Henry Hathaway
• Howard Hawks
• Alfred Hitchcock
• Howard Hughes
• John Huston
• Elia Kazan
• Keisuke Kinoshita
• Stanley Kubrick
• Akira Kurosawa
• Fritz Lang
• David Lean
• Anthony Mann
• Joseph L. Mankiewicz
• Jean-Pierre Melville
• Kenji Mizoguchi
• Mario Monicelli
• Yasujirō Ozu
• Otto Preminger
• Nicholas Ray
• Dino Risi
• Jacques Rivette
• Roberto Rossellini
• Vittorio De Sica
• Don Siegel
• J. Lee Thompson
• Andrzej Wajda
• Orson Welles
• Billy Wilder
• Robert Wise
• William Wyler

Musicians

See also:

List of musicians of the 1950s and Million Dollar Quartet

• 
  Elvis Presley 1956
• 
  Fats Domino c. 1956
• 
  Jerry Lee Lewis c. 1957
• 
  Everly Brothers

  c. 1958

• Black Ace
• Buddy Ace
• Johnny Ace
• Arthur Alexander
• Lee Allen
• Gene Allison
• Marian Anderson
• Pink Anderson
• Paul Anka
• Louis Armstrong
• Eddy Arnold
• Chet Atkins
• Gene Autry
• Frankie Avalon
• Charles Aznavour
• LaVern Baker
• Pearl Bailey
• Hank Ballard
• Bobby Bare
• Count Basie
• Sidney Bechet
• Harry Belafonte
• Jesse Belvin
• Tex Beneke
• Boyd Bennett
• Tony Bennett
• Chuck Berry
• Richard Berry
• Bill Black
• Otis Blackwell
• Scrapper Blackwell
• Blind Blake
• Art Blakey
• Bobby Bland
• Johnny Bond
• Pat Boone
• The Big Bopper
• Jimmy Bowen
• Calvin Boze
• Jackie Brenston
• Teresa Brewer
• Big Bill Broonzy
• Charles Brown
• Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown
• James Brown
• Nappy Brown
• Roy Brown
• Ruth Brown
• Tommy Brown
• Dave Brubeck
• Jimmy Bryant
• Sonny Burgess
• Solomon Burke
• Johnny Burnette
• James Burton
• Sam Butera
• Erskine Butterfield
• Maria Callas
• Cab Calloway
• Glen Campbell
• Martha Carson
• Goree Carter
• Johnny Cash
• Bobby Charles
• Ray Charles
• Boozoo Chavis
• Chubby Checker
• Clifton Chenier
• June Christy
• Eugene Church
• Dee Clark
• Petula Clark
• Joe Clay
• Jack Clement
• Patsy Cline
• Rosemary Clooney
• Eddie Cochran
• Nat "King" Cole
• John Coltrane
• Perry Como
• James Cotton
• Floyd Council
• Pee Wee Crayton
• Bing Crosby
• Bob Crosby
• Gary Crosby
• Arthur Crudup
• Mac Curtis
• Dick Dale
• Dick Dale (singer)
• Dalida
• Bobby Darin
• Hal David
• Jimmie Davis
• Miles Davis
• Sammy Davis Jr.
• Bobby Day
• Doris Day
• Bo Diddley
• Willie Dixon
• Carl Dobkins Jr.
• Bill Doggett
• Fats Domino
• Lonnie Donegan
• Jimmy Dorsey
• Lee Dorsey
• Tommy Dorsey
• K. C. Douglas
• Rusty Draper
• Champion Jack Dupree
• Jimmy Durante
• Leroy Van Dyke
• Jack Earls
• Duke Ellington
• Billy "The Kid" Emerson
• Werly Fairburn
• Charlie Feathers
• H-Bomb Ferguson
• Eddie Fisher
• Sonny Fisher
• Toni Fisher
• Ella Fitzgerald
• Mary Ford
• Tennessee Ernie Ford
• Helen Forrest
• Connie Francis
• Alan Freed
• Ernie Freeman
• Frank Frost
• Johnny Fuller
• Billy Fury
• Earl Gaines
• Hank Garland
• Judy Garland
• Clarence Garlow
• Georgia Gibbs
• Dizzy Gillespie
• Dick Glasser
• Arthur Godfrey
• Benny Goodman
• Roscoe Gordon
• Eydie Gormé
• Charlie Gracie
• Gogi Grant
• Jack Guthrie
• Roy Hamilton
• Lionel Hampton
• Pat Hare
• Slim Harpo
• Homer Harris
• Peppermint Harris
• Wynonie Harris
• Hawkshaw Hawkins
• Screamin' Jay Hawkins
• Al Hibbler
• Chuck Higgins
• Earl Hines
• Silas Hogan
• Smokey Hogg
• Ron Holden
• Billie Holiday
• Buddy Holly
• John Lee Hooker
• Lightnin' Hopkins
• Lena Horne
• Johnny Horton
• David Houston
• Joe Houston
• Ivory Joe Hunter
• Tab Hunter
• Burl Ives
• Bull Moose Jackson
• Mahalia Jackson
• Elmore James
• Etta James
• Harry James
• Homesick James
• Joni James
• Sonny James
• Waylon Jennings
• Kris Jensen
• Dr. John
• Little Willie John
• Hank Jones
• Jimmy Jones
• Louis Jordan
• Don Julian
• Kitty Kallen
• Chris Kenner
• Anita Kerr
• Albert King
• B.B. King
• Ben E. King
• Earl King
• Freddie King
• Pee Wee King
• Saunders King
• Eartha Kitt
• Christine Kittrell
• Baker Knight
• Sonny Knight
• Buddy Knox
• Gene Krupa
• Frankie Laine
• Major Lance
• Mario Lanza
• Ellis Larkins
• Brenda Lee
• Dickie Lee
• Peggy Lee
• Lazy Lester
• Jerry Lee Lewis
• Smiley Lewis
• Little Willie Littlefield
• Julie London
• Joe Hill Louis
• Willie Love
• Robin Luke
• Frankie Lymon
• Loretta Lynn
• Carl Mann
• Dean Martin
• Grady Martin
• Janis Martin
• Johnny Mathis
• Jimmy McCracklin
• Skeets McDonald
• Big Jay McNeely
• Clyde McPhatter
• Max Merritt
• Big Maceo Merriweather
• Amos Milburn
• Chuck Miller
• Mitch Miller
• Ned Miller
• Roy Milton
• Garnet Mimms
• Charles Mingus
• Carmen Miranda
• Bobby Mitchell
• Guy Mitchell
• Thelonious Monk
• Bill Monroe
• Vaughn Monroe
• Wes Montgomery
• Benny Moré
• Moon Mullican
• Rose Murphy
• Jimmy Nelson
• Ricky Nelson
• Sandy Nelson
• Robert Nighthawk
• Willie Nix
• Jimmy Nolen
• Nervous Norvus
• Donald O'Conner
• St. Louis Jimmy Oden
• Odetta
• Gene O'Quin
• Roy Orbison
• Johnny Otis
• Patti Page
• Charlie Parker
• Junior Parker
• Dolly Parton
• Les Paul
• Art Pepper
• Carl Perkins
• Oscar Peterson
• Phil Phillips
• Sam Phillips
• Édith Piaf
• Webb Pierce
• Gene Pitney
• Pérez Prado
• Elvis Presley
• Jimmy Preston
• Johnny Preston
• Lloyd Price
• Ray Price
• Louis Prima
• Johnnie Ray
• Tampa Red
• Jerry Reed
• Jimmy Reed
• Della Reese
• Django Reinhardt
• Slim Rhodes
• Buddy Rich
• Charlie Rich
• Cliff Richard
• Little Richard
• Tommy Ridgley
• Billy Lee Riley
• Tex Ritter
• Johnny Rivers
• Max Roach
• Marty Robbins
• Jimmie Rodgers
• Arsenio Rodríguez
• Kenny Rogers
• Bobby Rydell
• Kyu Sakamoto
• Washboard Sam
• Tommy Sands
• Mabel Scott
• Neil Sedaka
• Pete Seeger
• Johnny Shines
• Dinah Shore
• Frank Sinatra
• Memphis Slim
• Sunnyland Slim
• Huey "Piano" Smith
• Ray Smith
• Warren Smith
• Hank Snow
• Kay Starr
• Joan Sutherland
• Art Tatum
• Jesse Thomas
• Rufus Thomas
• Hank Thompson
• Big Mama Thornton
• Johnny Tillotson
• Merle Travis
• Ernest Tubb
• Big Joe Turner
• Ike Turner
• Sammy Turner
• Conway Twitty
• Ritchie Valens
• Sarah Vaughan
• Bobby Vee
• Gene Vincent
• T-Bone Walker
• Little Walter
• Mercy Dee Walton
• Baby Boy Warren
• Dinah Washington
• Muddy Waters
• Johnny "Guitar" Watson
• Joe Weaver
• Ben Webster
• Lenny Welch
• Speedy West
• Josh White
• Slim Whitman
• Andy Williams
• Big Joe Williams
• Cootie Williams
• Hank Williams
• Larry Williams
• Otis Williams
• Tex Williams
• Ralph Willis
• Bob Wills
• Howlin' Wolf
• Malcolm Yelvington
• Faron Young
• Johnny "Man" Young
• Timi Yuro

Bands

• 
  Bill Haley & His Comets c. 1954
• 
  The Platters 1955
• 
  The Clovers 1955
• 
  Buddy Holly & The Crickets

  1958

• The Accents
• Jay & The Americans
• The Ames Brothers
• The Andrews Sisters
• Dave Appell & the Applejacks
• The Bell Notes
• The Belmonts
• Dion & The Belmonts
• Travis & Bob
• The Bobbettes
• The Bonnie Sisters
• The Bosstones
• The Buchanan Brothers
• The Cadets
• The Cadillacs
• The Capris
• The Cardinals
• The Castells
• The Champs
• The Chantels
• The Charioteers
• Otis Williams and the Charms
• The Chimes
• The Chips
• The Chordettes
• The Cleftones
• The Clovers
• The Coasters
• The Collegians
• Bill Haley and the Comets
• The Corsairs
• The Counts
• The Crew Cuts
• The Crescendos
• The Crests
• The Crows
• Danny & the Juniors
• Jan & Dean
• The Dells
• The Del-Satins
• The Delta Rhythm Boys
• The Del-Vikings
• Deep River Boys
• The Dovells
• The Dubs
• The Duprees
• The Diamonds
• The Drifters
• The Earls
• The Echoes
• The Edsels
• The El Dorados
• The Elegants
• The Emotions
• The Escorts
• The Everly Brothers
• The Fairfield Four
• The Falcons
• The Flamingos
• The Flairs
• The Fleetwoods
• The Fiestas
• The Five Satins
• The Five Discs
• The Five Keys
• The Five Sharps
• The Fontane Sisters
• The Four Aces
• The Four Buddies
• The Four Freshmen
• The Four Knights
• The Four Lads
• The Four Lovers
• The Four Preps
• The Four Seasons
• The Four Tunes
• The Gaylords
• The G-Clefs
• The Golden Gate Quartet
• The Harptones
• The Hearts
• The Heathertones
• The Hilltoppers
• The Hollywood Flames
• Johnny & The Hurricanes
• The Impalas
• Little Anthony and the Imperials
• The Ink Spots
• The Isley Brothers
• The Jewels
• The Jesters
• The Jive Bombers
• The Jive Five
• Marvin & Johnny
• Robert & Johnny
• Don & Juan
• The Jubalaires
• The Jordanaires
• The Kingston Trio
• The Knockouts
• The Larks
• The Lettermen
• Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers
• The McGuire Sisters
• The Medallions
• The Mello-Kings
• The Mello-Moods
• The Mills Brothers
• The Midnighters
• The Monotones
• The Moonglows
• The Mystics
• The Nutmegs
• The Oak Ridge Boys
• The Orioles
• The Paragons
• The Penguins
• The Pied Pipers
• The Platters
• The Pony-Tails
• The Quarrymen
• The Quotations
• Randy & The Rainbows
• The Ravens
• The Rays
• The Regents
• The Righteous Brothers
• Norman Fox & The Rob-Roys
• The Robins
• The Rock-A-Teens
• The Sensations
• The Shadows
• The Shepherd Sisters
• The Silhouettes
• The Solitaires
• Sons of The Pioneers
• The Spaniels
• The Sparkletones
• The Spiders
• The Spinners
• Joey Dee & The Starliters
• The Stereos
• The Swallows
• Mickey & Sylvia
• Tátrai Quartet
• The Teenagers
• The Teen Queens
• The Tokens
• The Tornados
• The Turbans
• The Tymes
• The Valentines
• The Ventures
• The Virtues
• The Volumes
• Billy Ward & The Dominoes
• The Wrens
• Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
• Windsbacher Knabenchor

Sports figures

• 
  Jackie Robinson
• 
  Willie Mays
• 
  Mickey Mantle
• 
  Sugar Ray Robinson

• Hank Aaron (baseball player)
• Ernie Banks (baseball player)
• Roger Bannister (English track and field athlete)
• Carmen Basilio (boxing|boxer)
• Yogi Berra (baseball player)
• József Bozsik
• Jim Brown (American football player)
• László Budai
• Jenő Buzánszky
• Roy Campanella (baseball player)
• Ezzard Charles (boxer)
• Maureen Connolly (tennis player)
• Bob Cousy (basketball player)
• Zoltán Czibor
• Joe DiMaggio (baseball player)
• Harrison Dillard (American track and field athlete)
• Larry Doby (baseball player)
• motor racing
  driver)
• motor racing
  driver)
• Whitey Ford (baseball player)
• Gyula Grosics
• Nándor Hidegkuti
• Ben Hogan (golf)
• Gordie Howe (Canadian ice hockey player)
• Rafer Johnson (American track and field athlete)
• Ingemar Johansson (boxer)
• Al Kaline (baseball player)
• Sándor Kocsis
• John Landy (Australian track and field athlete)
• Mihály Lantos
• Gyula Lóránt
• Mickey Mantle (baseball player)
• Rocky Marciano (boxer)
• Billy Martin (baseball player)
• Eddie Mathews (baseball player)
• Stanley Matthews (association footballer)
• Willie Mays (baseball player)
• George Mikan (basketball player)
• motor racing
  driver)
• Archie Moore (boxer)
• Stan Musial (baseball player)
• Bobo Olson (boxer)
• Floyd Patterson (boxer)
• Pelé (association footballer)
• Bob Pettit
• Ferenc Puskás (association footballer)
• Maurice Richard (Canadian ice hockey player)
• Jackie Robinson (baseball player)
• Frank Robinson (baseball player)
• Sugar Ray Robinson (boxer)
• Wilma Rudolph
• Bill Russell (basketball
  player)
• Sam Snead (golf)
• Duke Snider (baseball player)
• Warren Spahn (baseball player)
• Casey Stengel (baseball manager, former player)
• Chuck Taylor
• Johnny Unitas (American football player)
• Mal Whitfield (American track and field athlete)
• Ted Williams (baseball player)
• Billy Wright (association footballer)
• Lev Yashin (association footballer)
• József Zakariás
• Emil Zátopek

See also

• 1950s in television
• 1950s in literature
• Post-World War II boom
• 1950s American automobile culture
• Silent Generation
  (the majority of children who had grown up during the Great Depression had matured in this decade).

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

1950 • 1951 • 1952 • 1953 • 1954 • 1955 • 1956 • 1957 • 1958 • 1959

References

1. ^ "The Pentagon Papers, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Section 3, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960"". Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
2. ^ "Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)". World Statesmen. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
3. ^ "Montgomery Bus Boycott". Civil Rights Movement Archive.
4. ISBN 978-0-212-97022-3
   .
5. ^ "Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1950–1959". Inflation Data. InflationData.com. Retrieved 23 April 2014.^{[permanent dead link]}
6. ^ "1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum.
7. ISBN 9780801886393
   .
8. ^ Chan, Yi-Jen (1992). Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications. University of Michigan. p. 1. The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.
9. ISBN 9781905839780
   .
10. ^ "13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History". Computer History Museum. April 2, 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
11. ISBN 978-1118038239
    .
12. ^ R. S. Denisoff, W. L. Schurk, Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited (Transaction Publishers, 3rd edn., 1986), p. 13.
13. ^ M. Campbell, ed., Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on (Cengage Learning, 3rd edn., 2008), pp. 168–9.
14. ^ Kallen, Stuart (1999). A Cultural History of the United States. San Diego: Lucent.
15. ^ American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.
16. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Pauline. "1950s Fashion History 50s Glamour, Dior New Look". www.fashion-era.com. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Stevenson, N. J. (2012). Fashion: A Visual History from Regency & Romance to Retro & Revolution: A Complete Illustrated Chronology of Fashion from the 1800s to the Present Day. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin.
18. ^ "Cristobal Balenciaga : Fashion, History". theredlist.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
19. ^ "Cristóbal Balenciaga". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
20. ^ "Coco Chanel Biography". Biography.com. August 12, 2016.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Krick, Jessa. "Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel (1883–1971) and the House of Chanel | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2016-10-31.

Further reading

• Bessel, Richard
  and Dirk Schumann, eds. Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s (2003), essays by scholars on recovery from the war
• Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005)
• London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957), comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions

Great Britain

• Montgomery, John. The Fifties (1960), On Britain.
• Sandbrook, Dominic. Never had it so good: a history of Britain from Suez to the Beatles Hachette UK, (2015).
  • Bering, Henrik. "Taking the great out of Britain." Policy Review, no. 133, (2005), p. 88+. online review
• Wybrow, Robert J. "Britain Speaks Out, 1937-87" (1989), Summaries of public opinion polls in Britain

United States

• Dunar, Andrew J. America in the fifties (2006)
• Halberstam, David. The Fifties (1993) excerpt and text search
• Levine, Alan J. The Myth of the 1950s (2008) excerpt and text search
• Marling, Karal Ann. As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Harvard University Press, 1996) 328 pp.
• Miller, Douglas T. and Marion Nowak. The fifties: the way we really were (1977)
• Stoner, John C., and Alice L. George. Social History of the United States: The 1950s (2008)
• Wills, Charles. America in the 1950s (Decades of American History) (2005)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1950s.

• Heroes of the 1950s – slideshow by
  Life magazine
• "The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947–57, exhibition about 1950s fashion". Victoria and Albert Museum.
• Footage from the 1950s
• 1950s Video Timeline