Sack of Magdeburg
Sack of Magdeburg | |||||||
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Part of the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years' War | |||||||
Sack of Magdeburg, 1632 engraving by D. Manasser, putting the blame on the citizens' disobedience | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Holy Roman Empire Catholic League | Magdeburg | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Count of Tilly Graf zu Pappenheim |
Dietrich von Falkenberg † Christian William (POW) | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
24,000 during the siege 40,000 during the sack | 2,400 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 25,000 defenders and inhabitants | ||||||
The sack of Magdeburg, also called Magdeburg's Wedding (German: Magdeburger Hochzeit) or Magdeburg's Sacrifice (Magdeburgs Opfergang), was the destruction of the Protestant city of Magdeburg on 20 May 1631 by the Imperial Army and the forces of the Catholic League, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000, including both defenders and non-combatants. The event is considered the worst massacre of the Thirty Years' War. Magdeburg, then one of the largest cities in Germany, having well over 25,000 inhabitants in 1630, did not recover its importance until well into the 18th century.
Background
Archbishopric of Magdeburg
The archbishopric of Magdeburg was established as an
Protestant Reformation
The citizens of Magdeburg had turned Protestant in 1524[3] and joined the Schmalkaldic League against the religious policies of the Catholic emperor Charles V in 1531.[4] During the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47, the Lower Saxon city became a refuge for Protestant scholars, which earned it the epithet Herrgotts Kanzlei (German for 'Lord's Chancellery'),[5] but also an Imperial ban that lasted until 1562.[6] The citizens refused to acknowledge Emperor Charles's Augsburg Interim and were besieged by Imperial troops under Maurice, Elector of Saxony in 1550/51.[7]
Protestant archbishops and Administrators
The Roman Catholic archdiocese had de facto turned void since 1557, when the last papally confirmed prince-archbishop, the Lutheran Sigismund of Brandenburg, came of age and ascended to the see.[2][8]
Openly Lutheran Christian William of Brandenburg, elected to be archbishop in 1598, was denied recognition by the imperial authorities.[9] Since about 1600, he styled himself Administrator of Magdeburg, as did other Protestant German notables assigned to govern principalities that were de jure property of the Catholic church.[citation needed]
Alliance with the Danish king
During the
As a result of these developments, in January 1628, the Magdeburg cathedral chapter deposed Christian William and elected Augustus of Wettin, 13-year-old son of John George I, Elector of Saxony, as Administrator. Augustus did not assume office immediately due to his father's unwillingness to provoke the emperor.[11]
Edict of Restitution
In March 1629, Emperor
Alliance with the Swedish king
The city's councillors had been emboldened by King
In November 1630, King Gustavus sent ex-Administrator Christian William back to Magdeburg, along with Dietrich von Falkenberg to direct the city's military affairs. Backed by the Lutheran clergy, Falkenberg had the suburbs fortified and additional troops recruited.[10]: 167
Magdeburg besieged
When the Magdeburg citizens refused to pay a tribute demanded by the emperor, Imperial forces under the command of a Flemish mercenary, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly laid siege to the city within a matter of months.[14]: 107 The city was besieged from 20 March 1631 and Tilly put his subordinate Imperial Field Marshal Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, a Catholic convert, in command while he campaigned elsewhere. During fierce fighting, Imperial troops numbering 24,000, roughly the same number as Magdeburg's entire population, conquered several sconces of the city's fortification and Tilly demanded capitulation.[16]
Assault and sacking
After two months of siege and despite the Swedish victory in the Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631, Pappenheim finally persuaded Tilly, who had brought reinforcements, to storm the city on 20 May with 40,000 men under the personal command of Pappenheim. The Magdeburg citizens had hoped in vain for a Swedish relief attack. On the last day of the siege, the councillors decided it was time to sue for peace, but word of their decision did not reach Tilly in time.
In the early morning of 20 May, the attack began with heavy artillery fire. Soon afterward, Pappenheim and Tilly launched infantry attacks. The fortifications were breached and Imperial forces were able to overpower the defenders to open the Kröcken Gate, which allowed the entire army to enter the city to plunder it. The defence of the city was further weakened and demoralised when commander Dietrich von Falkenberg was shot dead by Catholic Imperial troops.[14]: 108
Sacking and arson
There are written reports of the attackers setting fire to single houses to dislodge persistent defenders. That the fire then spread all over the city appears to have been unintended. By ten o'clock most of the city was on fire. General Tilly sent some soldiers to save the cathedral, where 1,000 survivors had fled. Most of the victims in the sack suffocated or burned to death. The wind fanned the flames, further spreading the fire, in the end destroying 1,700 of the city's 1,900 buildings.[1]
Out of control
Whilst Magdeburg was razed by the fire, many Imperial soldiers supposedly went out of control. The invading soldiers had not received payment for their service and demanded valuables from every household they encountered. There were reports of rapes[1] and torture.[14]: 109
When civilians ran out of things to give the soldiers, the misery really began.
For then the soldiers began to beat, frighten and threaten to shoot, skewer, hang, etc., the people.
Of the 25,000 inhabitants, only 5,000 survived, at least 1,000 of these having fled into Magdeburg Cathedral and 600 into the Premonstratensian monastery.[1] Tilly finally ordered an end to the looting on 24 May, and a Catholic mass was celebrated at the cathedral on the next day. For another fourteen days, charred bodies were dumped in the Elbe River to prevent disease.
Aftermath
A census conducted in 1632 listed only 449 inhabitants. Much of the city remained rubble until at least 1720.[1]
Reactions
I believe that over twenty thousand souls were lost. It is certain that no more terrible work and divine punishment has been seen since the destruction of Jerusalem.[a] All of our soldiers became rich. God with us.
After Magdeburg's capitulation to the Imperial forces, there were disputes between residents who had favoured resistance to the emperor and those who had opposed it. King Gustavus Adolphus joined the argument, claiming the citizens of Magdeburg had not been willing to pay the necessary funds for their defence.[14]: 112
Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, president of the Catholic League, concluded a congratulatory letter to Tilly on 1 June with the wish that "the enemies, powers and forces opposing Catholicism, the only religion offering salvation, would finally be ruined".[b][18]: 49
Pope
The Imperial treatment of defeated Magdeburg helped persuade many Protestant rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to stand against the Roman Catholic emperor.[14]: 113
Notoriety
The devastations were so great that Magdeburgisieren (or "magdeburgization") became a common term signifying total destruction, rape and pillaging for decades. The terms "Magdeburg justice", "Magdeburg mercy" and "Magdeburg quarter" also arose as a result of the sack, used originally by Protestants when executing Roman Catholics who begged for quarter.[20]: 561–562
The massacre was forcefully described by
Political consequences
Administrator Christian William of Brandenburg was badly injured and taken prisoner. He later converted to Catholicism and was released. He received an annual sum of 12,000 thaler from the revenues of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg under the Peace of Prague.
After the sack, the
The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was secularized and ultimately fell to Brandenburg-Prussia upon Augustus' death in 1680.
Explanatory notes
- ^ It is unclear which historical event Pappenheim is referring to here, exactly. Two possible candidates are the violent conquests by the Romans in 70 CE and by the first crusader army in 1099.
- ^ Original German quote: "vnd der Catholisch: alleinseeligmachenden Religion widersezender feinde, macht, gwalt, endtlich ruinirt"
- ^ Original Latin quote: "Potuisti lavare victrices manus in sanguine peccatorum." This paraphrases Psalm 58,10 (KJV) (Psalm 57 in the Latin Vulgate).
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Wilson 2011.
- ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ISBN 9781315240800.
- ISBN 978-1440848568.
- JSTOR 2539904.
- ^ Born, Jakob H. (1742). Abhandlung von dem Stapel-Rechte der alten Stadt Magdeburg: worinnen zugleich einige Beweise desselben geprüfet, und die Befugniße der Stadt Leipzig in Ansehung der Stapel-Gerechtigkeit erörtert werden [Treatise on the staple rights of the old city of Magdeburg: wherein some evidence of the same is examined and the powers of the city of Leipzig in view of staple rights are discussed] (in German). Leipzig: Langenheim. p. 10.
- ^ Issleib, S (1884). "Magdeburgs Belagerung durch Moritz von Sachsen 1550-1551" [The Siege of Magdeburg at the hands of Maurice of Saxony 1550-1551]. Neues Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte (in German). 5: 177–226.
- JSTOR 1482808.
- ^ a b c Berent Schwineköper (1957), "Christian Wilhelm" [New German Biography], Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 226; (full text online)
- ^ a b Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [General German Biography] (in German). Vol. 4. Munich/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 1876.
- ^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [General German Biography] (in German). Vol. 1. Duncker & Humblot. 1875. pp. 680–681.
- S2CID 145407931.
- ^ a b Wilson 2004.
- ^ a b c d e f g Helfferich 2009.
- ^ Frusetta 2013.
- ISBN 978-1440868030.
- ^ Medick & Selwyn 2001.
- ^ Meumann & Niefanger 1997.
- ^ von Pastor 1928, quoted in Meumann & Niefanger (1997)
- ^ Nolan 2006.
- ^ Schiller 1792.
- ^ Goethe 1801.
- ^ Brecht 1939.
General and cited references
- OCLC 72726636.
- Frusetta, James (2013). "Foreign Intervention". In Lampe, John (ed.). Ideologies and National Identities The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9786155053856.
- Goethe (1801). – via Wikisource.
- Helfferich, Tryntje (2009). The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. ISBN 9780872209404.
- Medick, Hans; Selwyn, Pamela (2001). "Historical Event and Contemporary Experience: The Capture and Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631". History Workshop Journal. 52 (52). Oxford University Press: 23–48. JSTOR 4289746.
- Meumann, Markus; Niefanger, Dirk (1997). Ein Schauplatz herber Angst: Wahrnehmung und Darstellung von Gewalt im 17. Jahrhundert [A scene of dire fear: Perception and portrayal of force in the 17th century] (in German). Göttingen: Wallstein. ISBN 9783892442349.
- Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). "Magdeburg, Sack of". The age of wars of religion: 1000–1650 – An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Vol. 2. London; Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 0313337349.
- OCLC 310455897.
- OCLC 833153355.
- ISBN 9780333652442.
- ISBN 9780674062313.
Further reading
- Brzezinski, Richard (1991). The Army of Gustavus Adolphus. Men-at-Arms series. Vol. 1: Infantry. London: Osprey. ISBN 9780850459975.
- Coupe, W. A. (1962). "Political and Religious Cartoons of the Thirty Years' War". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 25 (1/2). Warburg Institute: 65–86. S2CID 158512299.
- Firoozi, Edith; Klein, Ira N. (1966). Universal History of the World: The Age of Great Kings. Vol. 9. New York: Golden Press. pp. 738–739. OCLC 671293025.
- ISBN 9780521780346.
- Paas, John Roger (1996). "The Changing Image of Gustavus Adolphus on German Broadsheets, 1630–3". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 59. Warburg Institute: 205–244. S2CID 195018897.
- JSTOR 1879826.
External links
- Sack of Magdeburg (Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine) on Filbrun
- Count of Tilly on History of War