Rudolf Macúch
Rudolf Macúch | |
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New Syriac language and literature |
Rudolf Macúch (16 October 1919, in Bzince pod Javorinou – 23 July 1993, in Berlin) was a Slovak linguist, naturalized as German after 1974.
He was noted in the field of
Biography
Rudolf Macúch was born on 16 October 1919, in a little village called Dolné Bzince (today
During his study of Theology in Bratislava Rudolf Macuch also acted as cultural referent of the Theologian Society in the year 1940/41 and was responsible for the redaction of the journal
In the meantime Rudolf Macuch's former teacher, Ján Bakoš, had left the Theological Faculty and became the first Ordinarius for Semitic Studies at the Philosophical Faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava. This enabled Macuch to register as Bakoš's PhD student at the Philosophical Faculty, where he submitted his thesis on Slovanské mená a výrazy u arabských geografov (“Slavic Names and Expressions in Arabic Geographies”). He had already started to prepare this work in Paris, collecting the material directly from mostly unedited Arabic manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Nationale during the second year of his studies. He finished his doctorate on 30 June 1948, with the grade summa cum laude.
After receiving the position of assistant at the Institute of Semitic Studies in Bratislava in 1948-49, Macuch married his fiancé on 31 March 1949. They decided to travel to Iran, where he could study Persian and Arabic manuscripts and come into contact with living Aramaic languages and dialects, in order to prepare his habilitation. Before departing he wrote his first monograph to be published, Islám a Krest’anstvo (“Islam and Christianity”), in order to finance the journey to Iran. Shortly after their arrival in Tehran their only child, a daughter named Maria Macuch, was born on 1 January 1950.[1]
Although it had been planned otherwise, Macuch was not able to return to Bratislava because of political reasons. He refused to follow an order of the Czechoslovakian embassy to return immediately because of the reign of terror established by the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia under
In 1955 Macuch published a review of
After spending several months in the United States and Canada in a futile search for a position at one of the Universities, Rudolf Macuch returned with his family to Iran, where his fortune finally turned. He started a lively correspondence on scholarly subjects with Franz Altheim, Professor of Ancient History of the Orient at the Freie Universität Berlin. Altheim had never met Macuch personally, but was nevertheless deeply impressed by his vast knowledge in the field of Semitic Studies and personally committed himself to bringing him to Berlin. After long years of waiting and desperation Rudolf Macuch finally received the call he had been longing for to the chair of Semitic and Arabic Studies at the Freie Universität Berlin in June 1963 at the age of 43.
The call to Berlin opened all the possibilities he had wished for over the years. He could finally dedicate himself entirely to his vocation without having to worry about financial problems, which had threatened him all his life, and could make use of all the privileges given to him as a full professor (Ordinarius). In Berlin he immediately began realizing different projects, working on the two other specialities he has since become famous for: Samaritan and New Syriac Studies. He undertook several long voyages to Nablus, where he came into contact with the Samaritans and collected Samaritan manuscripts, establishing the worldwide most extensive specialist library, including rare and valuable manuscripts, which has since been the goal of scholars of Samaritan from various parts of the world. He himself dedicated his work of the following five years to writing his Grammatik des samaritanischen Hebräisch (“Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew”), published in 1969. His next project in this field of study was the Grammatik des samaritanischen Aramäisch (“Grammar of Samaritan Aramaic”), published in 1982. These two grammars have become standard reference works for every student and scholar in the field.
During this time Macuch also established his third main field of research, New Syriac, which is represented by two monographs: the Neusyrische Chrestomathie (“New Syriac Chrestomathy”, 1974 together with Estiphan Panoussi), and his monumental Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur (“History of Late and New Syriac Literature”), published in 1976. This latter work was the result of decades of meticulously collecting literary works and journals written in Syriac, which were mostly unknown even to specialists of this field before this book was published. Although research in these two fields absorbed many years of his life, he never ceased to continue work in his first speciality, Mandaic Studies. Besides numerous articles, he published a monograph Zur Sprache und Literatur der Mandäer (“On the Language and Literature of the Mandeans”) in 1976, dedicated to Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, and the Neumandäische Chrestomathie mit grammatischer Skizze, kommentierter Übersetzung und Glossar (“New Mandaic Chrestomathy with Grammatical Outline, Commented Translation and Glossary”) in 1989. Towards the end of his life he worked with the Mandean Sheikh Čoheylī on New Mandaic texts, the results of which appeared in his monograph Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwāz (“New Mandaic Texts in the Dialect of Ahwāz”) two months after his death on 23 July 1993, at the age of 73.
Rudolf Macuch's work was by no means restricted to these three areas. He has dedicated numerous articles to many relevant fields of research in Arabic and Semitic Studies, being interested as a philologist not only in the languages of the said minorities, but also especially in the culture and identities of the people he was working with. He kept in touch with friends, informants and colleagues over many decades, corresponding with them in letters filling several thick volumes in different languages and scripts, English, French, German, Slovak, Czech, Russian, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, Mandaic and Syriac.
Scholarly work
Rudolf Macuch's scholarly work encompasses contributions to a large range of disciplines: (1) Theology and History of Religions; (2) Arabic and Iranian Studies; (3) Semitic Studies, with his most important research in three specialities, (a) Mandaic, (b) Samaritan and (c) New Syriac. Since he employed an interdisciplinary approach in his work, these various fields are so intertwined that it is hardly possible to describe his contributions to them separately without risking repetitions – an attempt which is nevertheless undertaken in the following overview for the sake of clarity.[6]
Theology and religious history
Due to his first field of study Rudolf Macuch's first publications were dedicated to religious and theological topics, many of which appeared in the Slovak journal Evanjelickí Teológ. Among these contributions three articles documenting his early interest in
Arabic studies and subjects relevant to Iranian studies
Macuch's dissertation Slovanské mená a výrazy u arabských geografov (“Slavic Names and Expressions in Arabic Geographies”) is an attempt to read and explain a large range of enigmatic Slavic names and terms in Arabic geographies, the material for which he had collected from manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (see Vita above). The topic is of utmost interest for Slavic studies, since the oldest of these Arabic geographies were written before the emergence of Slavic literatures. Expressions transmitted in them could therefore contribute to our knowledge of the oldest and even pre-literary levels of the Slavic languages, but the Arabic authors hardly ever noted the terms correctly, leading to numerous problems of reading and interpretation. Although his mentor Bakoš and other teachers pressed him to publish this work immediately, he himself was not satisfied with the results and wanted to include different readings from manuscripts which he had not yet consulted. He never published his thesis due to circumstances beyond his command. His focus of interest shifted to other areas, but he returned occasionally to topics in the field of Arabic studies in several important articles, among these „Zur Vorgeschichte der Bekenntnisformel lā ilāha illā llāhu“[14] (“On the Prehistory of the Creedal Statement lā ilāha illā llāhu“); “On the Problems of the Arabic Translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch”;[15] and a lecture on the “Discrepancy between the Grammarians” (“Iḫtilāf an-naḥwiyyūn”)[16] held in Arabic at the University of al-Miniā, Egypt, in 1981. He was actively involved in establishing an international, interdisciplinary research group on Graeco-Arabic topics, thus combining his first interest, Classics, with his later vocation. He wrote reports on the conferences of the Research Group in order to introduce their achievements to the scholarly community,[17] became the honorary President of the Graeco-Arabic Society in Delphi and helped establish a journal dedicated to this field, Graeco-Arabica. His own contributions include articles on “Greek Technical Terms in Arabic Sciences”;[18] “Greek and Oriental Sources of Avicenna’s and Sohrawardi’s Theosophies“;[19] “Pseudo-Callisthenes Orientalis and the Problem of Ḏū l-qarnain”.[20]
He also published several articles, most of them in Persian, on subjects relevant to Iranian Studies. His first contribution shortly after his arrival in Iran, “Nufūḏ-e Zardošt dar dīn-e Yahūd wa-Masīḥ“
Semitic studies
Mandaic and Mandaeans
Macuch made major contributions to this field, one of his three main specialities, to which he dedicated many years of his life. Seeking to study the East Aramaic language of the
Mandaeans also resided in Southern
He also published vast textual material, including both ancient sources and texts in the modern vernacular, demonstrating that already in early times there was a gnostic literary language attributed to the priests, the Naṣuraiia (Nasoraeans) meaning observers, besides the spoken language of the laity, the Mandaiia (Mandaeans). A form closer to the vernacular than the language of the sacred books is preserved in ancient magic texts and formulae from a different sphere of religious beliefs. He dedicated a long article in two parts (1967 and 1968) to the decipherment and editing of lead rolls inscribed with Mandaic charms, „Altmandäische Bleirollen“[29] (“Old Mandaic Lead Rolls”). The first part discusses the largest lead roll, incised in the smallest scribal hand known so far, containing a row of various charms with noteworthy spelling variants that do not correspond with the standard classic Mandaic orthography. That he was able to read most of it and tried to get some sense out of it can be considered a major achievement, since only two very easily legible Mandaic lead rolls had been published so far. The edition of several shorter lead scrolls followed in the second part.
His work on New Mandaic texts include several contributions over the years, beginning with an article in the
His numerous articles in this field are dedicated to several controversially discussed problems, especially regarding the origins of the Mandeans and their religion, in „Alter und Heimat des Mandäismus nach neuerschlossenen Quellen“ (“The Cuneiform Incantation Text from Uruk and Mandaic Phraseology”).
Samaritan studies
After his call to the chair of Semitic and Arabic Studies in Berlin in 1963 Macuch dedicated many years to studying the
Specific linguistic problems of this field were also analysed in several articles on „Der liquide Apikal und die apikale Liquide des samaritanischen Hebräisch"[44] (“The Liquid Apical and the Apical Liquids of Samaritan Hebrew“); „Zur Grammatik des samaritanischen Hebräisch“[45] (“On the Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew“); „Einige Probleme der Grammatik des samaritanischen Aramäisch“[46] (“Several Problems of the Grammar of Samaritan Aramaic“);“A New Interpretation of the Samaritan Inscription from Tell Qasile”;[47] “Les bases philologiques de l’ herméneutique et les bases herméneutiques de la philologie chez les Samaritains“;[48] “Pseudo-Ethiopisms in Samaritan Hebrew and Aramaic”[49]. He gives a broad introduction in “Samaritan Languages: Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan Aramaic”,[50] and an overview of the state of the art in „Der gegenwärtige Stand der Samaritanerforschung und ihre Aufgaben“.[51]
New Syriac language and literature
Macuch's third major speciality is dedicated to the study of the language and literature of the Nestorian Christians residing in Iran and Iraq, who call themselves “Assyrians”. His monograph Neusyrische Chrestomathie[52] (“New Syriac Chrestomathy”), conceived together with Estiphan Panoussi, is the first collection of excerpts and examples from a large range of different literary texts written in New Syriac from various periods, beginning in 1848 up to the 1970s. Most of the texts are written in the dialect of Urmia, others in the dialects of Iraq, Alqoš and Sanandaǧ. Besides a short grammatical sketch, the book contains a detailed glossary, in which all the idioms are taken into consideration. His next major achievement in this field, the monumental Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur[53] (“History of Late and New Syriac Literature”), is the first work on Syriac literature after the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. He had already begun to collect the material for this difficult undertaking years ago in Iran, bringing together the texts from a large range of different literary sources, books, articles and numerous journals, among these several rare publications, difficult to find at that period and by now completely inaccessible. Besides this material he used three histories of Syriac literature written in Arabic and Syriac. Due to the vast material presented in the book, including an overview of the historical setting of every discussed period, extensive summaries of the literary works and numerous details on the authors, this work has been greeted as one of the most important scholarly achievements of the past decades in this field. The book fulfils two important desiderata: (1) it offers an introduction to the hardly known Late Syriac literature since the Mongolian invasion in the 13th century, and (2) it presents a unique overview of the huge range of literary works produced in New Syriac, many of which were still completely unknown even to specialists of this field before its publication.
Two other contributions give summaries of the history and literary history of the Assyrians, “Assyrians in Iran I.: The Assyrian community (Āšūrīān) in Iran. II: Literature of the Assyrians in Iran”,[54] and “Tūr ʿAbdīn through the Ages”.[55]
Other Aramaic studies
As a scholar with an exceptionally broad range of knowledge in Semitic languages, Macuch also published articles on other topics besides these three major fields, especially in the area of comparative Aramaic studies: „Gesprochenes Aramäisch und aramäische Schriftsprachen“[56] (“Spoken Aramaic and Aramaic Written Languages”), “A ‘Revised Reading’ of an Aramaic Papyrus”;[57] „Hermeneutische Akrobatik aufgrund phonetischen Lautwandels in aramäischen Dialekten“[58] (“Hermeneutic Acrobatics due to Phonetic Change in Aramaic Dialects”); “Recent Studies in Palestinian Aramaic”[59]; “Recent studies in Neo-Aramaic dialects”;[60] “Some Orthographico-phonetic Problems of Ancient Aramaic and the Living Aramaic Pronunciations”;[61] “Some lexicographical problems of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic”.[62]
Significance of Macuch's work today
Macuch's major publications, his Mandaic Handbook and Mandaic Dictionary, his two Grammars in the field of Samaritan Studies and his History of Late and New Syriac literature are standard works of Semitic Studies, still indispensable tools for all working in these disciplines today. Despite new findings and scholarly progress in many details over the decades, these works based on a meticulous analysis of original sources and field research have not yet been replaced by similarly extensive studies. This may be due to the fact that every new attempt to analyse this vast material would be judged in the scholarly community by the high standards set by Macuch's work. The textual sources presented in his other monographs are major contributions, since they preserve rare material, which would otherwise have sunk into oblivion. His field research in these areas has contributed to the preservation of age-old cultural traditions, many of which would have been lost irretrievably in the course of the political turmoil of the past decades in Iran and the Near East.
Major publications
For a full list of his publications see Ján Juráš and Daniela Kodajová (ed.), Sláva šl’achetným III. (“Glory to the Noble”) Liptovský Mikuláš: Spolok Martina Rázusa 2014, pp. 83-88. The bibliography in his Festschrift includes his work up to 1989 (see Maria Macuch, Christa Müller-Kessler, Bert G. Fragner [eds.], Studia Semitica necnon Iranica Rudolpho Macuch septuagenario ab amicis et discipulis dedicata, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1989, pp. XXV-XXXII).
Monographs
- Islám a kresťanstvo. Historické a kultúrno-naboženské štúdie o isláme (“Islam and Christianity. Religious and Cultural Studies on Islam“). Nábožensko-náučna knižnica („Library of Religious Sciences“). Liptovský Mikuláš: Tranoscius 1950.
- A Mandaic Dictionary (with E. S. Drower). Oxford: Clarendon Press 1963.
- Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1965.
- Grammatik des Samaritanischen Hebräisch (“Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew”), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1969. (Studia Samaritana, Bd. 1).
- Neusyrische Chrestomathie (with E. Panoussi) (“New Syriac Chrestomathy”) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1974 (Porta Linguarum Orientalium, N.S. XID).
- Zur Sprache und Literatur der Mandäer. With Kurt Rudolph and Eric Segelberg (“On the Language and Literature of the Mandeans”), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1976 (Studia Mandaica I).
- Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur (“History of Late and New Syriac Literature”). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1976.
- Grammatik des Samaritanischen Aramäisch (“Grammar of Samaritan Aramaic”). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1982. (Studia Samaritana IV).
- Neumandäische Chrestomathie mit grammatischer Skizze, kommentierter Übersetzung und Glossar. Unter Mitwirkung von Klaus Boekels (“New Mandaic Chrestomathy with Grammatical Sketch, Annotated Translation and Glossary”). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz 1989 (Porta linguarum orientalium. Neue Serie, Bd. XVITI).
- Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwāz. With Guido Dankwarth. (“New Mandaic Texts in the Dialect of Ahwāz”) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1993 (Semitica Viva, Band 12).
References
- ^ For a far more personal account see Maria Macuch, “’And Life is Victorious’ Mandaean and Samaritan Literature – In Memory of Rudolf Macuch (1919-1993)”, (in: Rainer Voigt [ed.], “Und das Leben ist siegreich!” “And Life is Victorious” – Mandäische und samaritanische Literatur/Mandean and Samaritan Literatures. Im Gedenken an Rudolf Macuch/In Memory of Rudolf Macuch (1919-1993). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 9-16) and M. Macuch, “’Behalte den Flug in Erinnerung…’ – Leben und Werk von Rudolf Macuch”, (in: Sláva šl’achetným III. Liptovský Mikuláš: Spolok Martina Rázusa 2014, pp. 61-72).
- ^ Nur-e ǧahān II, 3, Teheran 1950.
- ^ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 105 (1955), pp. 357-363.
- Jorunn J. Buckley, Lady E.S. Drower’s Scholarly Correspondence. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 2012.
- ^ See also the volume of a conference held in honour of prominent Slovaks, Ján Juráš and Daniela Kodajová (ed.), Sláva šl’achetným III. (“Glory to the Noble”) Liptovský Mikuláš: Spolok Martina Rázusa 2014.
- ^ For an appreciation of his scholarly work see also in his Festschrift Heinz Pohl and Sylvia Powels, „Rudolf Macuch zu Ehren“ (in: Maria Macuch, Christa Müller-Kessler, Bert G. Fragner [eds.], Studia Semitica necnon Iranica Rudolpho Macuch septuagenario ab amicis et discipulis dedicata, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1989, pp. 9-23).
- ^ Evanjelickí Teológ III (1940/41) fasc. 4, pp. 45–48.
- ^ Evanjelickí Teológ III (1940/41) fasc. 7, pp. 81–84; fasc. 10, pp. 113–119.
- ^ Evanjelickí Teológ V (1942/43) fasc. 1, pp. 12–18.
- ^ Liptovský Mikuláš: Tranoscius 1950.
- ^ F. Altheim und R. Stiehl: Christentum am Roten Meer. Vol. II. Berlin 1973, pp. 254–273.
- ^ Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Société d’Ètudes Samaritaines, Tel Aviv 1991, pp. 13-31.
- ^ Graeco-Arabica V (1993) pp. 13–18.
- ^ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 128 (1978) pp. 20–38.
- ^ Israel Oriental Studies 9 (1979 [printed 1983]), pp. 147–173.
- ^ University al-Miniā 1981 (Scriptum. With preface by Muḥammad ʿAwīs, Director of the Department of Arabic Studies, Mūǧaz ʿan at-taʾrīḫ al-ʿilmī li-l-ustāḏ al-almānī az-zāʾir Brūfosīr Duktūr Rudolf Macuch ..., pp. ʾ–g).
- ^ “First International Congress on Arabo-Islamic and Byzantine Studies in Thessaloniki”. In: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 130 (1980), p. *27*; “First International Congress on Greek and Arabic Studies in Athens“ (1.9.–24.6.1983). In: ZDMG 134 (1984), pp. *70–1*; “Second International Congress on Greek and Arabic Studies in Delphi” (1.6.–6.7.1985). In: ZDMG 136 (1986), pp. *36–7*.
- ^ Graeco-Arabica 1 (1982), pp. 11–34.
- ^ Graeco-Arabica 2 (1983), pp. 10–22.
- ^ Graeco-Arabica 4 (1991), pp. 223-264.
- ^ Nūr-e ǧahān, II, 3, Teheran 1950.
- ^ Revue de la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université Téhéran X, 2, Teheran 1962; “Qesmat-e dowwom” („Second part“) and “Qesmat-e sewwom“ (“Third part”), ibid. X, 3, Teheran 1963.
- ^ Mašhad: Maǧalle-ye adabiyyāt wa-ʿulūm-e ensānī-ye dānešgāh-e Ferdowsī XI, Teheran 1354/1975, pp. 187–202.
- ^ Miscellanea in Honorem Ibrahim Purdavud. Farhang-e Irān zamīn: Yādegār Nāme-ye Pūrdāvud 21, 1354 Teheran 1354/1976, pp. 80–88.
- doi:10.7282/t3qf8r7c.
- ^ Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1965.
- ^ Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1976.
- ^ Oxford: Clarendon Press 1963.
- ^ First part in: Franz Altheim and Ruth Stiehl, Die Araber in der alten Welt, vol. IV, Berlin 1967, pp. 91–203; pp. 626–631; Second part in: Altheim/Stiehl, Die Araber in der alten Welt, vol. V. Berlin 1968, pp. 34–72; pp. 455–468.
- ^ Stanislav Segert (ed.): Studia Semitica philologica necnon philosophica Ioanni Bakoš dicata. Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied 1965, pp. 153–172.
- ^ Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1989.
- ^ Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1993.
- ^ Theologische Literaturzeitung 82 (1957), col. 401–408.
- ^ Franz Altheim and Ruth Stiehl: Die Araber in der alten Welt. vol. II. Berlin 1965, pp. 76–190 and 589 f.
- ^ Theologische Literaturzeitung 90 (1965), col. 650–660.
- ^ Journal of Semitic Studies 16 (1971), pp. 174–192.
- ^ F. Altheim and R. Stiehl: Christentum am Roten Meer. Vol. II. Berlin 1973, pp. 254–273.
- ^ Franz Rosenthal (ed.): An Aramaic Handbook (Porta Linguarum Orientalium X). Wiesbaden 1967, Part 11/1, pp. 46–61 [Texts]; Part 11/2, pp. 67–81 [Glossary].
- ^ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 63 (1968), Sp. 5–14.
- ^ Semitica, Serta philologica Constantiono Tsereteli dicata. Curaverunt R. Contini, F.A. Pennacchietti, M. Tosco. Torino 1993, pp. 165–173.
- ^ Festschrift Ewald Wagner zum 65. Geburtstag. Band 1 Semitische Studien, Beirut 1994, pp. 186-198.
- ^ Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1969.
- ^ Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1982.
- ^ R. Stiehl and H. Stier (ed.): Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben. Festschrift für Franz Altheim. Berlin 1970, pp. 169–175.
- ^ Archiv Orientální 41 (1973), pp. 193–211.
- ^ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Supplement IV. (XX. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 3. bis 8. Oktober 1977 in Erlangen). Wiesbaden 1980, pp 293–296.
- ^ Israel Exploration Journal 35 (1985), pp. 183–185.
- ^ In: Études samaritaines Pentateuque et Targum, exégèse et philologie, chroniques. Actes de la table ronde: «Les manuscrits samaritains. Problèmes et méthodes» (Paris, Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes, 7–9 octobre 1985). J.-P. Rothschild et G. D. Sixdenier (ed.). Louvain-Paris 1988, pp. 149–158.
- ^ Semitic Studies in honor of Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday November 14th, 1991. Vol. II. Ed. by Alan S. Kaye, Wiesbaden 1991, pp. 966–976.
- ^ A. D. Crown (ed.): The Samaritans. Tübingen 1989, pp. 531–584.
- ^ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 138 (1988), pp. *17–25*.
- ^ Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1974.
- ^ Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1976 (recently reprinted by Georgias Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2014).
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica. Bd. II, 1987, pp. 817–824.
- ^ Abr-Nahrain, vol. XXIX (1991) Louvain, pp. 87–105.
- ^ F. Altheim and R. Stiehl: Christentum am Roten Meer. Bd. I. Berlin 1971, pp. 537–557.
- ^ Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 (1973), pp. 58–60.
- ^ Orientalia Suecana 33–35 (1984/6), pp. 269–283.
- ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50 (1987), pp. 437–448.
- ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies LIII, part 2, 1990, pp. 214–223.
- ^ MAARAV 5–6 (1990), pp. 221–237.
- ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies LV (1992), pp. 205–230.