Rukn al-Dawla
Rukn al-Dawla | |
---|---|
Reign | 935 – September 976 |
Successor | Fakhr al-Dawla (in Ray) Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (in Hamadan) |
Born | 898 Daylam |
Died | September 976 Ray |
Issue | Fakhr al-Dawla 'Adud al-Dawla Mu'ayyad al-Dawla |
Father | Buya |
Religion | Shia Islam |
Hasan (died September 976), better known by his
Struggle for power
Hasan was the son of Buya, a
In around 928, Hasan's brother 'Ali joined the services of Makan, who was the
In the following years, 'Ali repudiated his subservience to Mardavij and, after some time, managed to create an empire in
Although he did not receive much support from 'Ali, Hasan continued to be involved in central Iran. In 940 he recaptured Isfahan, then defeated Vushmgir in battle and occupied Ray, which had been taken by the Samanids, in 943. Meanwhile, in 945 Hasan's brother Ahmad had managed to capture
That same year, 945, saw Rukn al-Dawla expelled from all of central Iran by
In 948 or 949, the
Senior ruler of the Buyid state
In around 948 'Imad al-Dawla named Rukn al-Dawla's eldest son,
With his substantial territories in central Iran, as well as pledges to respect his authority by both Mu'izz al-Dawla and 'Adud al-Dawla, Rukn al-Dawla was now the most powerful ruler in the Buyid empire. The center of power therefore shifted from Shiraz to Ray. As a consequence of this, Rukn al-Dawla was able to request troops from the other Buyid rulers. His own position was not secure; during his time in Shiraz the governor of Samanid Khurasan seized Jibal for a time.
First invasion of Azerbaijan and aftermath
In 949, Rukn al-Dawla sent Abu Mansur to Azerbaijan with orders to take control of the province. Marzuban's brother and the Sallarid ruler of
However, an unnamed secretary of Abu Mansur, who had greatly helped him during his conquest of Azerbaijan, felt insulted that he had chosen Ibn Mahmud as his minister instead of him, and shortly raised an army, and joined Daisam. Meanwhile, Abu Mansur, who was not used to the environment of Azerbaijan, left the region with Ibn Mahmud, and returned to Ray,[9] thus ending the short-lived Buyid rule over Azerbaijan. In 952 or 953 al-Marzuban escaped, and after some fighting retook control of Azerbaijan. By 955, Rukn al-Dawla made peace with him, and married his daughter.
The fight between the Buyids and the Ziyarids, along with their Samanid overlords over Gurgan and Tabaristan also continued until 955, with control of the provinces switching hands several times. Rukn al-Dawla was forced to sign a treaty with the Samanids, in which he promised to respect the independence of the Ziyarids in exchange for peace. The peace did not last long, however; in 958 Vushmgir occupied Ray for a short time, while in 960 Rukn al-Dawla briefly gained control of Gurgan. In 962, the Buyids managed to take both Gurgan and Tabaristan for a short time.
Clash with the ghazis, the second invasion of Azerbaijan and aftermath
In 966, a large group of
During the same period, Rukn al-Dawla's fighting with his rivals began to work in his favor, and he was able to sign a less humiliating treaty with the Samanids in 971 or 972, though he continued to pay tribute.
Rebellion, family issues and death
In 974 Rukn al-Dawla sent 'Adud al-Dawla to suppress a large revolt against
'Adud al-Dawla began to grow concerned that his father would deny him the succession as senior amir. Although he had never been explicitly designated as successor, it was assumed that, as the eldest son, the position would be his upon Rukn al-Dawla's death. The fiasco in Iraq, however, cooled the relationship between the two. At this point, Abu'l-Fath attempted to reconcile them by arranging a meeting in Isfahan in January of 976.
The meeting proved to be a success, at least for 'Adud al-Dawla. Rukn al-Dawla may have been pressured to give in to his son's demands; in any case he agreed to name 'Adud al-Dawla as his successor to the senior amirate. All he asked for in exchange was that Ray would go to his second son, Fakhr al-Dawla, while Hamadan would go to a third son, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla. Both sons would recognize 'Adud al-Dawla as senior amir. The issue of Iraq was not discussed.
Death and legacy
Only a few months later, Rukn al-Dawla died. He was succeeded by his two younger sons in Ray and Hamadan, while 'Adud al-Dawla claimed the senior emirate. 'Izz al-Dawla, however, refused to recognize this, paving the way for conflict between the two sides.[14]
Rukn al-Dawla's campaigns in central Iran were done almost entirely without the support of 'Imad al-Dawla. As a result of this, Rukn al-Dawla was in nearly all aspects independent of his brother. His coins bear only his name after that of the caliph's, and he was considered by contemporary sources to be an independent ruler. For the remainder of the Buyid presence in central Iran, the emirs there were either independent of the rest of the empire, or were the senior emirs that ruled the empire.
The failure of 'Imad al-Dawla to extend his authority over the Buyids of central Iran was later to present problems for the Buyid state, as the descendants of both brothers each considered themselves to be the best candidate for the senior emirate. This led to multiple independent rulers, destroying the unity of the Buyid state and allowing for internal dissent.
In terms of a capital, Isfahan at first served Rukn al-Dawla as his city of choice, and continued to be a favorite even after Ray was captured and the court was moved there. His successors would continue to use Ray as the capital. Like the other Buyids, Rukn al-Dawla was a
References
- ^ Felix & Madelung 1995, pp. 342–347.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 274.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 244.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 257.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 214.
- ^ Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921, p. 121.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 234.
- ^ Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921, p. 157.
- ^ Bosworth 2002.
- ^ a b Zetterstéen 1987, p. 360.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 236.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 269.
- ^ Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269.
Sources
- Amedroz, Henry F.; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921). The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muzi and Ta'i. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2002). "Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). "ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW". In ISBN 978-0-71009-115-4.
- Felix, Wolfgang; Madelung, Wilferd (1995). "DEYLAMITES". In ISBN 978-1-56859-022-6.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- ISBN 978-0-71009-129-1.
- ISBN 90-04-09789-9.